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Moidu NA, A Rahman NS, Syafruddin SE, Low TY, Mohtar MA. Secretion of pro-oncogenic AGR2 protein in cancer. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05000. [PMID: 33005802 PMCID: PMC7519367 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) protein mediates the formation, breakage and isomerization of disulphide bonds during protein maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and contributes to the homoeostasis of the secretory pathway. AGR2 promotes tumour development and metastasis and its elevated expression is almost completely restricted to malignant tumours. Interestingly, this supposedly ER-resident protein can be localised to other compartments of cancer cells and can also be secreted into the extracellular milieu. There are emerging evidences that describe the gain-of-function activities of the extracellular AGR2, particularly in cancer development. Here, we reviewed studies detailing the expression, pathological and physiological roles associated with AGR2 and compared the duality of localization, intracellular and extracellular, with special emphasis on the later. We also discussed the possible mechanisms of AGR2 secretion as well as deliberating the functional impacts of AGR2 in cancer settings. Last, we deliberate the current therapeutic strategies and posit the potential use AGR2, as a prognosis and diagnosis marker in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshahirah Ashikin Moidu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nisa Syakila A Rahman
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Effendi Syafruddin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Aiman Mohtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lyon KF, Cai X, Young RJ, Mamun AA, Rajasekaran S, Schiller MR. Minimotif Miner 4: a million peptide minimotifs and counting. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:D465-D470. [PMID: 29140456 PMCID: PMC5753208 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimotif Miner (MnM) is a database and web system for analyzing short functional peptide motifs, termed minimotifs. We present an update to MnM growing the database from ∼300 000 to >1 000 000 minimotif consensus sequences and instances. This growth comes largely from updating data from existing databases and annotation of articles with high-throughput approaches analyzing different types of post-translational modifications. Another update is mapping human proteins and their minimotifs to know human variants from the dbSNP, build 150. Now MnM 4 can be used to generate mechanistic hypotheses about how human genetic variation affect minimotifs and outcomes. One example of the utility of the combined minimotif/SNP tool identifies a loss of function missense SNP in a ubiquitylation minimotif encoded in the excision repair cross-complementing 2 (ERCC2) nucleotide excision repair gene. This SNP reaches genome wide significance for many types of cancer and the variant identified with MnM 4 reveals a more detailed mechanistic hypothesis concerning the role of ERCC2 in cancer. Other updates to the web system include a new architecture with migration of the web system and database to Docker containers for better performance and management. Weblinks:minimotifminer.org and mnm.engr.uconn.edu
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F Lyon
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 89154 4004 NV, USA
| | - Xingyu Cai
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 2155, USA
| | - Richard J Young
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 89154 4004 NV, USA
| | - Abdullah-Al Mamun
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 2155, USA
| | - Sanguthevar Rajasekaran
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 2155, USA
| | - Martin R Schiller
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 89154 4004 NV, USA
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Abstract
All proteins end with a carboxyl terminus that has unique biophysical properties and is often disordered. Although there are examples of important C-termini functions, a more global role for the C-terminus is not yet established. In this review, we summarize research on C-termini, a unique region in proteins that cells exploit. Alternative splicing and proteolysis increase the diversity of proteins and peptides in cells with unique C-termini. The C-termini of proteins contain minimotifs, short peptides with an encoded function generally characterized as binding, posttranslational modifications, and trafficking. Many of these activities are specific to minimotifs on the C-terminus. Approximately 13% of C-termini in the human proteome have a known minimotif, and the majority, if not all of the remaining termini have conserved motifs inferring a function that remains to be discovered. C-termini, their predictions, and their functions are collated in the C-terminome, Proteus, and Terminus Oriented Protein Function INferred Database (TopFIND) database/web systems. Many C-termini are well conserved, and some have a known role in health and disease. We envision that this summary of C-termini will guide future investigation of their biochemical and physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Sharma
- a Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and School of Life Sciences , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
| | - Martin R Schiller
- a Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and School of Life Sciences , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
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Sharma S, Toledo O, Hedden M, Lyon KF, Brooks SB, David RP, Limtong J, Newsome JM, Novakovic N, Rajasekaran S, Thapar V, Williams SR, Schiller MR. The Functional Human C-Terminome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152731. [PMID: 27050421 PMCID: PMC4822787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
All translated proteins end with a carboxylic acid commonly called the C-terminus. Many short functional sequences (minimotifs) are located on or immediately proximal to the C-terminus. However, information about the function of protein C-termini has not been consolidated into a single source. Here, we built a new "C-terminome" database and web system focused on human proteins. Approximately 3,600 C-termini in the human proteome have a minimotif with an established molecular function. To help evaluate the function of the remaining C-termini in the human proteome, we inferred minimotifs identified by experimentation in rodent cells, predicted minimotifs based upon consensus sequence matches, and predicted novel highly repetitive sequences in C-termini. Predictions can be ranked by enrichment scores or Gene Evolutionary Rate Profiling (GERP) scores, a measurement of evolutionary constraint. By searching for new anchored sequences on the last 10 amino acids of proteins in the human proteome with lengths between 3-10 residues and up to 5 degenerate positions in the consensus sequences, we have identified new consensus sequences that predict instances in the majority of human genes. All of this information is consolidated into a database that can be accessed through a C-terminome web system with search and browse functions for minimotifs and human proteins. A known consensus sequence-based predicted function is assigned to nearly half the proteins in the human proteome. Weblink: http://cterminome.bio-toolkit.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Sharma
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Oniel Toledo
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Michael Hedden
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Kenneth F. Lyon
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Steven B. Brooks
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Roxanne P. David
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Justin Limtong
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Jacklyn M. Newsome
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Nemanja Novakovic
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Sanguthevar Rajasekaran
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269–2155, United States of America
| | - Vishal Thapar
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States of America
| | - Sean R. Williams
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Martin R. Schiller
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
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The metastasis-inducing protein AGR2 is O-glycosylated upon secretion from mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 408:245-52. [PMID: 26169982 PMCID: PMC4768226 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AGR2 is overexpressed in multiple cancers, particularly those arising from breast and prostate tissues, and higher levels of AGR2 are associated with earlier patient death. Although AGR2 is normally resident within the endoplasmic reticulum, the protein has been found in the extracellular space in several model systems. However, it has never been expressly demonstrated that this extracellular form of the protein is secreted and does not just accumulate in the extracellular space as a result of cell lysis. We show in this paper that AGR2 protein is secreted by both human and rat mammary epithelial cells in culture. Furthermore, this secreted form of AGR2 becomes O-glycosylated, with no detectable presence of N-glycosylation. Importantly, this post-translationally modified AGR2 is only detected in the conditioned medium from non-leaky cells, suggesting that membrane integrity must be maintained to allow AGR2 glycosylation. The results suggest a possible role for O-glycosylation in modulating the extracellular functions of AGR2.
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Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and IDP regions fail to form a stable structure, yet they exhibit biological activities. Their mobile flexibility and structural instability are encoded by their amino acid sequences. They recognize proteins, nucleic acids, and other types of partners; they accelerate interactions and chemical reactions between bound partners; and they help accommodate posttranslational modifications, alternative splicing, protein fusions, and insertions or deletions. Overall, IDP-associated biological activities complement those of structured proteins. Recently, there has been an explosion of studies on IDP regions and their functions, yet the discovery and investigation of these proteins have a long, mostly ignored history. Along with recent discoveries, we present several early examples and the mechanisms by which IDPs contribute to function, which we hope will encourage comprehensive discussion of IDPs and IDP regions in biochemistry textbooks. Finally, we propose future directions for IDP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Oldfield
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; ,
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