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Chen Y, Ren P, He X, Yan F, Gu R, Bai J, Zhang X. Olfactory bulb neurogenesis depending on signaling in the subventricular zone. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11102-11111. [PMID: 37746807 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is a crucial sense that is essential for the well-being and survival of individuals. Olfactory bulb (OB) is the first olfactory relay station, and its function depends on newly generated neurons from the subventricular zone (SVZ). These newly born neurons constantly migrate through the rostral migratory stream to integrate into existing neural networks within the OB, thereby contributing to olfactory information processing. However, the mechanisms underlying the contribution of SVZ adult neurogenesis to OB neurogenesis remain largely elusive. Adult neurogenesis is a finely regulated multistep process involving the proliferation of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) and neural precursor cells, as well as the migration and differentiation of neuroblasts, and integration of newly generated neurons into preexisting neuronal circuitries. Recently, extensive studies have explored the mechanism of SVZ and OB neurogenesis. This review focused on elucidating various molecules and signaling pathways associated with OB neurogenesis dependent on the SVZ function. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the OB neurogenesis on the adult brain is an attractive prospect to induce aNSCs in SVZ to generate new neurons to ameliorate olfactory dysfunction that is involved in various diseases. It will also contribute to developing new strategies for the human aNSCs-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Peng Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiongjie He
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rou Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Characterization by Gene Expression Analysis of Two Groups of Dopaminergic Cells Isolated from the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030367. [PMID: 36979058 PMCID: PMC10045757 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) is one of two regions of the mammalian brain which undergo continuous neuronal replacement during adulthood. A significant fraction of the cells added in adulthood to the bulbar circuitry is constituted by dopaminergic (DA) neurons. We took advantage of a peculiar property of dopaminergic neurons in transgenic mice expressing eGFP under the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter: while DA neurons located in the glomerular layer (GL) display full electrophysiological maturation, eGFP+ cells in the mitral layer (ML) show characteristics of immature cells. In addition, they also display a lower fluorescence intensity, possibly reflecting different degrees of maturation. To investigate whether this difference in maturation might be confirmed at the gene expression level, we used a fluorescence-activated cell sorting technique on enzymatically dissociated cells of the OB. The cells were divided into two groups based on their level of fluorescence, possibly corresponding to immature ML cells and fully mature DA neurons from the GL. Semiquantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the level of expression of genes linked to the degree of maturation of DA neurons. We showed that indeed the cells expressing low eGFP fluorescence are immature neurons. Our method can be further used to explore the differences between these two groups of DA neurons.
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Ogawa B, Nakanishi Y, Wakamatsu M, Takahashi Y, Shibutani M. Repeated administration of acrylamide for 28 days suppresses adult neurogenesis of the olfactory bulb in young-adult rats. Toxicol Lett 2023; 378:1-9. [PMID: 36801352 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is a neurotoxicant that inhibits synaptic function in distal axons. We previously found that AA decreased neural cell lineages during late-stage differentiation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and downregulated genes related to neurotrophic factor, neuronal migration, neurite outgrowth, and synapse formation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in rats. To investigate whether olfactory bulb (OB)-subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis is similarly affected by AA exposure, AA was administered to 7-week-old male rats via oral gavage at doses of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg for 28 days. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AA decreased the numbers of doublecortin-positive (+) cells and polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule+ cells in the OB. On the other hand, the numbers of doublecortin+ cells and polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule+ cells in the SVZ did not change with AA exposure, suggesting that AA impaired neuroblasts migrating in the rostral migratory stream and OB. Gene expression analysis in the OB revealed that AA downregulated Bdnf and Ncam2, which are related to neuronal differentiation and migration. These results suggest that AA decreased neuroblasts in the OB by suppressing neuronal migration. Thus, AA decreased neuronal cell lineages during late-stage differentiation of adult neurogenesis in the OB-SVZ, similar to the effect on adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunichiro Ogawa
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Nakanishi
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
| | - Masaki Wakamatsu
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Passarella D, Ronci M, Di Liberto V, Zuccarini M, Mudò G, Porcile C, Frinchi M, Di Iorio P, Ulrich H, Russo C. Bidirectional Control between Cholesterol Shuttle and Purine Signal at the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158683. [PMID: 35955821 PMCID: PMC9369131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the mechanisms controlling the formation of cerebral cholesterol, which is synthesized in situ primarily by astrocytes, where it is loaded onto apolipoproteins and delivered to neurons and oligodendrocytes through interactions with specific lipoprotein receptors. The “cholesterol shuttle” is influenced by numerous proteins or carbohydrates, which mainly modulate the lipoprotein receptor activity, function and signaling. These molecules, provided with enzymatic/proteolytic activity leading to the formation of peptide fragments of different sizes and specific sequences, could be also responsible for machinery malfunctions, which are associated with neurological, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this context, we have pointed out that purines, ancestral molecules acting as signal molecules and neuromodulators at the central nervous system, can influence the homeostatic machinery of the cerebral cholesterol turnover and vice versa. Evidence gathered so far indicates that purine receptors, mainly the subtypes P2Y2, P2X7 and A2A, are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Niemann–Pick C diseases, by controlling the brain cholesterol homeostasis; in addition, alterations in cholesterol turnover can hinder the purine receptor function. Although the precise mechanisms of these interactions are currently poorly understood, the results here collected on cholesterol–purine reciprocal control could hopefully promote further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Passarella
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carola Porcile
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Monica Frinchi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil
| | - Claudio Russo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-087-440-4897
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Jossin Y. Reelin Functions, Mechanisms of Action and Signaling Pathways During Brain Development and Maturation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060964. [PMID: 32604886 PMCID: PMC7355739 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development and adulthood, Reelin exerts several important functions in the brain including the regulation of neuronal migration, dendritic growth and branching, dendritic spine formation, synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. As a consequence, the Reelin signaling pathway has been associated with several human brain disorders such as lissencephaly, autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, mental retardation, Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy. Several elements of the signaling pathway are known. Core components, such as the Reelin receptors very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), Src family kinases Src and Fyn, and the intracellular adaptor Disabled-1 (Dab1), are common to most but not all Reelin functions. Other downstream effectors are, on the other hand, more specific to defined tasks. Reelin is a large extracellular protein, and some aspects of the signal are regulated by its processing into smaller fragments. Rather than being inhibitory, the processing at two major sites seems to be fulfilling important physiological functions. In this review, I describe the various cellular events regulated by Reelin and attempt to explain the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action. After discussing the shared and distinct elements of the Reelin signaling pathway involved in neuronal migration, dendritic growth, spine development and synaptic plasticity, I briefly outline the data revealing the importance of Reelin in human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Ali AAH, Tundo-Lavalle F, Hassan SA, Pfeffer M, Stahr A, von Gall C. Impact of Targeted Deletion of the Circadian Clock Gene Bmal1 in Excitatory Forebrain Neurons on Adult Neurogenesis and Olfactory Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1394. [PMID: 32092990 PMCID: PMC7073072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian system is an endogenous timekeeping system that synchronizes physiology and behavior with the 24 h solar day. Mice with total deletion of the core circadian clock gene Bmal1 show circadian arrhythmicity, cognitive deficits, and accelerated age-dependent decline in adult neurogenesis as a consequence of increased oxidative stress. However, it is not yet known if the impaired adult neurogenesis is due to circadian disruption or to loss of the Bmal1 gene function. Therefore, we investigated oxidative stress and adult neurogenesis of the two principle neurogenic niches, the hippocampal subgranular zone and the subventricular zone in mice with a forebrain specific deletion of Bmal1 (Bmal1 fKO), which show regular circadian rhythmicity. Moreover, we analyzed the morphology of the olfactory bulb, as well as olfactory function in Bmal1 fKO mice. In Bmal1 fKO mice, oxidative stress was increased in subregions of the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb but not in the neurogenic niches. Consistently, adult neurogenesis was not affected in Bmal1 fKO mice. Although Reelin expression in the olfactory bulb was higher in Bmal1 fKO mice as compared to wildtype mice (Bmal1 WT), the olfactory function was not affected. Taken together, the targeted deletion of Bmal1 in mouse forebrain neurons is associated with a regional increase in oxidative stress and increased Reelin expression in the olfactory bulb but does not affect adult neurogenesis or olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A. H. Ali
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.H.A.); (F.T.-L.); (S.A.H.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Federica Tundo-Lavalle
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.H.A.); (F.T.-L.); (S.A.H.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Soha A. Hassan
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.H.A.); (F.T.-L.); (S.A.H.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez 43111, Egypt
| | - Martina Pfeffer
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.H.A.); (F.T.-L.); (S.A.H.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Stahr
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.H.A.); (F.T.-L.); (S.A.H.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Charlotte von Gall
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.H.A.); (F.T.-L.); (S.A.H.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
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Cho HJ, Shan Y, Whittington NC, Wray S. Nasal Placode Development, GnRH Neuronal Migration and Kallmann Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:121. [PMID: 31355196 PMCID: PMC6637222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neurons is important for a functional reproduction system in vertebrates. Disruption of GnRH results in hypogonadism and if accompanied by anosmia is termed Kallmann Syndrome (KS). From their origin in the nasal placode, GnRH neurons migrate along the olfactory-derived vomeronasal axons to the nasal forebrain junction and then turn caudally into the developing forebrain. Although research on the origin of GnRH neurons, their migration and genes associated with KS has identified multiple factors that influence development of this system, several aspects still remain unclear. This review discusses development of the olfactory system, factors that regulate GnRH neuron formation and development of the olfactory system, migration of the GnRH neurons from the nose into the brain, and mutations in humans with KS that result from disruption of normal GnRH/olfactory systems development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Cho
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yufei Shan
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Niteace C Whittington
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Dairaghi L, Flannery E, Giacobini P, Saglam A, Saadi H, Constantin S, Casoni F, Howell BW, Wray S. Reelin Can Modulate Migration of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Neurons via the Canonical Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:228. [PMID: 30127721 PMCID: PMC6088185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
One key signaling pathway known to influence neuronal migration involves the extracellular matrix protein Reelin. Typically, signaling of Reelin occurs via apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), and the cytoplasmic adapter protein disabled 1 (Dab1). However, non-canonical Reelin signaling has been reported, though no receptors have yet been identified. Cariboni et al. (2005) indicated Dab1-independent Reelin signaling impacts gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neuronal migration. GnRH cells are essential for reproduction. Prenatal migration of GnRH neurons from the nasal placode to the forebrain, juxtaposed to olfactory axons and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), has been well documented, and it is clear that alterations in migration of these cells can cause delayed or absent puberty. This study was initiated to delineate the non-canonical Reelin signaling pathways used by GnRH neurons. Chronic treatment of nasal explants with CR-50, an antibody known to interfere with Reelin homopolymerization and Dab1 phosphorylation, decreased the distance GnRH neurons and OECs migrated. Normal migration of these two cell types was observed when Reelin was co-applied with CR-50. Immunocytochemistry was performed to determine if OECs might transduce Reelin signals via the canonical pathway, and subsequently indirectly altering GnRH neuronal migration. We show that in mouse: (1) both OECs and GnRH cells express ApoER2, VLDLR and Dab1, and (2) GnRH neurons and OECs show a normal distribution in the brain of two mutant reeler lines. These results indicate that the canonical Reelin pathway is present in GnRH neurons and OECs, but that Reelin is not essential for development of these two systems in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Dairaghi
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ellen Flannery
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Aybike Saglam
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hassan Saadi
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie Constantin
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Brian W. Howell
- Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Medoro A, Bartollino S, Mignogna D, Passarella D, Porcile C, Pagano A, Florio T, Nizzari M, Guerra G, Di Marco R, Intrieri M, Raimo G, Russo C. Complexity and Selectivity of γ-Secretase Cleavage on Multiple Substrates: Consequences in Alzheimer's Disease and Cancer. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:1-15. [PMID: 29103038 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The processing of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) by β- and γ-secretases is a pivotal event in the genesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides familial mutations on the AβPP gene, or upon its overexpression, familial forms of AD are often caused by mutations or deletions in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and 2 (PSEN2) genes: the catalytic components of the proteolytic enzyme γ-secretase (GS). The "amyloid hypothesis", modified over time, states that the aberrant processing of AβPP by GS induces the formation of specific neurotoxic soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides which, in turn, cause neurodegeneration. This theory, however, has recently evidenced significant limitations and, in particular, the following issues are debated: 1) the concept and significance of presenilin's "gain of function" versus "loss of function"; and 2) the presence of several and various GS substrates, which interact with AβPP and may influence Aβ formation. The latter consideration is suggestive: despite the increasing number of GS substrates so far identified, their reciprocal interaction with AβPP itself, even in the AD field, is significantly unexplored. On the other hand, GS is also an important pharmacological target in the cancer field; inhibitors or GS activity are investigated in clinical trials for treating different tumors. Furthermore, the function of AβPP and PSENs in brain development and in neuronal migration is well known. In this review, we focused on a specific subset of GS substrates that directly interact with AβPP and are involved in its proteolysis and signaling, by evaluating their role in neurodegeneration and in cell motility or proliferation, as a possible connection between AD and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Medoro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Silvia Bartollino
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Donatella Mignogna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Daniela Passarella
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Carola Porcile
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Aldo Pagano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS per l'Oncologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mariano Intrieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Gennaro Raimo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Claudio Russo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Xu M, Huang Y, Li K, Cheng X, Li G, Liu M, Nie Y, Geng S, Zhao S. Developmental exposure of decabromodiphenyl ether impairs subventricular zone neurogenesis and morphology of granule cells in mouse olfactory bulb. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:529-539. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tee JY, Sutharsan R, Fan Y, Mackay-Sim A. Schizophrenia patient-derived olfactory neurosphere-derived cells do not respond to extracellular reelin. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2016; 2:16027. [PMID: 27602387 PMCID: PMC4994154 DOI: 10.1038/npjschz.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reelin expression is reduced in various regions in the post-mortem brain of schizophrenia patients but the exact role of reelin function in the neurobiology of schizophrenia remains elusive. Absence of reelin in knockout mouse causes inverted lamination of the neocortex due to aberrant neuronal migration. The aim of this study was to utilize patient-derived olfactory neurosphere-derived (ONS) cells to investigate whether extracellular reelin alters cell motility in schizophrenia patient-derived cells. ONS cells from nine patients were compared with cells from nine matched healthy controls. Automated high-throughput imaging and analysis were used to track motility of individual living cells on reelin-coated surfaces produced from reelin secreted into the medium by HEK293FT cells transfected with the full-length reelin plasmid pCrl. Automated assays were used to quantify intracellular cytoskeleton composition, cell morphology, and focal adhesions. Expression of reelin and components of the reelin signaling pathway were measured by western blot and flow cytometry. Reelin inhibited the motility of control cells but not patient cells, and increased the number and size of focal adhesions in control cells but not patient cells. Patient and control cells expressed similar levels of the reelin receptors and the reelin signaling protein, Dab1, but patient cells expressed less reelin. Patient cells were smaller than control cells and had less actin and acetylated α-tubulin, components of the cytoskeleton. These findings are the first direct evidence that cellular responses to reelin are impaired in schizophrenia and are consistent with the role of reelin in cytoarchitectural deficits observed in schizophrenia patient brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang Tee
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ratneswary Sutharsan
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yongjun Fan
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Herzine A, Laugeray A, Feat J, Menuet A, Quesniaux V, Richard O, Pichon J, Montécot-Dubourg C, Perche O, Mortaud S. Perinatal Exposure to Glufosinate Ammonium Herbicide Impairs Neurogenesis and Neuroblast Migration through Cytoskeleton Destabilization. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:191. [PMID: 27555806 PMCID: PMC4977287 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis, a process of generating functional neurons from neural precursors, occurs throughout life in restricted brain regions such as the subventricular zone (SVZ). During this process, newly generated neurons migrate along the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb to replace granule cells and periglomerular neurons. This neuronal migration is pivotal not only for neuronal plasticity but also for adapted olfactory based behaviors. Perturbation of this highly controlled system by exogenous chemicals has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. We reported recently that perinatal exposure to low dose herbicide glufosinate ammonium (GLA), leads to long lasting behavioral defects reminiscent of Autism Spectrum Disorder-like phenotype in the offspring (Laugeray et al., 2014). Herein, we demonstrate that perinatal exposure to low dose GLA induces alterations in neuroblast proliferation within the SVZ and abnormal migration from the SVZ to the olfactory bulbs. These disturbances are not only concomitant to changes in cell morphology, proliferation and apoptosis, but are also associated with transcriptomic changes. Therefore, we demonstrate for the first time that perinatal exposure to low dose GLA alters SVZ neurogenesis. Jointly with our previous work, the present results provide new evidence on the link between molecular and cellular consequences of early life exposure to the herbicide GLA and the onset of ASD-like phenotype later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameziane Herzine
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Anthony Laugeray
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Justyne Feat
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Valérie Quesniaux
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Olivier Richard
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Jacques Pichon
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Céline Montécot-Dubourg
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Olivier Perche
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France; Genetics Department, Regional HospitalOrleans, France
| | - Stéphane Mortaud
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
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Bock HH, May P. Canonical and Non-canonical Reelin Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:166. [PMID: 27445693 PMCID: PMC4928174 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that is essential for correct neuronal positioning during neurodevelopment and is important for synaptic plasticity in the mature brain. Moreover, Reelin is expressed in many extraneuronal tissues; yet the roles of peripheral Reelin are largely unknown. In the brain, many of Reelin's functions are mediated by a molecular signaling cascade that involves two lipoprotein receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (Apoer2) and very low density-lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr), the neuronal phosphoprotein Disabled-1 (Dab1), and members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases as crucial elements. This core signaling pathway in turn modulates the activity of adaptor proteins and downstream protein kinase cascades, many of which target the neuronal cytoskeleton. However, additional Reelin-binding receptors have been postulated or described, either as coreceptors that are essential for the activation of the "canonical" Reelin signaling cascade involving Apoer2/Vldlr and Dab1, or as receptors that activate alternative or additional signaling pathways. Here we will give an overview of canonical and alternative Reelin signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms involved, and their potential physiological roles in the context of different biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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Skalecka A, Liszewska E, Bilinski R, Gkogkas C, Khoutorsky A, Malik AR, Sonenberg N, Jaworski J. mTOR kinase is needed for the development and stabilization of dendritic arbors in newly born olfactory bulb neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 76:1308-1327. [PMID: 27008592 PMCID: PMC5132010 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is the process of neuron generation, which occurs not only during embryonic development but also in restricted niches postnatally. One such region is called the subventricular zone (SVZ), which gives rise to new neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB). Neurons that are born postnatally migrate through more complex territories and integrate into fully functional circuits. Therefore, differences in the differentiation of embryonic and postnatally born neurons may exist. Dendritogenesis is an important process for the proper formation of future neuronal circuits. Dendritogenesis in embryonic neurons cultured in vitro was shown to depend on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Still unknown, however, is whether mTOR could regulate the dendritic arbor morphology of SVZ‐derived postnatal OB neurons under physiological conditions in vivo. The present study used in vitro cultured and differentiated SVZ‐derived neural progenitors and found that both mTOR complex 1 and mTOR complex 2 were required for the dendritogenesis of SVZ‐derived neurons. Furthermore, using a combination of in vivo electroporation of neural stem cells in the SVZ and genetic and pharmacological inhibition of mTOR, it was found that mTOR was crucial for the growth of basal and apical dendrites in postnatally born OB neurons under physiological conditions and contributed to the stabilization of their basal dendrites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 1308–1327, 2016
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Skalecka
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland
| | - Ewa Liszewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland
| | - Robert Bilinski
- Département De Mathématiques, Collège Montmorency, 475 Boulevard De L'Avenir, Laval, Quebec, H7N 5H9, Canada
| | - Christos Gkogkas
- Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Arkady Khoutorsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Anna R Malik
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland
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Brai E, Marathe S, Zentilin L, Giacca M, Nimpf J, Kretz R, Scotti A, Alberi L. Notch1 activity in the olfactory bulb is odour-dependent and contributes to olfactory behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3436-49. [PMID: 25234246 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Notch signalling plays an important role in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory functions in both Drosophila and rodents. In this paper, we report that this feature is not restricted to hippocampal networks but also involves the olfactory bulb (OB). Odour discrimination and olfactory learning in rodents are essential for survival. Notch1 expression is enriched in mitral cells of the mouse OB. These principal neurons are responsive to specific input odorants and relay the signal to the olfactory cortex. Olfactory stimulation activates a subset of mitral cells, which show an increase in Notch activity. In Notch1cKOKln mice, the loss of Notch1 in mitral cells affects the magnitude of the neuronal response to olfactory stimuli. In addition, Notch1cKOKln mice display reduced olfactory aversion to propionic acid as compared to wildtype controls. This indicates, for the first time, that Notch1 is involved in olfactory processing and may contribute to olfactory behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Brai
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route de Gockel, 1, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Cytoarchitecture of the olfactory bulb in the laggard mutant mouse. Neuroscience 2014; 275:259-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Effects of electromagnetic fields on reelin and Dab1 expression in the developing cerebral cortex. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1243-7. [PMID: 24584565 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many studies describe the biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) including brain damages, neuronal migration and neurogenesis within the central nervous system. Neuronal cell produced in the neuroepithelium migrates along radial glial fibers into the cortical plate. Reelin, which is produced by Cajal-Retzius cells directs neuronal migration. It was shown that Disabled 1 (Dab1) functions downstream of reelin signal transduction pathway that directs the correct cytoarchitecture of the developing cortex. In this study, the EMF effects on total protein concentration (TPC), reelin and Dab1 expression in the developing cortex was studied. 30 pregnant Balb/c mice were separated into three groups: control (n = 10), EMF (n = 10) and SHAM groups (n = 10). The 15-day pregnant mice were placed inside the solenoid for a daily EMF exposure of 5 h for 3 consecutive days (15-17). The SHAM group was also located in the same coil with no exposure. Mice were sacrificed 24 h after the final exposure session. TPC, reelin and Dab1 expression were studied by Bio-Rad protein assay and western blot. No significant change in the TPC was seen in the EMF-treated cerebral cortex samples compared with those from the SHAM and control groups. It was also shown that the reelin and Dab1 expression increases in the EMF-treated cerebral cortex extracts as compared to controls and SHAM group. It is concluded that EMF may play important role in the neural cell migration by increasing reelin and Dab1 expression in the developing cortex.
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The Impact of JNK on Neuronal Migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 800:37-57. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7687-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kahoud RJ, Elsen GE, Hevner RF, Hodge RD. Conditional ablation of Tbr2 results in abnormal development of the olfactory bulbs and subventricular zone-rostral migratory stream. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:440-50. [PMID: 24550175 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of the olfactory bulb (OB) is a complex process that requires contributions from several progenitor cell niches to generate neuronal diversity. Previous studies showed that Tbr2 is expressed during the generation of glutamatergic OB neurons in rodents. However, relatively little is known about the role of Tbr2 in the developing OB or in the subventricular zone-rostral migratory stream (SVZ-RMS) germinal niche that gives rise to many OB neurons. RESULTS Here, we use conditional gene ablation strategies to knockout Tbr2 during embryonic mouse olfactory bulb morphogenesis, as well as during perinatal and adult neurogenesis from the SVZ-RMS niche, and describe the resulting phenotypes. We find that Tbr2 is important for the generation of mitral cells in the OB, and that the olfactory bulbs themselves are hypoplastic and disorganized in Tbr2 mutant mice. Furthermore, we show that the SVZ-RMS niche is expanded and disordered following loss of Tbr2, which leads to ectopic accumulation of neuroblasts in the RMS. Lastly, we show that adult glutamatergic neurogenesis from the SVZ is impaired by loss of Tbr2. CONCLUSIONS Tbr2 is essential for proper morphogenesis of the OB and SVZ-RMS, and is important for the generation of multiple lineages of glutamatergic olfactory bulb neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kahoud
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Bartolini G, Ciceri G, Marín O. Integration of GABAergic Interneurons into Cortical Cell Assemblies: Lessons from Embryos and Adults. Neuron 2013; 79:849-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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