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Wu D, Wang Y, Liu N, Wang P, Sun K, Zhang P. Posttraining anodal tDCS improves early consolidation of visual perceptual learning. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 146:89-96. [PMID: 36563555 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)-induced facilitation of early consolidation over a period of extended training sessions and explored the effect of tDCS on visual perceptual learning (VPL) improvement during online learning and offline consolidation. METHODS In the current double-blind sham-controlled study, twenty-four healthy participants were trained on coherent motion direction identification for 5 consecutive sessions. Performance was assessed at the pre- and posttests. Anodal or sham tDCS of the left human middle temporal region (hMT+) was applied immediately after the completion of daily training (termed early consolidation). RESULTS The magnitude of improvement between anodal and sham tDCS was marginally significant, supporting the beneficial effect of anodal tDCS on VPL by stimulating early consolidation. Additionally, anodal tDCS induced a larger improvement between the first two training sessions than sham tDCS. No effect of anodal tDCS was found on the within-session improvement. CONCLUSIONS The above results indicated that anodal tDCS facilitates offline consolidation during the early period of the whole training series, not online learning. The possible neural mechanisms and limitations (sample size and persistent effects) were discussed. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings support the use of the combination of tDCS and behavioral training in facilitating visual rehabilitation and contribute to a deeper understanding of learning processes by neuromodulation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Neurobiology, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nursing, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Panhui Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kewei Sun
- Department of Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Kim H, Devanand DP, Carlson S, Goldberg TE. Apolipoprotein E Genotype e2: Neuroprotection and Its Limits. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:919712. [PMID: 35912085 PMCID: PMC9329577 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.919712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we comprehensively, qualitatively, and critically synthesized several features of APOE-e2, a known APOE protective variant, including its associations with longevity, cognition, and neuroimaging, and neuropathology, all in humans. If e2’s protective effects—and their limits—could be elucidated, it could offer therapeutic windows for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) prevention or amelioration. Literature examining e2 within the years 1994–2021 were considered for this review. Studies on human subjects were selectively reviewed and were excluded if observation of e2 was not specified. Effects of e2 were compared with e3 and e4, separately and as a combined non-e2 group. Our examination of existing literature indicated that the most robust protective role of e2 is in longevity and AD neuropathologies, but e2’s effect on cognition and other AD imaging markers (brain structure, function, and metabolism) were inconsistent, thus inconclusive. Notably, e2 was associated with greater risk of non-AD proteinopathies and a disadvantageous cerebrovascular profile. We identified multiple methodological shortcomings of the literature on brain function and cognition that could have contributed to inconsistent and potentially misleading findings. We make careful interpretations of existing findings and provide directions for research strategies that could effectively examine the independent and unbiased effect of e2 on AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Davangere P. Devanand
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Scott Carlson
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Terry E. Goldberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Terry E. Goldberg,
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Gong L, Shu H, He C, Ye Q, Bai F, Xie C, Zhang Z. Convergent and divergent effects of apolipoprotein E ε4 and ε2 alleles on amygdala functional networks in nondemented older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 54:31-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gabard-Durnam LJ, Flannery J, Goff B, Gee DG, Humphreys KL, Telzer E, Hare T, Tottenham N. The development of human amygdala functional connectivity at rest from 4 to 23 years: a cross-sectional study. Neuroimage 2014; 95:193-207. [PMID: 24662579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional connections (FC) between the amygdala and cortical and subcortical regions underlie a range of affective and cognitive processes. Despite the central role amygdala networks have in these functions, the normative developmental emergence of FC between the amygdala and the rest of the brain is still largely undefined. This study employed amygdala subregion maps and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to characterize the typical development of human amygdala FC from age 4 to 23years old (n=58). Amygdala FC with subcortical and limbic regions was largely stable across this developmental period. However, three cortical regions exhibited age-dependent changes in FC: amygdala FC with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) increased with age, amygdala FC with a region including the insula and superior temporal sulcus decreased with age, and amygdala FC with a region encompassing the parahippocampal gyrus and posterior cingulate also decreased with age. The transition from childhood to adolescence (around age 10years) marked an important change-point in the nature of amygdala-cortical FC. We distinguished unique developmental patterns of coupling for three amygdala subregions and found particularly robust convergence of FC for all subregions with the mPFC. These findings suggest that there are extensive changes in amygdala-cortical functional connectivity that emerge between childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel J Gabard-Durnam
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Jessica Flannery
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bonnie Goff
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dylan G Gee
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kathryn L Humphreys
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eva Telzer
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Psychology, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Todd Hare
- University of Zurich, Department of Economics, Zurich, CH 8006, Switzerland
| | - Nim Tottenham
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Feng P, Feng T, Chen Z, Lei X. Memory consolidation of fear conditioning: bi-stable amygdala connectivity with dorsal anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1730-7. [PMID: 24194579 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of fear conditioning in rodents and humans have illuminated the neural mechanisms of fear acquisition and extinction. However, the neural mechanism of memory consolidation of fear conditioning is not well understood. To address this question, we measured brain activity and the changes in functional connectivity following fear acquisition using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The amygdala-dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and hippocampus-insula functional connectivity were enhanced, whereas the amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) functional coupling was decreased during fear memory consolidation. Furthermore, the amygdala-mPFC functional connectivity was negatively correlated with the subjective fear ratings. These findings suggest the amygdala functional connectivity with dACC and mPFC may play an important role in memory consolidation of fear conditioning. The change of amygdala-mPFC functional connectivity could predict the subjective fear. Accordingly, this study provides a new perspective for understanding fear memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Feng
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education
| | - Tingyong Feng
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education
| | - Zhencai Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education
| | - Xu Lei
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education
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