1
|
Gomez-Picos P, Ovens K, Eames BF. Limb Mesoderm and Head Ectomesenchyme Both Express a Core Transcriptional Program During Chondrocyte Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:876825. [PMID: 35784462 PMCID: PMC9247276 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.876825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To explain how cartilage appeared in different parts of the vertebrate body at discrete times during evolution, we hypothesize that different embryonic populations co-opted expression of a core gene regulatory network (GRN) driving chondrocyte differentiation. To test this hypothesis, laser-capture microdissection coupled with RNA-seq was used to reveal chondrocyte transcriptomes in the developing chick humerus and ceratobranchial, which are mesoderm- and neural crest-derived, respectively. During endochondral ossification, two general types of chondrocytes differentiate. Immature chondrocytes (IMM) represent the early stages of cartilage differentiation, while mature chondrocytes (MAT) undergo additional stages of differentiation, including hypertrophy and stimulating matrix mineralization and degradation. Venn diagram analyses generally revealed a high degree of conservation between chondrocyte transcriptomes of the limb and head, including SOX9, COL2A1, and ACAN expression. Typical maturation genes, such as COL10A1, IBSP, and SPP1, were upregulated in MAT compared to IMM in both limb and head chondrocytes. Gene co-expression network (GCN) analyses of limb and head chondrocyte transcriptomes estimated the core GRN governing cartilage differentiation. Two discrete portions of the GCN contained genes that were differentially expressed in limb or head chondrocytes, but these genes were enriched for biological processes related to limb/forelimb morphogenesis or neural crest-dependent processes, respectively, perhaps simply reflecting the embryonic origin of the cells. A core GRN driving cartilage differentiation in limb and head was revealed that included typical chondrocyte differentiation and maturation markers, as well as putative novel "chondrocyte" genes. Conservation of a core transcriptional program during chondrocyte differentiation in both the limb and head suggest that the same core GRN was co-opted when cartilage appeared in different regions of the skeleton during vertebrate evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patsy Gomez-Picos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Katie Ovens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - B. Frank Eames
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Davidian D, Levin M. Inducing Vertebrate Limb Regeneration: A Review of Past Advances and Future Outlook. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040782. [PMID: 34400551 PMCID: PMC9121900 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Limb loss due to traumatic injury or amputation is a major biomedical burden. Many vertebrates exhibit the ability to form and pattern normal limbs during embryogenesis from amorphous clusters of precursor cells, hinting that this process could perhaps be activated later in life to rebuild missing or damaged limbs. Indeed, some animals, such as salamanders, are proficient regenerators of limbs throughout their life span. Thus, research over the last century has sought to stimulate regeneration in species that do not normally regenerate their appendages. Importantly, these efforts are not only a vital aspect of regenerative medicine, but also have fundamental implications for understanding evolution and the cellular control of growth and form throughout the body. Here we review major recent advances in augmenting limb regeneration, summarizing the degree of success that has been achieved to date in frog and mammalian models using genetic, biochemical, and bioelectrical interventions. While the degree of whole limb repair in rodent models has been modest to date, a number of new technologies and approaches comprise an exciting near-term road map for basic and clinical progress in regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devon Davidian
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
De la Fuente-Hernandez MA, Sarabia-Sanchez MA, Melendez-Zajgla J, Maldonado-Lagunas V. Role of lncRNAs into Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Differentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C421-C460. [PMID: 35080923 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00364.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, findings support that 75% of the human genome is actively transcribed, but only 2% is translated into a protein, according to databases such as ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) [1]. The development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, computational methods for genome assembly and biological models have led to the realization of the importance of the previously unconsidered non-coding fraction of the genome. Along with this, noncoding RNAs have been shown to be epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators in a large number of cellular processes [2]. Within the group of non-coding RNAs, lncRNAs represent a fascinating field of study, given the functional versatility in their mode of action on their molecular targets. In recent years, there has been an interest in learning about lncRNAs in MSC differentiation. The aim of this review is to address the signaling mechanisms where lncRNAs are involved, emphasizing their role in either stimulating or inhibiting the transition to differentiated cell. Specifically, the main types of MSC differentiation are discussed: myogenesis, osteogenesis, adipogenesis and chondrogenesis. The description of increasingly new lncRNAs reinforces their role as players in the well-studied field of MSC differentiation, allowing a step towards a better understanding of their biology and their potential application in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Angelica De la Fuente-Hernandez
- Facultad de Medicina, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Epigenética, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Sarabia-Sanchez
- Facultad de Medicina, Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Melendez-Zajgla
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shi L, Bai H, Li Y, Yuan J, Wang P, Wang Y, Ni A, Jiang L, Ge P, Bian S, Zong Y, Isa AM, Tesfay HH, Yang F, Ma H, Sun Y, Chen J. Analysis of DNA Methylation Profiles in Mandibular Condyle of Chicks With Crossed Beaks Using Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing. Front Genet 2021; 12:680115. [PMID: 34306022 PMCID: PMC8298039 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.680115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Crossed beaks have been observed in at least 12 chicken strains around the world, which severely impairs their growth and welfare. To explore the intrinsic factor causing crossed beaks, this study measured the length of bilateral mandibular ramus of affected birds, and investigated the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of normal and affected sides of mandibular condyle. Results showed that the trait was caused by impaired development of unilateral mandibular ramus, which is extended through calcification of mandibular condyle. The methylation levels in the CG contexts were higher than that of CHG and CHH, with the highest methylation level of gene body region, followed by transcription termination sites and downstream. Subsequently, we identified 1,568 differentially methylated regions and 1,317 differentially methylated genes in CG contexts. Functional annotation analysis of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that these genes were involved in bone mineralization and bone morphogenesis. Furthermore, by combining the WGBS and previous RNA-Seq data, 11 overlapped genes were regulated by both long non-coding RNA and DNA methylation. Among them, FIGNL1 is an important gene in calcification of mandibular condyle. Generally, because the affected genes play key roles in maintaining mandibular calcification, these changes may be pivotal factors of crossed beaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunlei Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Yuan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Panlin Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanmei Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aixin Ni
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingzhuang Ge
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiong Bian
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhe Zong
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Adamu Mani Isa
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hailai Hagos Tesfay
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fujian Yang
- Guangxi Shenhuang Group Co., Ltd., Yulin, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jilan Chen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang J, Liu J, Deng Z, Liu Z, Liang L. DLX6 promotes cell proliferation and survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis 2020; 28:87-96. [PMID: 33215805 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Distal-less homeobox 6 (DLX6) has been reported to play important roles in the development of craniofacial structures, inner ear, limb, and brain. We found in our previous investigation that DLX6 was significantly highly expressed in oral cancer tissues in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. This study aimed to explore its roles and regulation mechanism in oral squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the expression of DLX6 and its association with overall survival in OSCC by real-time quantitative PCR. Besides, clone formation, proliferation, and apoptosis were detected after knocking down DLX6 and microarray analysis was performed to explore the possible regulatory mechanism. RESULTS DLX6 was overexpressed in oral cancer tissues and was associated with advance tumor stage and poor prognosis. In vitro studies have shown that DLX6 promotes proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis in oral cancer cells. Microarray analysis along with Western blotting results indicated that DLX6 significantly associated with malignant tumors and may regulate OSCC cells proliferation through EGFR-CCND1 axis. CONCLUSION DLX6 promotes cell proliferation and suppresses cell apoptosis in oral cancer cells. EGFR-CCND1 pathway might be the potential mechanism participating in the regulating axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jingang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhaoming Deng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Phase 1 Clinical Trial Ward, The Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lizhong Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cai C, Wang J, Huo N, Wen L, Xue P, Huang Y. Msx2 plays an important role in BMP6-induced osteogenic differentiation of two mesenchymal cell lines: C3H10T1/2 and C2C12. Regen Ther 2020; 14:245-251. [PMID: 32455154 PMCID: PMC7232041 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), have been shown to enhance the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells (MCs) and to promote bone formation. BMP6 is known to play an important role in the process of MCs towards osteogenic differentiation by virtue of their osteoinductive and cell type specific proliferative activity. However, the molecular mechanism relate to BMP6 osteoinductive activity is still unclear and continues to warrant further investigation. Msx2 is a member of the homeobox gene family of transcription factors and promotes calcification. Hence, we wondered if it might also play a role in BMP6-induced osteogenesis. In this study, two mouse mesenchymal cell lines were treated with BMP6, adenovirus-Msx2 (Ad-Msx2) or adenovirus-siMsx2 (Ad-siMsx2). Based on the results of mRNA and protein expression, it was indicated that BMP6 could enhance the expression of Msx2 and activate the phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8, p38 and ERK1/2. Being transfected by Ad-Msx2, the BMP6-induced activation of phosphorylation was significantly promoted. On the contrary, two cell lines transfected by Ad-siMsx2 presented an inhibited expression of three phosphorylated proteins even after being induced by BMP6. The evaluation of ALP, OPN, OC and calcium deposits revealed the osteogenic results those were corresponding to the results of mRNA and protein. Taken together, these findings can be a novel viewpoint for the understanding of the mechanisms of BMP6-induced osteogenesis and provide therapeutic targets of bone defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Cai
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Na Huo
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Peng Xue
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ye Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Air Force General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100412, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tarazona OA, Lopez DH, Slota LA, Cohn MJ. Evolution of limb development in cephalopod mollusks. eLife 2019; 8:43828. [PMID: 31210127 PMCID: PMC6581508 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalopod mollusks evolved numerous anatomical novelties, including arms and tentacles, but little is known about the developmental mechanisms underlying cephalopod limb evolution. Here we show that all three axes of cuttlefish limbs are patterned by the same signaling networks that act in vertebrates and arthropods, although they evolved limbs independently. In cuttlefish limb buds, Hedgehog is expressed anteriorly. Posterior transplantation of Hedgehog-expressing cells induced mirror-image limb duplications. Bmp and Wnt signals, which establish dorsoventral polarity in vertebrate and arthropod limbs, are similarly polarized in cuttlefish. Inhibition of Bmp2/4 dorsally caused ectopic expression of Notum, which marks the ventral sucker field, and ectopic sucker development. Cuttlefish also show proximodistal regionalization of Hth, Exd, Dll, Dac, Sp8/9, and Wnt expression, which delineates arm and tentacle sucker fields. These results suggest that cephalopod limbs evolved by parallel activation of a genetic program for appendage development that was present in the bilaterian common ancestor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Tarazona
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States.,Department of Biology, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Davys H Lopez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Leslie A Slota
- Department of Biology, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Martin J Cohn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States.,Department of Biology, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Narboux-Neme N, Ekker M, Levi G, Heude E. Posterior axis formation requires Dlx5/Dlx6 expression at the neural plate border. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214063. [PMID: 30889190 PMCID: PMC6424422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs), one of the most common birth defects in human, present a multifactorial etiology with a poorly defined genetic component. The Dlx5 and Dlx6 bigenic cluster encodes two evolutionary conserved homeodomain transcription factors, which are necessary for proper vertebrate development. It has been shown that Dlx5/6 genes are essential for anterior neural tube closure, however their role in the formation of the posterior structures has never been described. Here, we show that Dlx5/6 expression is required during vertebrate posterior axis formation. Dlx5 presents a similar expression pattern in neural plate border cells during posterior neurulation of zebrafish and mouse. Dlx5/6-inactivation in the mouse results in a phenotype reminiscent of NTDs characterized by open thoracic and lumbar vertebral arches and failure of epaxial muscle formation at the dorsal midline. The dlx5a/6a zebrafish morphants present posterior NTDs associated with abnormal delamination of neural crest cells showing altered expression of cell adhesion molecules and defects of motoneuronal development. Our findings provide new molecular leads to decipher the mechanisms of vertebrate posterior neurulation and might help to gather a better understanding of human congenital NTDs etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Narboux-Neme
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Marc Ekker
- Department of Biology, Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giovanni Levi
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Eglantine Heude
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qu Y, Liang X, Liu D, Jia H, Wang W. MSX2 and BCL2 expressions in the development of anorectal malformations in ethylenethiourea-induced rat embryos. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:311-321. [PMID: 30268882 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine Msh homeobox 2 (MSX2) and B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) expression patterns during anorectal development in anorectal malformations (ARM) and normal rat embryos, with the goals of determining the role of MSX2 and BCL2 in ARM pathogenesis. METHODS ARM was induced in rat embryos with ethylenethiourea administered to dams on gestational day 10 (GD10). Embryos were harvested by cesarean deliveries from GD14 to GD16. MSX2 and BCL2 expression was evaluated via immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence, western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining of ARM embryos revealed that MSX2 was mainly expressed in the epithelium of the hindgut and urorectal septum (URS) on GD14. On GD15 and GD16, MSX2-immunolabeled cells were noted in the epithelium of the rectum, fistula and URS. However, in normal embryos, faint immunopositivity for MSX2 was demonstrated in the epithelium of the rectum and URS from GD14 to GD16. As for BCL2, in normal embryos, BCL2-immunopositive cells were extensively expressed in the epithelium of the hindgut and URS on GD14 and GD15. In ARM embryos, weak immunopositivity for BCL2 was detected in the epithelium of hindgut and URS on GD14 and GD15. Immunofluorescence revealed that MSX2 and BCL2 colocalized in the hindgut. In ARM embryos, we observed more MSX2-positive than BCL2-positive cells on GD14; the normal embryos had the opposite pattern. Analyses by western blot and qRT-PCR showed that MSX2 protein and mRNA expression was significantly increased in ARM embryos compared with the normal embryos on GD15 and GD16 (p < 0.05). However, BCL2 protein and mRNA expression was significantly decreased in ARM embryos compared with the normal embryos on GD14 (p < 0.05). The MSX2/BCL2 ratio of protein and mRNA expression level in the ARM group was the highest on GD15. CONCLUSION These results indicate that upregulation of MSX2 and downregulation of BCL2 during cloacal development into the rectum and urethra might be related to the ARM development, and MSX2 promoted apoptosis through reduction of BCL2 expression during the development of anorectal development in ARM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xingchi Liang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Coelacanth-specific adaptive genes give insights into primitive evolution for water-to-land transition of tetrapods. Mar Genomics 2018; 38:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
11
|
Basit S, Khoshhal KI. Genetics of clubfoot; recent progress and future perspectives. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 61:107-113. [PMID: 28919208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clubfoot or talipes equinovarus (TEV) is an inborn three-dimensional deformity of leg, ankle and foot. It results from structural defects of several tissues of foot and lower leg leading to abnormal positioning of foot and ankle joints. TEV can lead to long-lasting functional disability, malformation and discomfort if left untreated. Substantial progress has been achieved in the management and diagnosis of limb defects; however, not much is known about the molecular players and signalling pathways underlying TEV disorder. The homeostasis and development of the limb depends on the complex interactions between the lateral plate mesoderm cells and outer ectoderm. These complex interactions include HOX signalling and PITX1-TBX4 pathways. The susceptibility to develop TEV is determined by a number of environmental and genetic factors, although the nature and level of interplay between them remains unclear. Familial occurrence and inter and intra phenotypic variability of TEV is well documented. Variants in genes that code for contractile proteins of skeletal myofibers might play a role in the aetiology of TEV but, to date, no strong candidate genes conferring increased risk have emerged, although variants in TBX4, PITX1, HOXA, HOXC and HOXD clusters genes, NAT2 and others have been shown to be associated with TEV. The mechanisms by which variants in these genes confer risk and the nature of the physical and genetic interaction between them remains to be determined. Elucidation of genetic players and cellular pathways underlying TEV will certainly increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of this deformity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sulman Basit
- Centre for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid I Khoshhal
- College of Medicine, Taibah University Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang H, Zhao M, Yi X, Ou Z, Li Y, Shi Y, He M. Characterization of the distal-less homologue gene, PfDlx, involved in regulating the expression of Pif in the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 212:51-58. [PMID: 28652139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Distal-less (Dlx) homeobox transcription factors play an important role in regulating various aspects of vertebrate biology. In vertebrates and invertebrates, distal-less is a highly conserved and well-studied transcription factor. In pearl oyster, we have identified a homologue of this gene, Dlx, and cloned the full-length cDNA. Genomic structure analysis revealed that PfDlx genomic DNA contained three exons and two introns. Their deduced amino acid sequences all showed the highest identity with homologues in Crassostrea gigas. Analyses of PfDlx mRNA in tissues and developmental stages showed high expressions in gonad, polar body stage, 2-4 cells and 32 cells. After shell notching, the changes in expression of Dlx shows that it reached a maximum at 24h. In co-transfection experiments, PfDlx significantly activates reporter constructs containing a Pif promoter. Through using RNAi techniques, we demonstrated that down-regulation of Dlx in P. fucata did not significantly disrupt the development of the nacreous layer in scanning electron microscopy, but it significantly down-regulated the expression of Pif gene. Thus, our work suggests that PfDlx might participate in regulating the expression of the Pif gene in the pearl oyster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mi Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuejie Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zekui Ou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaoguo Li
- College of Life Sciences and Ecology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, 1 Yucai Road, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Yu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Maoxian He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Different regulation of limb development by p63 transcript variants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174122. [PMID: 28333962 PMCID: PMC5363923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The apical ectodermal ridge (AER), located at the distal end of each limb bud, is a key signaling center which controls outgrowth and patterning of the proximal-distal axis of the limb through secretion of various molecules. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), particularly Fgf8 and Fgf4, are representative molecules produced by AER cells, and essential to maintain the AER and cell proliferation in the underlying mesenchyme, meanwhile Jag2-Notch pathway negatively regulates the AER and limb development. p63, a transcription factor of the p53 family, is expressed in the AER and indispensable for limb formation. However, the underlying mechanisms and specific roles of p63 variants are unknown. Here, we quantified the expression of p63 variants in mouse limbs from embryonic day (E) 10.5 to E12.5, and found that ΔNp63γ was strongly expressed in limbs at all stages, while TAp63γ expression was rapidly increased in the later stages. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of limb bud cells from reporter mouse embryos at E11.5 revealed that all variants were abundantly expressed in AER cells, and their expression was very low in mesenchymal cells. We then generated AER-specific p63 knockout mice by mating mice with a null and a flox allele of p63, and Msx2-Cre mice (Msx2-Cre;p63Δ/fl). Msx2-Cre;p63Δ/fl neonates showed limb malformation that was more obvious in distal elements. Expression of various AER-related genes was decreased in Msx2-Cre;p63Δ/fl limb buds and embryoid bodies formed by p63-knockdown induced pluripotent stem cells. Promoter analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated Fgf8 and Fgf4 as transcriptional targets of ΔNp63γ, and Jag2 as that of TAp63γ. Furthermore, TAp63γ overexpression exacerbated the phenotype of Msx2-Cre;p63Δ/fl mice. These data indicate that ΔNp63 and TAp63 control limb development through transcriptional regulation of different target molecules with different roles in the AER. Our findings contribute to further understanding of the molecular network of limb development.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ullah A, Hammid A, Umair M, Ahmad W. A Novel Heterozygous Intragenic Sequence Variant in DLX6 Probably Underlies First Case of Autosomal Dominant Split-Hand/Foot Malformation Type 1. Mol Syndromol 2016; 8:79-84. [PMID: 28611547 DOI: 10.1159/000453350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Split-hand and foot malformation (SHFM; MIM 183600) is a rare human genetic limb malformation. It is characterized by missing digital rays in the hands and feet. SHFMs vary in severity from mild abnormalities affecting a single limb to acute malformations involving all 4 limbs. It is inherited, as part of both a syndromic and nonsyndromic disorder, in an autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and X-linked patterns. So far, 9 loci of hand and foot malformation have been mapped on human chromosomes. The present study describes a family with 2 affected individuals segregating SHFM in an autosomal dominant fashion. Sanger sequencing of the genes involved in SHFM was performed to identify the disease-causing variant. Sequence analysis revealed the first heterozygous missense variant (c.632T>A, p.Val211Glu) in the distal-less homeobox 6 (DLX6) gene, located in chromosome 7q21, causing SHFM in the present family. This study supports the evidence of DLX6 as an SHFM-causing gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anam Hammid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bergqvist C, Ramia P, Abbas O, Kurban M. Genetics of syndromic and non-syndromic hereditary nail disorders. Clin Genet 2016; 91:813-823. [PMID: 27613389 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The nail is a unique epithelial skin appendage made up of a fully keratinized nail plate. The nail can be affected in several systemic illnesses, dermatological diseases, and inherited nail disorders. Nail dystrophies can present as isolated disorders or as a part of syndromes. Substantial progress has been achieved in the management and diagnosis of nail diseases; however, not much is known about the underlying molecular controls of nail growth. The homeostasis and development of the nail appendage depend on the intricate interactions between the epidermis and underlying mesenchyme, and comprise different signaling pathways such as the WNT signaling pathway. Digit-tip regeneration in mice and humans has been a known fact for the past six decades; however, only recently the underlying biological mechanisms by which the nail organ achieves digit regeneration have been elucidated. Moreover, significant progress has been made in identifying nail stem cells and localizing stem cell niches in the nail unit. More fascinating, however, is the role they play in orchestrating the processes that lead to the regeneration of the digit. Further elucidating the role of nail stem cells and the signaling pathways driving epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the nail unit might contribute to the development of novel therapeutic tools for amputees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bergqvist
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - P Ramia
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - O Abbas
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Role of MSX1 in Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8035759. [PMID: 27648077 PMCID: PMC5018324 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8035759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Msh homeobox 1 (MSX1) encodes a transcription factor implicated in embryonic development of limbs and craniofacial tissues including bone and teeth. Although MSX1 regulates osteoblast differentiation in the cranial bone of young animal, little is known about the contribution of MSX1 to the osteogenic potential of human cells. In the present study, we investigate the role of MSX1 in osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells isolated from deciduous teeth. When these cells were exposed to osteogenesis-induction medium, runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), and osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA levels, as well as alkaline phosphatase activity, increased on days 4–12, and thereafter the matrix was calcified on day 14. However, knockdown of MSX1 with small interfering RNA abolished the induction of the osteoblast-related gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcification. Interestingly, DNA microarray and PCR analyses revealed that MSX1 knockdown induced the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) transcriptional factor and its downstream target genes in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis enhances osteoblast differentiation of various mesenchymal cells. Thus, MSX1 may downregulate the cholesterol synthesis-related genes to ensure osteoblast differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells.
Collapse
|
17
|
Conte D, Garaffo G, Lo Iacono N, Mantero S, Piccolo S, Cordenonsi M, Perez-Morga D, Orecchia V, Poli V, Merlo GR. The apical ectodermal ridge of the mouse model of ectrodactyly Dlx5;Dlx6-/- shows altered stratification and cell polarity, which are restored by exogenous Wnt5a ligand. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:740-54. [PMID: 26685160 PMCID: PMC4743692 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The congenital malformation split hand/foot (SHFM) is characterized by missing central fingers and dysmorphology or fusion of the remaining ones. Type-1 SHFM is linked to deletions/rearrangements of the DLX5–DLX6 locus and point mutations in the DLX5 gene. The ectrodactyly phenotype is reproduced in mice by the double knockout (DKO) of Dlx5 and Dlx6. During limb development, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a key-signaling center responsible for early proximal–distal growth and patterning. In Dlx5;6 DKO hindlimbs, the central wedge of the AER loses multilayered organization and shows down-regulation of FGF8 and Dlx2. In search for the mechanism, we examined the non-canonical Wnt signaling, considering that Dwnt-5 is a target of distalless in Drosophila and the knockout of Wnt5, Ryk, Ror2 and Vangl2 in the mouse causes severe limb malformations. We found that in Dlx5;6 DKO limbs, the AER expresses lower levels of Wnt5a, shows scattered β-catenin responsive cells and altered basolateral and planar cell polarity (PCP). The addition of Wnt5a to cultured embryonic limbs restored the expression of AER markers and its stratification. Conversely, the inhibition of the PCP molecule c-jun N-terminal kinase caused a loss of AER marker expression. In vitro, the addition of Wnt5a on mixed primary cultures of embryonic ectoderm and mesenchyme was able to confer re-polarization. We conclude that the Dlx-related ectrodactyly defect is associated with the loss of basoapical and PCP, due to reduced Wnt5a expression and that the restoration of the Wnt5a level is sufficient to partially reverts AER misorganization and dysmorphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Conte
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Garaffo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nadia Lo Iacono
- Human Genome Department, Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Mantero
- Human Genome Department, Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy and
| | | | - David Perez-Morga
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valeria Orecchia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio R Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wattanarat O, Kantaputra PN. Preaxial polydactyly associated with a MSX1 mutation and report of two novel mutations. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:254-9. [PMID: 26463473 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report two novel heterozygous missense MSX1 mutations in two Thai families (c.739C>T; p.Pro247Ser and c.607G>A; p.Ala203Thr). The p.Ala203Thr mutation was found in a female patient, her sister, and their father and is associated with unilateral cleft lip and palate, hypodontia, and microdontia. The p.Pro247Ser mutation was found in a three-generation Thai family and was associated with bilateral cleft lip and palate, hypodontia, microdontia, and dens invaginatus. The proband also had preaxial polydactyly of the left hand. The role of Msx1 in limb development in mice is discussed. Intrafamilial variability of the phenotypes is clearly evident. This is the first time that a limb anomaly has been reported to be associated with a mutation in MSX1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onnida Wattanarat
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Piranit Nik Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,DENTALAND CLINIC, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
MSX2 mediates entry of human pluripotent stem cells into mesendoderm by simultaneously suppressing SOX2 and activating NODAL signaling. Cell Res 2015. [PMID: 26427715 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.118.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
How BMP signaling integrates into and destabilizes the pluripotency circuitry of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to initiate differentiation into individual germ layers is a long-standing puzzle. Here we report muscle segment homeobox 2 (MSX2), a homeobox transcription factor of msh family, as a direct target gene of BMP signaling and a master mediator of hPSCs' differentiation to mesendoderm. Enforced expression of MSX2 suffices to abolish pluripotency and induce directed mesendoderm differentiation of hPSCs, while MSX2 depletion impairs mesendoderm induction. MSX2 is a direct target gene of the BMP pathway in hPSCs, and can be synergistically activated by Wnt signals via LEF1 during mesendoderm induction. Furthermore, MSX2 destabilizes the pluripotency circuitry through direct binding to the SOX2 promoter and repression of SOX2 transcription, while MSX2 controls mesendoderm lineage commitment by simultaneous suppression of SOX2 and induction of NODAL expression through direct binding and activation of the Nodal promoter. Interestingly, SOX2 can promote the degradation of MSX2 protein, suggesting a mutual antagonism between the two lineage-specifying factors in the control of stem cell fate. Together, our findings reveal crucial new mechanisms of destabilizing pluripotency and directing lineage commitment in hPSCs.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu Q, Zhang L, Su P, Lei X, Liu X, Wang H, Lu L, Bai Y, Xiong T, Li D, Zhu Z, Duan E, Jiang E, Feng S, Han M, Xu Y, Wang F, Zhou J. MSX2 mediates entry of human pluripotent stem cells into mesendoderm by simultaneously suppressing SOX2 and activating NODAL signaling. Cell Res 2015; 25:1314-32. [PMID: 26427715 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
How BMP signaling integrates into and destabilizes the pluripotency circuitry of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to initiate differentiation into individual germ layers is a long-standing puzzle. Here we report muscle segment homeobox 2 (MSX2), a homeobox transcription factor of msh family, as a direct target gene of BMP signaling and a master mediator of hPSCs' differentiation to mesendoderm. Enforced expression of MSX2 suffices to abolish pluripotency and induce directed mesendoderm differentiation of hPSCs, while MSX2 depletion impairs mesendoderm induction. MSX2 is a direct target gene of the BMP pathway in hPSCs, and can be synergistically activated by Wnt signals via LEF1 during mesendoderm induction. Furthermore, MSX2 destabilizes the pluripotency circuitry through direct binding to the SOX2 promoter and repression of SOX2 transcription, while MSX2 controls mesendoderm lineage commitment by simultaneous suppression of SOX2 and induction of NODAL expression through direct binding and activation of the Nodal promoter. Interestingly, SOX2 can promote the degradation of MSX2 protein, suggesting a mutual antagonism between the two lineage-specifying factors in the control of stem cell fate. Together, our findings reveal crucial new mechanisms of destabilizing pluripotency and directing lineage commitment in hPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Leisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lisha Lu
- College of Life Sciences at Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Sciences at Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Third People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Zhengmao Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Enkui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Erlie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sizhou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhe Han
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jiaxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Garaffo G, Conte D, Provero P, Tomaiuolo D, Luo Z, Pinciroli P, Peano C, D'Atri I, Gitton Y, Etzion T, Gothilf Y, Gays D, Santoro MM, Merlo GR. The Dlx5 and Foxg1 transcription factors, linked via miRNA-9 and -200, are required for the development of the olfactory and GnRH system. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 68:103-19. [PMID: 25937343 PMCID: PMC4604252 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During neuronal development and maturation, microRNAs (miRs) play diverse functions ranging from early patterning, proliferation and commitment to differentiation, survival, homeostasis, activity and plasticity of more mature and adult neurons. The role of miRs in the differentiation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) is emerging from the conditional inactivation of Dicer in immature ORN, and the depletion of all mature miRs in this system. Here, we identify specific miRs involved in olfactory development, by focusing on mice null for Dlx5, a homeogene essential for both ORN differentiation and axon guidance and connectivity. Analysis of miR expression in Dlx5−/− olfactory epithelium pointed to reduced levels of miR-9, miR-376a and four miRs of the -200 class in the absence of Dlx5. To functionally examine the role of these miRs, we depleted miR-9 and miR-200 class in reporter zebrafish embryos and observed delayed ORN differentiation, altered axonal trajectory/targeting, and altered genesis and position of olfactory-associated GnRH neurons, i.e. a phenotype known as Kallmann syndrome in humans. miR-9 and miR-200-class negatively control Foxg1 mRNA, a fork-head transcription factor essential for development of the olfactory epithelium and of the forebrain, known to maintain progenitors in a stem state. Increased levels of z-foxg1 mRNA resulted in delayed ORN differentiation and altered axon trajectory, in zebrafish embryos. This work describes for the first time the role of specific miR (-9 and -200) in olfactory/GnRH development, and uncovers a Dlx5–Foxg1 regulation whose alteration affects receptor neuron differentiation, axonal targeting, GnRH neuron development, the hallmarks of the Kallmann syndrome. Dlx5 controls the expressions of miR9 and miR-200, which target the Foxg1 mRNA miR-9 and -200 are needed for olfactory neurons differentiation and axon extension miR-9 and -200 are required for the genesis and position of GnRH neurons. Altered expression of miR-9 and -200 might contribute to the Kallmann disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Garaffo
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Daniele Conte
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Tomaiuolo
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Zheng Luo
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pinciroli
- Doctorate School in Molecular Medicine, Dept. Medical Biotechnology Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milano, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Inst. of Biomedical Technology, National Research Council, ITB-CNR Segrate (MI) Italy
| | - Ilaria D'Atri
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Yorick Gitton
- UMR7221 CNRS/MNHN - Evolution des régulations endocriniennes - Paris, France
| | - Talya Etzion
- Dept. Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoav Gothilf
- Dept. Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dafne Gays
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Dept. Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giorgio R Merlo
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heude É, Shaikho S, Ekker M. The dlx5a/dlx6a genes play essential roles in the early development of zebrafish median fin and pectoral structures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98505. [PMID: 24858471 PMCID: PMC4032342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dlx5 and Dlx6 genes encode homeodomain transcription factors essential for the proper development of limbs in mammalian species. However, the role of their teleost counterparts in fin development has received little attention. Here, we show that dlx5a is an early marker of apical ectodermal cells of the pectoral fin buds and of the median fin fold, but also of cleithrum precursor cells during pectoral girdle development. We propose that early median fin fold establishment results from the medial convergence of dlx5a-expressing cells at the lateral edges of the neural keel. Expression analysis also shows involvement of dlx5a during appendage skeletogenesis. Using morpholino-mediated knock down, we demonstrate that disrupted dlx5a/6a function results in pectoral fin agenesis associated with misexpression of bmp4, fgf8a, and1 and msx genes. In contrast, the median fin fold presents defects in mesenchymal cell migration and actinotrichia formation, whereas the initial specification seems to occur normally. Our results demonstrate that the dlx5a/6a genes are essential for the induction of pectoral fin outgrowth, but are not required during median fin fold specification. The dlx5a/6a knock down also causes a failure of cleithrum formation associated with a drastic loss of runx2b and col10a1 expression. The data indicate distinct requirements for dlx5a/6a during median and pectoral fin development suggesting that initiation of unpaired and paired fin formation are not directed through the same molecular mechanisms. Our results refocus arguments on the mechanistic basis of paired appendage genesis during vertebrate evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Églantine Heude
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Shaikho
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Ekker
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Murgiano L, Jagannathan V, Benazzi C, Bolcato M, Brunetti B, Muscatello LV, Dittmer K, Piffer C, Gentile A, Drögemüller C. Deletion in the EVC2 gene causes chondrodysplastic dwarfism in Tyrolean Grey cattle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94861. [PMID: 24733244 PMCID: PMC3986253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the summer of 2013 seven Italian Tyrolean Grey calves were born with abnormally short limbs. Detailed clinical and pathological examination revealed similarities to chondrodysplastic dwarfism. Pedigree analysis showed a common founder, assuming autosomal monogenic recessive transmission of the defective allele. A positional cloning approach combining genome wide association and homozygosity mapping identified a single 1.6 Mb genomic region on BTA 6 that was associated with the disease. Whole genome re-sequencing of an affected calf revealed a single candidate causal mutation in the Ellis van Creveld syndrome 2 (EVC2) gene. This gene is known to be associated with chondrodysplastic dwarfism in Japanese Brown cattle, and dwarfism, abnormal nails and teeth, and dysostosis in humans with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of a 2 bp deletion in exon 19 (c.2993_2994ACdel) that led to a premature stop codon in the coding sequence of bovine EVC2, and was concordant with the recessive pattern of inheritance in affected and carrier animals. This loss of function mutation confirms the important role of EVC2 in bone development. Genetic testing can now be used to eliminate this form of chondrodysplastic dwarfism from Tyrolean Grey cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Murgiano
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Benazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Marilena Bolcato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Barbara Brunetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Luisa Vera Muscatello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Keren Dittmer
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Christian Piffer
- Servizio Veterinario dell'Azienda Sanitaria dell'Alto Adige, Bozen, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Restelli M, Lopardo T, Lo Iacono N, Garaffo G, Conte D, Rustighi A, Napoli M, Del Sal G, Perez-Morga D, Costanzo A, Merlo GR, Guerrini L. DLX5, FGF8 and the Pin1 isomerase control ΔNp63α protein stability during limb development: a regulatory loop at the basis of the SHFM and EEC congenital malformations. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3830-42. [PMID: 24569166 PMCID: PMC4065156 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectrodactyly, or Split-Hand/Foot Malformation (SHFM), is a congenital condition characterized by the loss of central rays of hands and feet. The p63 and the DLX5;DLX6 transcription factors, expressed in the embryonic limb buds and ectoderm, are disease genes for these conditions. Mutations of p63 also cause the ectodermal dysplasia–ectrodactyly–cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome, comprising SHFM. Ectrodactyly is linked to defects of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the developing limb buds. FGF8 is the key signaling molecule in this process, able to direct proximo-distal growth and patterning of the skeletal primordial of the limbs. In the limb buds of both p63 and Dlx5;Dlx6 murine models of SHFM, the AER is poorly stratified and FGF8 expression is severely reduced. We show here that the FGF8 locus is a downstream target of DLX5 and that FGF8 counteracts Pin1–ΔNp63α interaction. In vivo, lack of Pin1 leads to accumulation of the p63 protein in the embryonic limbs and ectoderm. We show also that ΔNp63α protein stability is negatively regulated by the interaction with the prolyl-isomerase Pin1, via proteasome-mediated degradation; p63 mutant proteins associated with SHFM or EEC syndromes are resistant to Pin1 action. Thus, DLX5, p63, Pin1 and FGF8 participate to the same time- and location-restricted regulatory loop essential for AER stratification, hence for normal patterning and skeletal morphogenesis of the limb buds. These results shed new light on the molecular mechanisms at the basis of the SHFM and EEC limb malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Restelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Teresa Lopardo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Nadia Lo Iacono
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Giulia Garaffo
- Telethon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | - Daniele Conte
- Telethon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | | | - Marco Napoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics & Genomics, and Center for Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, MD Anderson, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Molecular Oncology Unit, LNCIB Area Science Park, Trieste I-34149, Italy
| | - David Perez-Morga
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium and
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Telethon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | - Luisa Guerrini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang X, Xin Q, Li L, Li J, Zhang C, Qiu R, Qian C, Zhao H, Liu Y, Shan S, Dang J, Bian X, Shao C, Gong Y, Liu Q. Exome sequencing reveals a heterozygous DLX5 mutation in a Chinese family with autosomal-dominant split-hand/foot malformation. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 22:1105-10. [PMID: 24496061 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a congenital limb deformity due to the absence or dysplasia of central rays of the autopod. Six SHFM loci have already been identified. Here we describe a Chinese family with autosomal-dominant SHFM1 that has previously been mapped to 7q21.2-21.3. The two affected family members, mother and son, showed deep median clefts between toes, ectrodactyly and syndactyly; the mother also showed triphalangeal thumbs. Exome sequencing and variant screening of candidate genes in the six loci known to be responsible for SHFM revealed a novel heterozygous mutation, c.558G>T (p.(Gln186His)), in distal-less homeobox 5 (DLX5). As DLX5 encodes a transcription factor capable of transactivating MYC, we also tested whether the mutation could affect DLX5 transcription acitivity. Results from luciferase reporter assay revealed that a mutation in DLX5 compromised its transcriptional activity. This is the first report of a mutation in DLX5 leading to autosomal-dominant SHFM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Xin
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Jiangxia Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changwu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Cangshan People's Hospital, Cangshan, China
| | - Rongfang Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chenmin Qian
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hailing Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yongchao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Dang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xianli Bian
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mu H, Wu J, Zhu H, Li N, Tang F, Yao X, Yang C, Peng S, Li G, Hua J. The function of Msx1 gene in promoting meiosis of dairy goat male germline stem cells (mGSCs). Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 31:629-35. [PMID: 24123057 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During sequential stages of meiosis, numerous cytoplasmic and nuclear events take place in which many germline and non-germline genes involved. It is demonstrated that the germline gene Stra8 and synaptonemal complex protein 3 (Scp3) play an important role in the meiosis. Recently, studies showed Msx1, a DNA-binding protein taking part in the skeletal development, also having a functional attractive factor to Stra8 and Scp3 in the meiosis. In this study, we cloned the gene Msx1 then transfected the Msx1 constructed recombination plasmid, pMsx1-Ires2-AcGFP, into the dairy goat germline stem cells (male germline stem cells) and analysed the effects of Msx1 on the expression of Stra8 and Scp3. The results showed that Msx1 could enhance the expression of Stra8 and Scp3 and promote the meiosis in goat testicular cells. Bmp4 activated the expression of Msx1 and Stra8. This study suggests that Msx1 plays an important role in spermatogenesis and meiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology of Agriculture Ministry of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Garaffo G, Provero P, Molineris I, Pinciroli P, Peano C, Battaglia C, Tomaiuolo D, Etzion T, Gothilf Y, Santoro M, Merlo GR. Profiling, Bioinformatic, and Functional Data on the Developing Olfactory/GnRH System Reveal Cellular and Molecular Pathways Essential for This Process and Potentially Relevant for the Kallmann Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:203. [PMID: 24427155 PMCID: PMC3876029 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, immature neurons in the olfactory epithelium (OE) extend axons through the nasal mesenchyme, to contact projection neurons in the olfactory bulb. Axon navigation is accompanied by migration of the GnRH+ neurons, which enter the anterior forebrain and home in the septo-hypothalamic area. This process can be interrupted at various points and lead to the onset of the Kallmann syndrome (KS), a disorder characterized by anosmia and central hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Several genes has been identified in human and mice that cause KS or a KS-like phenotype. In mice a set of transcription factors appears to be required for olfactory connectivity and GnRH neuron migration; thus we explored the transcriptional network underlying this developmental process by profiling the OE and the adjacent mesenchyme at three embryonic ages. We also profiled the OE from embryos null for Dlx5, a homeogene that causes a KS-like phenotype when deleted. We identified 20 interesting genes belonging to the following categories: (1) transmembrane adhesion/receptor, (2) axon-glia interaction, (3) scaffold/adapter for signaling, (4) synaptic proteins. We tested some of them in zebrafish embryos: the depletion of five (of six) Dlx5 targets affected axonal extension and targeting, while three (of three) affected GnRH neuron position and neurite organization. Thus, we confirmed the importance of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and identified new molecules needed for olfactory connection and GnRH neuron migration. Using available and newly generated data, we predicted/prioritized putative KS-disease genes, by building conserved co-expression networks with all known disease genes in human and mouse. The results show the overall validity of approaches based on high-throughput data and predictive bioinformatics to identify genes potentially relevant for the molecular pathogenesis of KS. A number of candidate will be discussed, that should be tested in future mutation screens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Garaffo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Molineris
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pinciroli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, National Research Council, ITB-CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Cristina Battaglia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, National Research Council, ITB-CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Daniela Tomaiuolo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Talya Etzion
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoav Gothilf
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio R. Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giorgio R. Merlo, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|