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Leitão C, Pereira SO, Marques C, Cennamo N, Zeni L, Shaimerdenova M, Ayupova T, Tosi D. Cost-Effective Fiber Optic Solutions for Biosensing. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:575. [PMID: 36004971 PMCID: PMC9405647 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, optical fiber sensors have proven to be a reliable and versatile biosensing tool. Optical fiber biosensors (OFBs) are analytical devices that use optical fibers as transducers, with the advantages of being easily coated and biofunctionalized, allowing the monitorization of all functionalization and detection in real-time, as well as being small in size and geometrically flexible, thus allowing device miniaturization and portability for point-of-care (POC) testing. Knowing the potential of such biosensing tools, this paper reviews the reported OFBs which are, at the moment, the most cost-effective. Different fiber configurations are highlighted, namely, end-face reflected, unclad, D- and U-shaped, tips, ball resonators, tapered, light-diffusing, and specialty fibers. Packaging techniques to enhance OFBs' application in the medical field, namely for implementing in subcutaneous, percutaneous, and endoscopic operations as well as in wearable structures, are presented and discussed. Interrogation approaches of OFBs using smartphones' hardware are a great way to obtain cost-effective sensing approaches. In this review paper, different architectures of such interrogation methods and their respective applications are presented. Finally, the application of OFBs in monitoring three crucial fields of human life and wellbeing are reported: detection of cancer biomarkers, detection of cardiovascular biomarkers, and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Leitão
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.O.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Sónia O. Pereira
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.O.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Carlos Marques
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.O.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Nunzio Cennamo
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (N.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Luigi Zeni
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (N.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Madina Shaimerdenova
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (M.S.); (T.A.)
| | - Takhmina Ayupova
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (M.S.); (T.A.)
| | - Daniele Tosi
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (M.S.); (T.A.)
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, National Laboratory Astana, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
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Maraqa B, Al-Ashhab M, Sughayer MA. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements in patients with non-small cell lung cancer in Jordan. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221104181. [PMID: 35689392 PMCID: PMC9189535 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221104181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement is an important oncogenic driver in some non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Treatment with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors improves survival. The availability of diagnostic immunohistochemistry (IHC) has led to a paradigm shift in ALK testing. This study examined the prevalence of ALK rearrangement in Jordanian patients with NSCLC and compared the results of IHC and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for detecting ALK rearrangement. Methods This retrospective study on 449 patients with NSCLC treated at the King Hussein Cancer Center in Jordan tested biopsy samples for ALK rearrangement using FISH and/or IHC (D5F3) between 2018 and 2020. Results Eighteen patients (4%) had ALK-positive NSCLC. The calculated sensitivity and specificity of ALK immunostaining compared with FISH were 87.5% and 96%, respectively. ALK-positive patients were significantly younger than their ALK-negative counterparts, and women were three times more likely to carry ALK rearrangement than men. ALK rearrangement was significantly associated with smoking history, with most ALK-positive patients being non-smokers, former smokers, or light smokers. Conclusions IHC is a reasonable alternative to FISH for ALK testing with advantages in terms of robustness, turnaround times, and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Maraqa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Maxim Al-Ashhab
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Maher A Sughayer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
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Frequency of anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements in Moroccan patients with non small cell lung cancer: a multi-institutional national retrospective study. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:479. [PMID: 32460789 PMCID: PMC7251848 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement is a predictive factor of response to ALK inhibitors in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The prevalence of ALK rearrangements is well known in Whites and Asians. However, data identifying the frequency of this rearrangement in Moroccan and North African population are lacking. The objective of this study is to report the frequency of ALK rearrangement in a group of Moroccan patients with NSCLC. Methods A retrospective study was performed enrolling 120 Moroccan patients with NSCLC whose biopsy samples were tested for ALK rearrangement in order to identify the frequency of ALK rearrangement and its potential association with selected variables. The ALK testing was established using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results The frequency of ALK rearrangement was 4.2% (5/120). All positive cases were males with advanced adenocarcinoma. ALK rearrangements prevalence was significantly higher in older patients. Conclusions The frequency of ALK rearrangements among the Moroccan population tends to correlate with the average frequency reported worldwide, with some specific features. Further prospective studies with larger patients’ numbers are needed to verify these findings.
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Single-molecule analysis of nucleic acid biomarkers - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1115:61-85. [PMID: 32370870 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are important biomarkers for disease detection, monitoring, and treatment. Advances in technologies for nucleic acid analysis have enabled discovery and clinical implementation of nucleic acid biomarkers. However, challenges remain with technologies for nucleic acid analysis, thereby limiting the use of nucleic acid biomarkers in certain contexts. Here, we review single-molecule technologies for nucleic acid analysis that can be used to overcome these challenges. We first discuss the various types of nucleic acid biomarkers important for clinical applications and conventional technologies for nucleic acid analysis. We then discuss technologies for single-molecule in vitro and in situ analysis of nucleic acid biomarkers. Finally, we discuss other ultra-sensitive techniques for nucleic acid biomarker detection.
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Dalag L, Fergus JK, Zangan SM. Lung and Abdominal Biopsies in the Age of Precision Medicine. Semin Intervent Radiol 2019; 36:255-263. [PMID: 31435134 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Image-guided percutaneous needle biopsies (PNBs) are one of the most common procedures performed in radiology departments today. Rapid developments in precision medicine, which identifies molecular and genomic biomarkers in cancers, have ushered a new paradigm of oncologic workup and treatment. PNB has conventionally been used to establish a benign or malignant nature of a lesion during initial diagnosis or in suspected metastatic or recurrent disease. However, increasing amounts of tissue are being required to meet the demands of molecular pathologic analysis, which are now being sought at multiple time points during the course of the disease to guide targeted therapy. As primary providers of biopsy, radiologists must be proactive in these developments to improve diagnostic yield and tissue acquisition in PNB. Herein, we discuss the important and expanding role of PNB in the age of precision medicine and review the technical considerations of percutaneous lung and intra-abdominal biopsy. Finally, we examine promising state-of-the-art techniques in PNB that may safely increase tissue acquisition for optimal molecular pathologic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Dalag
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Steven M Zangan
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Jain D, Nambirajan A, Borczuk A, Chen G, Minami Y, Moreira AL, Motoi N, Papotti M, Rekhtman N, Russell PA, Savic Prince S, Yatabe Y, Bubendorf L. Immunocytochemistry for predictive biomarker testing in lung cancer cytology. Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 127:325-339. [PMID: 31050216 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
With an escalating number of predictive biomarkers emerging in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), immunohistochemistry (IHC) is being used as a rapid and cost-effective tool for the screening and detection of many of these markers. In particular, robust IHC assays performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue are widely used as surrogate markers for ALK and ROS1 rearrangements and for detecting programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in patients with advanced NSCLC; in addition, they have become essential for treatment decisions. Cytology samples represent the only source of tumor in a significant proportion of patients with inoperable NSCLC, and there is increasing demand for predictive biomarker testing on them. However, the wide variation in the types of cytology samples and their preparatory methods, the use of alcohol-based fixatives that interfere with immunochemistry results, the difficulty in procurement of cytology-specific controls, and the uncertainty regarding test validity have resulted in underutilization of cytology material for predictive immunocytochemistry (ICC), and most cytopathologists limit such testing to FFPE cell blocks (CBs). The purpose of this review is to: 1) analyze various preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical factors influencing ICC results; 2) discuss measures for validation of ICC protocols; and 3) summarize published data on predictive ICC for ALK, ROS1, EGFR gene alterations and PD-L1 expression on lung cancer cytology. Based on our experience and from a review of the literature, we conclude that cytology specimens are in principal suitable for predictive ICC, but proper optimization and rigorous quality control for high-quality staining are essential, particularly for non-CB preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Jain
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aruna Nambirajan
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alain Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuko Minami
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Ibaraki Higashi National Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Andre L Moreira
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Noriko Motoi
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Prudence A Russell
- Anatomical Pathology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Unfortunately, most patients of LC present at the advanced stage of the disease with a poor prognosis and 1-year survival of less than 20%. At the advanced stage of the disease, surgical resection cannot be possible, hence small biopsy or cytology specimens remain a choice for their correct diagnosis. The recognition of molecular drivers has revolutionized the treatment paradigm of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations were identified, first, to be targeted in NSCLC followed by activating fusions in anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and rearrangements in c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) genes. In addition, the encouraging progress of immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC has been associated with predictive biomarker testing in the form of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry assay. To test for these alterations, accurate biomarker testing is needed from biopsy or cytology specimens. In this brief review, testing of biomarkers is discussed using cytology specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Jain
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Uruga H, Mino-Kenudson M. ALK (D5F3) CDx: an immunohistochemistry assay to identify ALK-positive NSCLC patients. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2018; 11:147-155. [PMID: 30271189 PMCID: PMC6147206 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s156672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Screening for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements is a very important process in treatment decision making for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is considered the universally accepted reference standard, it is associated with technical difficulties and high costs that have made global implementation of this assay challenging. Conversely, ALK immunohistochemistry has shown high sensitivity and specificity compared to FISH and other molecular assays and is more cost-effective. In fact, the ALK (D5F3) CDx immunohistochemistry assay was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as a standalone test for ALK rearrangements in lung cancer in 2015. In this review, we will discuss the overview of ALK rearrangements in NSCLC, various testing methods for ALK rearrangements, and the details of immunohistochemistry for ALK, in particular one with the ALK antibody clone D5F3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Uruga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Center, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,
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Grenda A, Jarosz B, Krawczyk P, Kucharczyk T, Wojas-Krawczyk K, Reszka K, Krukowska K, Nicoś M, Pankowski J, Bryl M, Ramlau R, Kuźnar-Kamińska B, Grodzki T, Szczęsna A, Siemiątkowska K, Szumiło J, Batura-Gabryel H, Palonka M, Milanowski J. Discrepancies between ALK protein disruption and occurrence of ALK gene rearrangement in Polish NSCLC patients. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:4994-5009. [PMID: 30233874 PMCID: PMC6129873 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.07.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement are predisposed to molecularly targeted therapies. Proper diagnostic is crucial for quick and correct patients qualification to optimal treatment method. Genetic tests to detect predictive factors could be performed sequentially. After excluding EGFR mutations, abnormal ALK protein expression should be tested using immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. In patients with disrupted ALK expression, the rearrangement of the ALK gene should be confirmed by FISH method. Despite few years of experience in analysis of these predictive factors, there are still problems in interpretation of diagnostic tests results. Especially, some recommendations for ALK IHC diagnosis are not precise. METHODS Mutations in EGFR gene were examined using real-time PCR technique in 1,108 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, 398 FFPE cell-blocks and 470 cytological specimens of NSCLC. The disrupted ALK protein expression was analysed in 1,100 samples including 782 histological and 306 cytological (cell-blocks) samples using IHC. Twelve materials (1.1%) were non-diagnostic in IHC. ALK gene rearrangement using FISH method was analysed in IHC positive cases. RESULTS The frequency of EGFR mutations was 8.6%. EGFR mutations occurred significantly more often in females (P=0.00001, χ2=62.732) and in adenocarcinoma cases (P=0.0002, χ2=14.222). The exon 19 deletions (49%) and exon 21 Leu858Arg substitution (38%) were the most common, rare EGFR mutations occurred in 13% of patients. Any expression of abnormal ALK protein was detected in 202 cases (18.57%). ALK gene rearrangement was confirmed in 49 cases (4.5%). ALK gene rearrangement is significantly more common in female than in male (P=0.0105, χ2=6.541). In patients with ALK gene rearrangement, the median percentage of nuclei with ALK rearrangement was only 25.5%. The polysomy (≥4 gene copy number per nuclei) of ALK gene was observed in 39 cases (21.4% of patients with diagnostic result of FISH examination). Median number of ALK gene copy per nuclei was 2.9±0.77. Significant positive correlation between percentage of cells with abnormal ALK expression in IHC test and percentage of nuclei with ALK rearrangement in FISH method was detected (R=0.617, P<0.00001). Significant negative correlation between the number of copies of ALK gene and the percentage of cells with expression of abnormal ALK was observed (R=-0.2004, P<0.05). ALK gene rearrangement was significantly more frequently observed in the material with coarse-grained cytoplasmic and membranous IHC staining than in materials with light cytoplasmic stippling. The occurrence of cytoplasmic stippling correlated with the increase of ALK gene copy number. CONCLUSIONS We indicated that diagnosis of ALK disruption in NSCLC patients should be notably careful using IHC and FISH methods. Recommendations for ALK diagnosis should include the way of interpretation of cases with low percentage of cells with abnormal ALK protein expression in IHC test, character of IHC reaction, and cases with ALK gene polysomy in FISH method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grenda
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Jarosz
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kucharczyk
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamila Wojas-Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Kinga Krukowska
- Genetics and Immunology Laboratory Genim LLC, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Nicoś
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Bryl
- E.J. Zeyland Greatpoland Center of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery, Poznan, Poland
| | - Rodryg Ramlau
- Department of Oncology, Allergology and Respiratory Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Kuźnar-Kamińska
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grodzki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Regional Hospital for Lung Diseases, Szczecin-Zdunowo, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szczęsna
- Mazovian Centre for Treatment of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis, Otwock, Poland
| | - Krystyna Siemiątkowska
- Department of Pathomorphology, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Center of Pulmonology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Justyna Szumiło
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Halina Batura-Gabryel
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Palonka
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz Milanowski
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Ma H, Yao WX, Huang L, Jin SH, Liu DH, Liu Y, Tian X, Tian JH, Zhou JG. Efficacy of D5F3 IHC for detecting ALK gene rearrangement in NSCLC patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:70128-70142. [PMID: 27602773 PMCID: PMC5342540 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a pooled analysis comparing the efficacy of an immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay using the D5F3 antibody with that of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for detecting ALK gene rearrangement in NSCLC patients. A total of 32 studies involving 5805 samples were included in this review. Pooled sensitivity for D5F3 IHC was 0.97 (95%CI: 0.93-0.98), specificity was 0.99 (95%CI: 0.98-1.00), PLR was 119.20 (95%CI: 57.79-245.89), NLR was 0.03 (95%CI: 0.02-0.07), DOR was 3526.66 (95%CI: 1344.71-9249.03), and AUROC was 1.00 (95%CI: 0.99-1.00). Meta-regression revealed that specimen type was a source of heterogeneity for specificity, and specimen type and FISH signal distance were sources of heterogeneity in the joint model. Subgroup analysis revealed that sensitivity and specificity were higher when the FISH signal distance standard was ≥ 2 than when it was ≥ 1. Sensitivity was higher for tumor specimens than for cell specimens; specificity was higher for cell specimens than for tumor specimens. In conclusion, the D5F3 IHC assay was nearly as effective as FISH for detection of ALK gene rearrangement in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Ma
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Yao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Medical School, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute & Cancer, The Second People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Lang Huang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Su-Han Jin
- Affiliated Stemmatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Da-Hai Liu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Chongqing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chongqing, 40030, China
| | - Jin-Hui Tian
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
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11
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Dacic S, Villaruz LC, Abberbock S, Mahaffey A, Incharoen P, Nikiforova MN. ALK FISH patterns and the detection of ALK fusions by next generation sequencing in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82943-82952. [PMID: 27769042 PMCID: PMC5347743 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Break-apart ALK FISH probe is the FDA approved approach for detection of ALK rearrangements in lung carcinoma patients who may benefit from ALK kinase inhibitors. The FISH assay can be technically challenging and difficult to interpret. ALK immunohistochemistry and next generation sequencing have been proposed as alternative approaches. In this study, we compared various ALK –FISH patterns to next –generation sequencing (NGS) for gene fusion detection, ALK immunohistochemistry (IHC) and tumor responses to crizotinib. 72 (4%) of 2116 lung adenocarcinoma were positive by ALK- FISH. Of 28 ALK-FISH positive cases selected for the study, FISH patterns included 15 (54%) cases with split signal, 10 (36%) with single orange signal and 3 (10%) with “mixed pattern”. 12 (80%) cases with split signal and 4 (40%) cases with single orange signal were positive by NGS and IHC, while mixed cases were all negative. Mutation analysis of discordant cases revealed multiple mutations including oncogenic mutations in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and ATM genes. All discordant cases in groups with split and mixed signal showed a lower number of cells with rearrangement (mean 28.5%; range 20.5-36.9%). No statistically significant association between response to crizotinib and FISH patterns was observed (p=0.73). In contrast, NGS fusion positive cases were associated with more responses to crizotinib than NGS negative cases (p= 0.016). Our study suggests that ALK FISH alone may not be the most reliable assay for detection of ALK gene rearrangements, and probably should be used in parallel with ALK IHC and NGS for detection of gene fusions and mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Dacic
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Liza C Villaruz
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shira Abberbock
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alyssa Mahaffey
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pimpin Incharoen
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marina N Nikiforova
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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12
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Nicoś M, Jarosz B, Krawczyk P, Wojas‐Krawczyk K, Kucharczyk T, Sawicki M, Pankowski J, Trojanowski T, Milanowski J. Screening for ALK abnormalities in central nervous system metastases of non-small-cell lung cancer. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:77-86. [PMID: 27879019 PMCID: PMC8028499 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement was reported in 3%-7% of primary non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its presence is commonly associated with adenocarcinoma (AD) type and non-smoking history. ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as crizotinib, alectinib and ceritinib showed efficiency in patients with primary NSCLC harboring ALK gene rearrangement. Moreover, response to ALK TKIs was observed in central nervous system (CNS) metastatic lesions of NSCLC. However, there are no reports concerning the frequency of ALK rearrangement in CNS metastases. We assessed the frequency of ALK abnormalities in 145 formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from CNS metastases of NSCLC using immunohistochemical (IHC) automated staining (BenchMark GX, Ventana, USA) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique (Abbot Molecular, USA). The studied group was heterogeneous in terms of histopathology and smoking status. ALK abnormalities were detected in 4.8% (7/145) of CNS metastases. ALK abnormalities were observed in six AD (7.5%; 6/80) and in single patients with adenosuqamous lung carcinoma. Analysis of clinical and demographic factors indicated that expression of abnormal ALK was significantly more frequently observed (P = 0.0002; χ2 = 16.783) in former-smokers. Comparison of IHC and FISH results showed some discrepancies, which were caused by unspecific staining of macrophages and glial/nerve cells, which constitute the background of CNS tissues. Their results indicate high frequency of ALK gene rearrangement in CNS metastatic sites of NSCLC that are in line with prior studies concerning evaluation of the presence of ALK abnormalities in such patients. However, they showed that assessment of ALK by IHC and FISH methods in CNS tissues require additional standardizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Nicoś
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and AllergologyMedical University of LublinLublin20‐954Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular MedicineMedical University of WarsawWarsaw02‐091Poland
| | - Bożena Jarosz
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric NeurosurgeryMedical University of LublinLublin20‐954Poland
| | - Paweł Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and AllergologyMedical University of LublinLublin20‐954Poland
| | - Kamila Wojas‐Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and AllergologyMedical University of LublinLublin20‐954Poland
| | - Tomasz Kucharczyk
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and AllergologyMedical University of LublinLublin20‐954Poland
| | - Marek Sawicki
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryMedical University of LublinLublin20‐954Poland
| | - Juliusz Pankowski
- Department of PathologySpecialist Pulmonary Hospital of SokolowskiZakopane34‐500Poland
| | - Tomasz Trojanowski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric NeurosurgeryMedical University of LublinLublin20‐954Poland
| | - Janusz Milanowski
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and AllergologyMedical University of LublinLublin20‐954Poland
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13
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Wagle PB, Jambhekar NA, Kumar R, Prabhash K, Pramesh CS, Desai SB, Noronha V, Karimundackal G, Shah A, Joshi A, Laskar SG, Jiwnani S, Pai T, Agarwal JP. A comparative analysis of immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization assay to detect anaplastic lymphoma kinase status in lung adenocarcinoma cases: A search for a testing algorithm. Indian J Cancer 2017; 54:148-154. [PMID: 29199679 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_202_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Testing for echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is well established whereas the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ALK immunohistochemical (IHC) test is relatively new. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare FDA-approved ALK IHC test (D5F3 clone) with the standard ALK FISH test. MATERIALS AND METHODS A validation and a test arm with 100 and 200 cases of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-embedded blocks of lung adenocarcinoma, respectively, comprised the material. All cases had ALK IHC test on automated Ventana Benchmark XT IHC slide stainer using anti-ALK D5F3 rabbit monoclonal primary antibody; when positive tumor cells (any percentage) showed strong granular cytoplasmic staining. For the FISH test, Vysis ALK Dual Color Break Apart Rearrangement Probe (Abbott Molecular Inc.,) was used to detect ALK gene 2p23 rearrangements; when positive the red and green signals were split two signal diameter apart and/or isolated 3'red signal were detected in more than 15% tumor cells. The ALK FISH results were available in all 100 validation cases and 64-test arm cases which formed the basis of this analysis. RESULTS The ALK IHC test was positive in 16% cases; four discordant cases were ALK IHC positive but ALK FISH negative, but no case was ALK IHC negative and ALK FISH positive. There was 100% sensitivity, 90.5% specificity, and 93.75% accuracy. CONCLUSION A negative ALK IHC result obviates the need for a FISH test barring those with a strong clinical profile, and a positive ALK IHC result is sufficient basis for the initiation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Wagle
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - N A Jambhekar
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - R Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - K Prabhash
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - C S Pramesh
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S B Desai
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - V Noronha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - G Karimundackal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - A Shah
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - A Joshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S G Laskar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S Jiwnani
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - T Pai
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - J P Agarwal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Niu X, Chuang JC, Berry GJ, Wakelee HA. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Testing: IHC vs. FISH vs. NGS. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2017; 18:71. [PMID: 29143897 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-017-0513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Personalized targeted therapy has emerged as a promising strategy in lung cancer treatment, with current attention focused on elucidation and detection of oncogenic drivers responsible for tumor initiation and maintenance and development of drug resistance. In lung cancer, several oncogenic drivers have been reported, triggering the application of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to target these dysfunctional genes. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement is responsible for about 4-7% of all non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and perhaps as high as a third in specific patient populations such as younger, male, non-smokers with advanced stage, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) wild type, and signet ring cell adenocarcinoma with abundant intracytoplasmic mucin. The selection of patients based on their ALK status is vital on account of the high response rates with the ALK-targeted agents in this subset of patients. Standardization and validation of ALK rearrangement detection methods is essential for accurate and reproducible results. There are currently three detection methods widely available in clinical practice, including fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. However, the choice of diagnostic methodology for ALK rearrangement detection in clinical practice remains a matter of debate. With accumulating data enumerating the advantages and disadvantages of each of the three methods, combining more than one testing method for ALK fusion detection may be beneficial for patients. In this review, we will discuss the current methods used in ALK rearrangement detection with emphasis on their key advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Niu
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CC-2233, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jody C Chuang
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CC-2233, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gerald J Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Room H2110, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Heather A Wakelee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CC-2233, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA.
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15
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Mino-Kenudson M. Immunohistochemistry for predictive biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2017; 6:570-587. [PMID: 29114473 PMCID: PMC5653529 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2017.07.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the era of targeted therapy, predictive biomarker testing has become increasingly important for non-small cell lung cancer. Of multiple predictive biomarker testing methods, immunohistochemistry (IHC) is widely available and technically less challenging, can provide clinically meaningful results with a rapid turn-around-time and is more cost efficient than molecular platforms. In fact, several IHC assays for predictive biomarkers have already been implemented in routine pathology practice. In this review, we will discuss: (I) the details of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ROS (ROS1) IHC assays including the performance of multiple antibody clones, pros and cons of IHC platforms and various scoring systems to design an optimal algorithm for predictive biomarker testing; (II) issues associated with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) IHC assays; (III) appropriate pre-analytical tissue handling and selection of optimal tissue samples for predictive biomarker IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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ALK in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Detection from Tumor Tissue and Algorithm Diagnosis in a Daily Practice. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9080107. [PMID: 28805682 PMCID: PMC5575610 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9080107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced-stage non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) harboring an ALK rearrangement, detected from a tissue sample, can benefit from targeted ALK inhibitor treatment. Several increasingly effective ALK inhibitors are now available for treatment of patients. However, despite an initial favorable response to treatment, in most cases relapse or progression occurs due to resistance mechanisms mainly caused by mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of ALK. The detection of an ALK rearrangement is pivotal and can be done using different methods, which have variable sensitivity and specificity depending, in particular, on the quality and quantity of the patient’s sample. This review will first highlight briefly some information regarding the pathobiology of an ALK rearrangement and the epidemiology of patients harboring this genomic alteration. The different methods used to detect an ALK rearrangement as well as their advantages and disadvantages will then be examined and algorithms proposed for detection in daily routine practice.
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17
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Thunnissen E, Allen TC, Adam J, Aisner DL, Beasley MB, Borczuk AC, Cagle PT, Capelozzi VL, Cooper W, Hariri LP, Kern I, Lantuejoul S, Miller R, Mino-Kenudson M, Radonic T, Raparia K, Rekhtman N, Roy-Chowdhuri S, Russell P, Schneider F, Sholl LM, Tsao MS, Vivero M, Yatabe Y. Immunohistochemistry of Pulmonary Biomarkers: A Perspective From Members of the Pulmonary Pathology Society. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 142:408-419. [PMID: 28686497 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0106-sa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The use of immunohistochemistry for the determination of pulmonary carcinoma biomarkers is a well-established and powerful technique. Immunohistochemisty is readily available in pathology laboratories, is relatively easy to perform and assess, can provide clinically meaningful results very quickly, and is relatively inexpensive. Pulmonary predictive biomarkers provide results essential for timely and accurate therapeutic decision making; for patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, predictive immunohistochemistry includes ALK and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) (ROS1, EGFR in Europe) testing. Handling along proper methodologic lines is needed to ensure patients receive the most accurate and representative test outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yasushi Yatabe
- From the Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Drs Thunnissen and Radonic); the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (Dr Adam); the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora (Dr Aisner); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Borczuk); the Department of Pathology & Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Cagle and Miller); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia (Dr Cooper); the Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Drs Hariri and Mino-Kenudson); the Department of Pathology, University Clinic Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia (Dr Kern); the Department of Pathology, INSERM U578, CHU A Michallon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, Université Joseph Fourier INSERM U 823, Institut A. Bonniot, Grenoble, France (Dr Lantuejoul); the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Raparia); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (Dr Rekhtman); the Department of Pathology, The University Of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Roy-Chowdhuri); the Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's Pathology, Fitzroy, Australia (Ms Russell); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Schneider); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Drs Sholl and Vivero); the Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Tsao); and the Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan (Dr Yatabe)
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18
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Arfaoui AT, Blel A, Aloui R, Fatnassi G, Ammar JB, Znaidi N, Zidi Y, Boudaya MS, Aouina H, Rammeh Rommani S. ALK protein expression in pulmonary adenocarcinoma of Tunisian patients. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2017; 38:411-419. [PMID: 28421869 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2017.1319860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is now necessary to determine ALK status in order to use targeted therapy. AIM herein, we assess immunohistochemical profile of ALK protein in a series of Tunisian patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS ALK protein expression was studied applying the D5F3 antibody with a fully automated Ventana CDx technique on a series of 19 patients. RESULTS Positive ALK expression was found in one case (5.2%) corresponding to a papillary adenocarcinoma which showed a strong granular and homogenous cytoplasmic staining. The patient was a 30-years-old woman. CONCLUSION The frequency of positive ALK expression based on immunohistochemistry in our series was similar to that reported in the world literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Toumi Arfaoui
- a Department of Pathology, Charles Nicolle Hospital , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Blel
- a Department of Pathology, Charles Nicolle Hospital , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Raoudha Aloui
- a Department of Pathology, Charles Nicolle Hospital , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Ghaya Fatnassi
- a Department of Pathology, Charles Nicolle Hospital , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Jihane Ben Ammar
- b Department of Pneumology, Charles Nicolle Hospital , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Nadia Znaidi
- a Department of Pathology, Charles Nicolle Hospital , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Yosra Zidi
- a Department of Pathology, Charles Nicolle Hospital , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Mohammed Sadok Boudaya
- c Department of Surgery, Charles Nicolle Hospital , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Hichem Aouina
- b Department of Pneumology, Charles Nicolle Hospital , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Rammeh Rommani
- a Department of Pathology, Charles Nicolle Hospital , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
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Abstract
The molecular characterization of lung cancer has changed the classification and treatment of these tumors, becoming an essential component of pathologic diagnosis and oncologic therapy decisions. Through the recognition of novel biomarkers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase translocations, it is possible to identify subsets of patients who benefit from targeted molecular therapies. The success of targeted anticancer therapies and new immunotherapy approaches has created a new paradigm of personalized therapy and has led to accelerated development of new drugs for lung cancer treatment. This article focuses on clinically relevant cancer biomarkers as targets for therapy and potential new targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Villalobos
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 2951, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 2951, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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20
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ALK Immunohistochemistry for ALK Gene Rearrangement Screening in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2016; 31:e413-e421. [DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) immunohistochemistry (IHC) for ALK gene rearrangement in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through systematic review, meta-analysis and diagnostic test accuracy review. Methods The current study included 11,806 NSCLC cases in 42 eligible studies. We performed concordance analyses between ALK IHC and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The diagnostic accuracy of ALK IHC was analyzed based on ALK IHC criteria and antibodies. Results The overall ALK IHC results were positive in 13.2%. The overall concordance rate between ALK IHC and FISH was 0.950 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.927-0.966). In the ALK IHC-positive and negative groups, the concordance rates were 0.805 (95% CI 0.733-0.861) and 0.985 (95% CI 0.978-0.990), respectively. The ALK FISH-positive rates were 0.009 (95% CI 0.004-0.023), 0.378 (95% CI 0.217-0.572), 0.628 (95% CI 0.420-0.796) and 0.900 (95% CI 0.840-0.939) in the ALK IHC 0, 1+, 2+ and 3+ groups, respectively. In diagnostic test accuracy review for ALK IHC, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.92 (95% CI 0.89-0.94) and 0.91 (95% CI 0.90-0.91), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio and the area under the curve on the summary receiver operating characteristic curve were 266.56 (95% CI 110.83-641.14) and 0.983, respectively. Conclusions Our results suggested that ALK IHC equivocal (score 1+ and 2+) cases should not be considered as IHC-negative in screening for ALK gene rearrangement. Additional detailed criteria for ALK IHC equivocal cases are necessary to determine how to best apply this approach in daily practice.
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21
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Lung cancer mutation profile of EGFR, ALK, and KRAS: Meta-analysis and comparison of never and ever smokers. Lung Cancer 2016; 102:122-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Isla D, Majem M, Viñolas N, Artal A, Blasco A, Felip E, Garrido P, Remón J, Baquedano M, Borrás JM, Die Trill M, García-Campelo R, Juan O, León C, Lianes P, López-Ríos F, Molins L, Planchuelo MÁ, Cobo M, Paz-Ares L, Trigo JM, de Castro J. A consensus statement on the gender perspective in lung cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2016; 19:527-535. [PMID: 27885542 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-016-1578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer globally and has the highest mortality. Although this disease is not associated with a particular gender, its incidence is rising among women, who are diagnosed at an increasingly younger age compared with men. One of the main reasons for this rise is women taking up smoking. However, many non-smoking women also develop this disease. Other risk factors implicated in the differential development of lung cancer in women are genetic predisposition, tumour histology and molecular profile. Proportionally more women than men with lung cancer have a mutation in the EGFR gene. This consensus statement reviews the available evidence about the epidemiological, biological, diagnostic, therapeutic, social and psychological aspects of lung cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Isla
- Medical Oncology Department, Lozano Blesa Clinical University Hospital, Avda. San Juan Bosco 15, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - M Majem
- Medical Oncology Department, Sant Pau University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Viñolas
- Medical Oncology Department, Clinic Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Artal
- Medical Oncology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Blasco
- Medical Oncology Department, Valencia General University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - E Felip
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Garrido
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Remón
- Medical Oncology Department, Mataró University Hospital, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Baquedano
- Medical Oncology Department, Lozano Blesa Clinical University Hospital, Avda. San Juan Bosco 15, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J M Borrás
- Scientific Coordinator of Cancer Strategy of the Spanish National Health System, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Die Trill
- Atrium, Psyco-Oncology and Clinical Psychology, Madrid, Spain
| | - R García-Campelo
- Medical Oncology Department, A Coruña University Hospital, A Coruña, Spain
| | - O Juan
- Medical Oncology Department, La Fé University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - C León
- Psyco-Oncology Unit, Terrassa Hospital and Parc Taulí University Hospital, Sabadell, Spain
| | - P Lianes
- Medical Oncology Department, Mataró University Hospital, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F López-Ríos
- Targeted Therapies Laboratory, Department of Pathology, HM Sanchinarro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Molins
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Clinic Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Á Planchuelo
- Humanization of Healthcare Department, Consejería de Sanidad, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Cobo
- Medical Oncology Department, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - L Paz-Ares
- Medical Oncology Department, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Trigo
- Medical Oncology Department, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - J de Castro
- Medical Oncology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Jang JS, Wang X, Vedell PT, Wen J, Zhang J, Ellison DW, Evans JM, Johnson SH, Yang P, Sukov WR, Oliveira AM, Vasmatzis G, Sun Z, Jen J, Yi ES. Custom Gene Capture and Next-Generation Sequencing to Resolve Discordant ALK Status by FISH and IHC in Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:1891-1900. [PMID: 27343444 PMCID: PMC5731243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We performed a genomic study in lung adenocarcinoma cases with discordant anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase gene (ALK) status by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. METHODS DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of 16 discordant (four FISH-positive/IHC-negative and 12 FISH-negative/IHC-positive) cases by Vysis ALK Break Apart FISH and ALK IHC testing (ALK1 clone) were subjected to whole gene capture and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of nine genes, including ALK, echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4 gene (EML4), kinesin family member 5B gene (KIF5B), staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1 gene (SND1), BRAF, ret proto-oncogene (RET), ezrin gene (EZR), ROS1, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). All discordant cases (except one FISH-negative/IHC-positive case without sufficient tissue) were analyzed by IHC with D5F3 antibody. In one case with fresh frozen tissue, whole transcriptome sequencing was also performed. Twenty-six concordant (16 FISH-positive/IHC-positive and 10 FISH-negative/IHC-negative) cases were included as controls. RESULTS In four ALK FISH-positive/IHC-negative cases, no EML4-ALK fusion gene was observed by NGS, but in one case using fresh frozen tissue, we identified EML4-baculoviral AIP repeat containing 6 gene (BIRC6) and AP2 associated kinase 1 gene (AAK1)-ALK fusion genes. Whole transcriptome sequencing revealed a highly expressed EML4-BIRC6 fusion transcript and a minimally expressed AAK1 transcript. Among the 12 FISH-negative/IHC-positive cases, no evidence of ALK gene rearrangement was detected by NGS. Eleven of 12 FISH-negative/IHC-positive cases detected by ALK1 clone were concordant by repeat ALK IHC with D5F3 antibody (i.e., FISH-negative/IHC-negative by D5F3 clone). Among the 16 ALK FISH-positive/IHC-positive positive controls, whole gene capture identified ALK gene fusion in 15 cases, including in one case with Huntington interacting protein 1 gene (HIP1)-ALK. No ALK fusion gene was observed in any of the 10 FISH-negative/IHC-negative cases. Other fusion genes involving ROS1, EZR, BRAF, and SND1 were also found. CONCLUSIONS ALK FISH results appeared to be false-positive in three of four FISH-positive/IHC-negative cases, whereas no false-negative ALK FISH case was identified among 12 ALK FISH-negative/IHC-positive cases by ALK1 clone, which was in keeping with the concordant FISH-negative/IHC-negative status by D5F3 clone. Our targeted whole gene capture approach using formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples was effective for detecting rearrangements involving ALK and other actionable oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sung Jang
- Genome Analysis Core, Medical Genome Facility, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter T Vedell
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ji Wen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jared M Evans
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sarah H Johnson
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ping Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - William R Sukov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andre M Oliveira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zhifu Sun
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jin Jen
- Genome Analysis Core, Medical Genome Facility, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eunhee S Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements are present in about 5% of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Despite the initial response, after a median of 1-2 years, ALK-positive patients developed an acquired resistance to the ALK-inhibitor crizotinib. Among the most promising second-generation ALK-inhibitors, alectinib is being investigated in crizotinib-naïve and -resistant ALK-positive NSCLC patients. AREAS COVERED The current state-of-the-art of ALK-inhibitors treatment, and in particular the role of alectinib in this setting, is reviewed and discussed. A structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature and of main meetings using a focused review question was undertaken. Expert commentary: Alectinib reports promising results with a good safety profile, becoming a potentially very important option for ALK-translocated NSCLC patients. The preliminary results from the J-ALEX phase III randomized trial performed in ALK-rearranged NSCLC Japanese patients showed a better activity and tolerability of alectinib versus crizotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rossi
- a Division of Medical Oncology , "S.G. Moscati" Hospital , Avellino , Italy
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25
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Incharoen P, Reungwetwattana T, Saowapa S, Kamprerasart K, Pangpunyakulchai D, Arsa L, Jinawath A. ALK-rearranged pulmonary adenocarcinoma in Thai Patients: From diagnosis to treatment efficacy. World J Surg Oncol 2016; 14:139. [PMID: 27142166 PMCID: PMC4855782 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-016-0893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement is detected in 3 % to 13 % of non-small cell lung carcinoma patients, and these patients benefit from ALK inhibitors. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, the clinical and histological characteristics and the treatment outcomes of ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma using immunohistochemistry (IHC) IHC, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methodologies. Methods A total of 268 pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients were screened for ALK expression by ALK IHC, which was confirmed by FISH and/or RT-PCR for ALK gene rearrangement. The treatment outcomes of ALK-rearranged patients were retrospectively reviewed. Results ALK gene rearrangement was identified in 26 cases (9.7 %) with no EGFR co-mutation, and it showed significant associations with younger age, female sex and non-smoker status (p < 0.05). A cribriform growth pattern was identified as the dominant histologic feature, and a solid signet ring cell component was focally present in a minority of the cases. Among 12 ALK-rearranged patients with conventional treatment, seven cases in the early stage of disease were cured and alive, and five patients in the late stage of the disease progressed and died, with a median overall survival (OS) at 14 months. Of the 14 patients receiving crizotinib, all of them had clinical benefit from crizotinib treatment, with one patient having a complete response (CR), 12 patients having a partial response (PR) and one patient having stable disease (SD). On the cutoff date, six of 14 patients were continuing crizotinib treatment with a median time of response of 7.5 (3–13) months, while eight patients had disease progression, and five of them died with a median OS at 8 months. Conclusion ALK gene rearrangement tended to occur in younger, non-smoking, female patients. ALK IHC is a reliable screening method to detect ALK gene rearrangement. Crizotinib therapy provided treatment benefit in ALK-rearranged adenocarcinoma patients especially in advanced stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimpin Incharoen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyanan Reungwetwattana
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakditad Saowapa
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kaettipong Kamprerasart
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Pangpunyakulchai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lalida Arsa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Artit Jinawath
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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26
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Lund HL, Hughesman CB, Fakhfakh K, McNeil K, Clemens S, Hocken K, Pettersson R, Karsan A, Foster LJ, Haynes C. Initial Diagnosis of ALK-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Based on Analysis of ALK Status Utilizing Droplet Digital PCR. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4879-85. [PMID: 27043019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay capable of detecting genomic alterations associated with inversion translocations. It is applied here to detection of rearrangements in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene associated with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC patients may carry a nonreciprocal translocation on human chromosome 2, in which synchronized double stranded breaks (DSB) within the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) gene and ALK lead to an inversion of genetic material that forms the non-natural gene fusion EML4-ALK encoding a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that is associated with 3 to 7% of all NSCLCs. Detection of ALK rearrangements is currently achieved in clinics through direct visualization via a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay, which can detect those rearrangements to a limit of detection (LOD) of ca. 15%. We show that the ddPCR assay presented here provides a LOD of 0.25% at lower cost and with faster turnaround times.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Louise Lund
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Genomic Science and Technology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Curtis B Hughesman
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kareem Fakhfakh
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kelly McNeil
- Cancer Genetics Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Shahira Clemens
- Cancer Genetics Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Kimberly Hocken
- Cancer Genetics Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Ryan Pettersson
- Cancer Genetics Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Aly Karsan
- Cancer Genetics Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Charles Haynes
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Genomic Science and Technology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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27
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Marchetti A, Di Lorito A, Pace MV, Iezzi M, Felicioni L, D'Antuono T, Filice G, Guetti L, Mucilli F, Buttitta F. ALK Protein Analysis by IHC Staining after Recent Regulatory Changes: A Comparison of Two Widely Used Approaches, Revision of the Literature, and a New Testing Algorithm. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:487-95. [PMID: 26916631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2015.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent regulatory changes have allowed the diagnostic use of immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for the identification of patients with non-small cell lung cancer who are eligible for treatment with anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) inhibitors. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the VENTANA ALK (D5F3) CDx Assay (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ) as companion diagnostics, and the Italian Medicines Agency has recognized IHC analysis as a diagnostic test indicating an algorithm for patient selection. METHODS On the basis of the new regulations, we compared two commonly used IHC assays on 1031 lung adenocarcinomas: the VENTANA ALK (D5F3) CDx Assay with the OptiView Amplification Kit (Ventana Medical Systems) and a standard IHC test with the clone 5A4 (Novocastra, Leica Biosystems, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom) along with their interpretative algorithms. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed in all cases. Next-generation sequencing was performed in FISH/IHC analysis-discordant samples. RESULTS FISH gave positive results in 33 (3.2%) cases. When FISH was used as a reference, the VENTANA ALK (D5F3) CDx assay had a sensitivity of 90.9% ± 2.6%, a specificity of 99.8% ± 0.6%, and positive and negative predictive values of 93.8% ± 2.1% and 99.7% ± 0.6%, respectively. The clone 5A4-based IHC test showed a sensitivity of 90.9% ± 2.6%, a specificity of 98.3% ± 1.3%, and positive and negative predictive values of 63.8% ± 4.2% and 99.7% ± 0.6%, respectively. Five cases with IHC analysis/FISH-discordant results in our series were analyzed together with those previously reported in the literature. Overall, data from 35 patients indicate a response rate to ALK inhibitors in 100% of FISH-negative/IHC analysis-positive cases (seven of seven) and 46% of FISH-positive/IHC analysis-negative cases (13 of 28), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the difficulty in managing an IHC test without amplification in the absence of confirmatory FISH analysis, as well as the possibility of performing a direct diagnosis in approximately 90% of patients by the VENTANA ALK (D5F3) CDx Assay. On the basis of the recent regulatory changes, the data that have emerged from the literature, and the results of the present study, a new algorithm for ALK assessment in non-small cell lung cancer has been devised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marchetti
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center for Excellence on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Lorito
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center for Excellence on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Pace
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center for Excellence on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center for Excellence on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lara Felicioni
- Oncological and Cardiovascular Molecular Medicine Unit, Center for Excellence on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Tommaso D'Antuono
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center for Excellence on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Filice
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center for Excellence on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Guetti
- Department of Surgery, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Felice Mucilli
- Department of Surgery, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fiamma Buttitta
- Oncological and Cardiovascular Molecular Medicine Unit, Center for Excellence on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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28
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Passiglia F, Bronte G, Castiglia M, Listì A, Calò V, Toia F, Cicero G, Fanale D, Rizzo S, Bazan V, Russo A. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers for targeted therapy in NSCLC: for whom the bell tolls? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1553-66. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1071348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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29
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Wang Q, Yang X, He Y, Ma Q, Lin L, Fu P, Xiao H. Droplet Digital PCR for Absolute Quantification of EML4-ALK Gene Rearrangement in Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Mol Diagn 2015; 17:515-20. [PMID: 26142544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Crizotinib treatment significantly prolongs progression-free survival, increases response rates, and improves the quality of life in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR), a recently developed technique with high sensitivity and specificity, was used in this study to evaluate the association between the abundance of ALK rearrangements and crizotinib effectiveness. FFPE tissues were obtained from 103 consecutive patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and ddPCR were performed. The results revealed that 14 (13.6%) of the 103 patients were positive by dual-color, break-apart FISH. Three variants (1, 2, and 3) of the EML4-ALK gene rearrangements were detected. Thirteen of 14 ALK-positive cases identified by FISH were confirmed by ddPCR (four with variant 1, two with variant 2, and seven with variant 3). The case missed by ddPCR was identified as KIF5B-ALK gene rearrangement by PCR-based direct sequencing. Sixteen patients were detected with low copy numbers of EML4-ALK gene rearrangement, which failed to meet the positive cutoff point of FISH. Two of them responded well to crizotinib after unsuccessful chemotherapy. Our study indicates that ddPCR can be used as a molecular analytical tool to accurately measure the EML4-ALK rearrangement copy numbers in FFPE samples of lung adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong He
- Department of Respiration, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hualiang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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30
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Efficacy and tolerability of crizotinib in the treatment of ALK-positive, advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Chinese patients. Med Oncol 2015; 32:626. [PMID: 25966792 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Crizotinib has been reported to be particularly effective and to have acceptable toxicity in advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we analyzed the efficacy and tolerability of crizotinib in the treatment of 72 Chinese patients with ALK-positive, advanced NSCLC. All patients received oral crizotinib 250 mg twice daily in 28-day cycles during the period June 1, 2013, to October 15, 2014. The tumor response was assessed after the first cycle of crizotinib and then after every two cycles using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), version 1.0. Tolerability was assessed at least twice per cycle until crizotinib was discontinued. The patients tended to be young (mean age 55 years, range 31-83 years), never or light smokers (smoking index <400), and to have an adenocarcinoma histology. Most (49/72; 68.1 %) had received previous anticancer treatment before crizotinib therapy. Sixty-seven patients (93 %) were able to be assessed for efficacy. The objective response rate and disease control rate were 52.2 % (95 % CI 40.5-63.9 %) and 64.2 % (95 % CI 52.75-75.7 %), respectively. The estimated median progression-free survival for all 67 patients was 10.3 months (95 % CI 8.6-12.0 months). Mild visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation were the most commonly reported adverse effects. Thus, crizotinib was well tolerated and showed promising efficacy in Chinese patients with ALK-positive, advanced NSCLC. Further prospective, multicenter studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm these findings.
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31
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Canadian anaplastic lymphoma kinase study: a model for multicenter standardization and optimization of ALK testing in lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 9:1255-63. [PMID: 25122422 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is currently the standard for diagnosing anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged (ALK+) lung cancers for ALK inhibitor therapies. ALK immunohistochemistry (IHC) may serve as a screening and alternative diagnostic method. The Canadian ALK (CALK) study was initiated to implement a multicenter optimization and standardization of laboratory developed ALK IHC and FISH tests across 14 hospitals. METHODS Twenty-eight lung adenocarcinomas with known ALK status were used as blinded study samples. Thirteen laboratories performed IHC using locally developed staining protocols for 5A4, ALK1, or D5F3 antibodies; results were assessed by H-score. Twelve centers conducted FISH using protocols based on Vysis' ALK break-apart FISH kit. Initial IHC results were used to optimize local IHC protocols, followed by a repeat IHC study to assess the results of standardization. Three laboratories conducted a prospective parallel IHC and FISH analysis on 411 consecutive clinical samples using post-validation optimized assays. RESULTS Among study samples, FISH demonstrated 22 consensus ALK+ and six ALK wild type tumors. Preoptimization IHC scores from 12 centers with 5A4 and the percent abnormal cells by FISH from 12 centers showed intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.83 and 0.68, respectively. IHC optimization improved the intraclass correlation coefficients to 0.94. Factors affecting FISH scoring and outliers were identified. Post-optimization concurrent IHC/FISH testing in 373 informative cases revealed 100% sensitivity and specificity for IHC versus FISH. CONCLUSIONS Multicenter standardization study may accelerate the implementation of ALK testing protocols across a country/region. Our data support the use of an appropriately validated IHC assay to screen for ALK+ lung cancers.
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32
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Kim H, Chung JH. Overview of clinicopathologic features of ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma and current diagnostic testing for ALK rearrangement. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 4:149-55. [PMID: 25870797 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2014.12.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who harbor anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements can derive significant clinical benefit from ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Accurate patient identification is absolutely crucial for successful using ALK inhibitor treatment. However, lung cancer patients with ALK gene rearrangement after ALK inhibitor therapy eventually develop acquired resistance to treatment. In this review, the authors summarize the clinicopathologic features of ALK-rearranged NSCLC and the pros and cons of current diagnostic testing. In addition, we discuss the current diagnostic flow of ALK testing and consideration of rebiopsy sample during disease progression in patients treated by ALK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- 1 Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; 2 Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Chung
- 1 Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; 2 Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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33
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McCutcheon JN, Giaccone G. Next-Generation Sequencing: Targeting Targeted Therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3584-5. [PMID: 25847989 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has given new perspective in oncology. With the ongoing development of targeted therapies, NGS is evolving molecular diagnostics by providing comprehensive interrogation of clinically actionable genomic aberrations in tumors. Having this assay as the primary testing method produces clinically beneficial results. See related article by Drilon et al., p. 3631.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine N McCutcheon
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia.
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34
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Teixidó C, Karachaliou N, Peg V, Gimenez-Capitan A, Rosell R. Concordance of IHC, FISH and RT-PCR for EML4-ALK rearrangements. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 3:70-4. [PMID: 25806283 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2014.02.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) has emerged as the second most important driver oncogene in lung cancer and the first targetable fusion oncokinase to be identified in 4-6% of lung adenocarcinomas. Crizotinib, along with a diagnostic test-the Vysis ALK Break Apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Probe Kit-is approved for the treatment of ALK positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the success of a targeted drug is critically dependent on a sensitive and specific screening assay to detect the molecular drug target. In our experience, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based detection of EML4-ALK is a more sensitive and reliable approach compared to FISH and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Although ALK FISH is clinically validated, the assay can be technically challenging and other diagnostic modalities, including IHC and RT-PCR should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Teixidó
- 1 Pangaea Biotech, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, 2 Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Niki Karachaliou
- 1 Pangaea Biotech, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, 2 Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Vicente Peg
- 1 Pangaea Biotech, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, 2 Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Ana Gimenez-Capitan
- 1 Pangaea Biotech, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, 2 Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- 1 Pangaea Biotech, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, 2 Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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35
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Rolfo C, Passiglia F, Castiglia M, Raez LE, Germonpre P, Gil-Bazo I, Zwaenepoel K, De Wilde A, Bronte G, Russo A, Van Meerbeeck JP, Van Schil P, Pauwels P. ALK and crizotinib: after the honeymoon…what else? Resistance mechanisms and new therapies to overcome it. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 3:250-61. [PMID: 25806308 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2014.03.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed a silent revolution in the war against NSCLC, thanks to the discovery of "oncogenic drivers" and the subsequent development of targeted therapies. The discovery of the EML4-ALK fusion gene in a subgroup of patients with NSCLC and the subsequent clinical development of crizotinib has been an amazing success story in lung cancer translational-research, and its accelerated approval [only 4 years from the discovery of ALK rearrangement in NSCLC to the approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)] marked the beginning of the new decade of targeted therapy. However, common to all targeted therapies, despite an initial benefit, patients inevitably experience tumor progression, due to the development of resistance. Several molecular mechanisms are responsible for acquired resistance, such as secondary mutations of ALK kinase domain or amplification of ALK fusion gene, or the activation of other oncogenic drivers, which may cause resistance independently of ALK genetic alterations. Pre-clinical data and early clinical trials showed the promising efficacy of a new class of ALK-inhibitors in overcoming acquired resistance. The inhibition of the molecular chaperone, HSP90, represents another promising strategy to overcome crizotinib resistance in ALK-rearranged NSCLC. Several molecules are currently under investigation in order to establish their specific role in the treatment of ALK-rearranged NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rolfo
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Francesco Passiglia
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marta Castiglia
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Luis E Raez
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Paul Germonpre
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ignacio Gil-Bazo
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Karen Zwaenepoel
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Annemieke De Wilde
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Bronte
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Antonio Russo
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jan P Van Meerbeeck
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Paul Van Schil
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- 1 Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 2 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ; 3 Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 4 Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA ; 5 Thoracic Oncology Unit, Integrated Cancer Centre, AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium ; 6 Lung Cancer Unit, Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ; 7 Thoracic Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium ; 8 Thoracic Surgery Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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Feng Q, Yang X, Lin D. [Diagnosis for ALK positive non-small cell lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2015; 18:61-8. [PMID: 25676397 PMCID: PMC5999849 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2015.02.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK)融合基因是非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)的驱动基因,存在此基因表达的ALK阳性NSCLC已被认为是NSCLC的一种分子亚型,具有较独特的临床病理特征和预后,更为重要的是,ALK抑制剂对于此类晚期患者具有明显的疗效。因此,如何诊断此类患者便成为了病理诊断工作中相当重要的部分。目前ALK阳性NSCLC的诊断方法较为多样且各有优缺点,如何挑选最佳方法用于肺癌样本的常规诊断成为临床病理所关注的重点。国内外已有较多权威指南或共识推荐了诊断方法及其流程或相关标准。基于此,本文对ALK阳性NSCLC的诊断方法及特殊检测样本类型做一综述。
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Feng
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Dongmei Lin
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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Tantraworasin A, Lertprasertsuke N, Kongkarnka S, Euathrongchit J, Wannasopha Y, Saeteng S. Retrospective study of ALK rearrangement and clinicopathological implications in completely resected non- small cell lung cancer patients in Northern Thailand: role of screening with D5F3 antibodies. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:3057-63. [PMID: 24815447 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.7.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been intensively studied. The gold standard for ALK detection is FISH, but this is not routinely conducted in clinical practice, so that the IHC method has a role. The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of ALK rearrangement and risk or prognostic factors for ALK positivity using both of IHC and FISH methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS From January 2008 to December 2012, 267 completely resected NSCLC patients in Chiang Mai University Hospital were enrolled in this study. Clinical and pathological variables and outcomes of treatment were retrospectively reviewed. IHC and FISH were used to evaluate ALK rearrangement. Sensitivity and specificity of IHC were analyzed. Multivariable analysis was used to identify clinico-pathological correlations with positive results of IHC and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Twenty-two (8.2%) of 267 specimens were IHC-positive for ALK with intense cytoplasmic staining, whereas only 10 (3.8%) were FISH-positive. Sensitivity, specificity and the positive likelihood ratio with IHC were 80.0%, 94.9%, and 15.8 respectively. Age less than 55 years (RR 4.4, 95%CI 1.78-10.73, p value=0.001) and presence of visceral pleural invasion (VPI) (RR 2.9, 95%CI 1.21-6.78, p value =0.017) were identified as risk factors for ALK rearrangement with FISH. There were no statistically significant differences in other clinical and pathological variables. ALK rearrangement was not a prognostic factor for tumor recurrence or overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The incidences of ALK positivity in completely resected NSCLCs in northern Thailand were 8.2% by IHC and 3.8% by FISH. IHC with mouse monoclonal, Ventana D5F3 antibody can be used as a screening tool before FISH method because of high specificity and high positive likelihood ratio. Age less than 55 years and VPI are risk factors for ALK positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apichat Tantraworasin
- General Thoracic Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chaing Mai, Thailand E-mail :
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Detection of rearrangements and transcriptional up-regulation of ALK in FFPE lung cancer specimens using a novel, sensitive, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. J Thorac Oncol 2014; 9:307-15. [PMID: 24495999 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The approved dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test for the detection of anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is complex and represents a low-throughput assay difficult to use in daily diagnostic practice. We devised a sensitive and robust routine diagnostic test for the detection of rearrangements and transcriptional up-regulation of ALK. METHODS We developed a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay adapted to RNA isolated from routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material and applied it to 652 NSCLC specimens. The reliability of this technique to detect ALK dysregulation was shown by comparison with FISH and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS qRT-PCR analysis detected unbalanced ALK expression indicative of a gene rearrangement in 24 (4.6%) and full-length ALK transcript expression in six (1.1%) of 523 interpretable tumors. Among 182 tumors simultaneously analyzed by FISH and qRT-PCR, the latter accurately typed 97% of 19 rearranged and 158 nonrearranged tumors and identified ALK deregulation in two cases with insufficient FISH. Six tumors expressing full-length ALK transcripts did not show rearrangements of the gene. Immunohistochemistry detected ALK protein overexpression in tumors with gene fusions and transcriptional up-regulation, but did not distinguish between the two. One case with full-length ALK expression carried a heterozygous point mutation (S1220Y) within the kinase domain potentially interfering with kinase activity and/or inhibitor binding. CONCLUSIONS Our qRT-PCR assay reliably identifies and distinguishes ALK rearrangements and full-length transcript expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material. It is an easy-to-perform, cost-effective, and high-throughput tool for the diagnosis of ALK activation. The expression of full-length ALK transcripts may be relevant for ALK inhibitor therapy in NSCLC.
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Abstract
Context
The analysis of molecular biomarkers in lung adenocarcinoma (ACA) is now a central component of pathologic diagnosis and oncologic care. The identification of an EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement in advanced-stage lung ACA will dictate a change in first-line treatment from standard chemotherapy to targeted inhibition of these oncogenic alterations. Viable approaches to therapeutic targeting of KRAS-mutated ACA are now under investigation, raising the possibility that this too will become an important predictive marker in this tumor type. The recognized array of less common oncogenic alterations in lung ACA, including in the ROS1, RET, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes, is growing rapidly. The therapeutic implications of these findings are, in many cases, still under investigation.
Objective
To focus on the major molecular biomarkers in lung ACA, recommended testing strategies, the implications for targeted therapies, and the mechanisms that drive development of resistance.
Data Sources
Our current understanding of predictive and prognostic markers in lung ACA is derived from a decade of technical advances, clinical trials, and epidemiologic studies. Many of the newest discoveries have emerged from application of high-throughput next-generation sequencing and gene expression analyses in clinically and pathologically defined cohorts of human lung tumors.
Conclusions
Best practices require a solid understanding of relevant biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of patients with lung ACA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette M. Sholl
- From the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Conde E, Suárez-Gauthier A, Benito A, Garrido P, García-Campelo R, Biscuola M, Paz-Ares L, Hardisson D, de Castro J, Camacho MC, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Abdulkader I, Ramirez J, Reguart N, Salido M, Pijuán L, Arriola E, Sanz J, Folgueras V, Villanueva N, Gómez-Román J, Hidalgo M, López-Ríos F. Accurate identification of ALK positive lung carcinoma patients: novel FDA-cleared automated fluorescence in situ hybridization scanning system and ultrasensitive immunohistochemistry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107200. [PMID: 25248157 PMCID: PMC4172507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the excellent results of the clinical trials with ALK-inhibitors, the importance of accurately identifying ALK positive lung cancer has never been greater. However, there are increasing number of recent publications addressing discordances between FISH and IHC. The controversy is further fuelled by the different regulatory approvals. This situation prompted us to investigate two ALK IHC antibodies (using a novel ultrasensitive detection-amplification kit) and an automated ALK FISH scanning system (FDA-cleared) in a series of non-small cell lung cancer tumor samples. METHODS Forty-seven ALK FISH-positive and 56 ALK FISH-negative NSCLC samples were studied. All specimens were screened for ALK expression by two IHC antibodies (clone 5A4 from Novocastra and clone D5F3 from Ventana) and for ALK rearrangement by FISH (Vysis ALK FISH break-apart kit), which was automatically captured and scored by using Bioview's automated scanning system. RESULTS All positive cases with the IHC antibodies were FISH-positive. There was only one IHC-negative case with both antibodies which showed a FISH-positive result. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the IHC in comparison with FISH were 98% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The specificity of these ultrasensitive IHC assays may obviate the need for FISH confirmation in positive IHC cases. However, the likelihood of false negative IHC results strengthens the case for FISH testing, at least in some situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Conde
- Laboratorio de Dianas Terapéuticas, Centro Integral Oncológico “Clara Campal”, Hospital Universitario Madrid Sanchinarro, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Suárez-Gauthier
- Laboratorio de Dianas Terapéuticas, Centro Integral Oncológico “Clara Campal”, Hospital Universitario Madrid Sanchinarro, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Hardisson
- IdiPAZ (Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), University Hospital La Paz, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier de Castro
- IdiPAZ (Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), University Hospital La Paz, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ihab Abdulkader
- C.H.U. Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | - Marta Salido
- Hospital del Mar-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Pijuán
- Hospital del Mar-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Oncology Department, Centro Integral Oncológico “Clara Campal”, Hospital Universitario Madrid Sanchinarro, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando López-Ríos
- Laboratorio de Dianas Terapéuticas, Centro Integral Oncológico “Clara Campal”, Hospital Universitario Madrid Sanchinarro, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
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Crizotinib: a review of its use in the treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive, advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Drugs 2014; 73:2031-51. [PMID: 24288180 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Crizotinib (Xalkori(®)) is an orally active, small molecule inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, including anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor and c-ros oncogene 1. In the EU, crizotinib has been conditionally approved for the treatment of adults with previously treated, ALK-positive, advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This approval has been based on objective response rate and tolerability data from two ongoing phase I/II studies (PROFILE 1001 and PROFILE 1005); these results have been substantiated and extended by findings from an ongoing phase III study (PROFILE 1007) in patients with ALK-positive, advanced NSCLC who had received one prior platinum-based regimen. Those treated with crizotinib experienced significant improvements in progression-free survival, objective response rate, lung cancer symptoms and global quality of life, as compared with those treated with standard second-line chemotherapy (pemetrexed or docetaxel). The relative survival benefit with crizotinib is unclear, however, as the data are still immature and likely to be confounded by the high cross-over rate among chemotherapy recipients. Crizotinib treatment was generally well tolerated in the three PROFILE studies, with liver transaminase elevations and neutropenia being the most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events. Crizotinib is the standard of care in terms of the treatment of patients with ALK-positive, advanced NSCLC; while the current EU approval is for second (or subsequent)-line use only, the first-line use of the drug is being evaluated in ongoing phase III studies. Key issues relating to the use of crizotinib in clinical practice include identifying the small subset of eligible patients, the almost inevitable development of resistance and the high cost of treatment.
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Zwaenepoel K, Van Dongen A, Lambin S, Weyn C, Pauwels P. Detection of ALK expression in non-small-cell lung cancer with ALK gene rearrangements--comparison of multiple immunohistochemical methods. Histopathology 2014; 65:539-48. [PMID: 24621075 DOI: 10.1111/his.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Testing for ALK rearrangements in advanced, non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancers that are wild-type for activating EGFR mutation has become standard care. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization is considered the gold standard for this evaluation. Pre-screening with immunohistochemistry has been suggested, to reduce testing costs and to make testing more widely available. By analysing the sensitivity and specificity of different ALK immunohistochemical assays, we aimed to identify the most reliable assay to detect ALK rearrangement. METHODS AND RESULTS ALK screening performed by FISH analysis was compared with three different immunohistochemical assays, in which two ALK antibody clones (5A4 and D5F3) were used on two detection platforms (Dako AutostainerLink 48 and Ventana Benchmark GX). Data from 30 ALK FISH-positive cases show that the sensitivity of the immunohistochemical assays varies from 93.3% to 96.6%. Head-to-head comparison of the 5A4 and D5F3 ALK antibody clones demonstrates similar staining potency. In general, homogeneous, intermediate to strong staining of the ALK-positive samples was obtained. CONCLUSIONS ALK immunohistochemistry can be considered as a pre-screen method if one accepts a sensitivity of 93.3-96.6%. Because ALK immunohistochemical staining needs to be performed close to the detection limit of the assay, vigilant quality control monitoring is required to guarantee trustworthy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Zwaenepoel
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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Weise AM, Gadgeel S. New options in the management of intractable ALK(+) metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. LUNG CANCER (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2014; 5:35-42. [PMID: 28210140 PMCID: PMC5217506 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s50414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a heterogeneous disease and a challenging malignancy to treat, as many patients have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Recent advances have led to the identification of molecularly defined subtypes of NSCLC, namely for patients with adenocarcinoma histology. The most recently identified molecular target is the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement, and patient responses to the ALK inhibitor crizotinib have led to its approval in this selected patient population. Like other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, resistance to crizotinib ultimately develops by various mechanisms requiring alternative therapeutic options. This review article discusses the management of patients with the ALK gene rearrangement, mechanisms of crizotinib resistance, and future potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Weise
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shirish Gadgeel
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Toyokawa G, Seto T. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement in lung cancer: its biological and clinical significance. Respir Investig 2014; 52:330-8. [PMID: 25453376 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been found to fuse with other partners, such as echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4), leading to potent malignant transformation in lung cancer, specifically non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The frequency of the ALK rearrangement in patients with NSCLC is reported to be 4-7%, and the rearrangement is frequently observed in relatively younger patients, non- or light smokers and those with adenocarcinoma histology without other genetic disorders, such as mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Crizotinib, which is a first-in-class ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), was shown to be effective and well tolerated in ALK-positive NSCLC patients by a single-arm phase I study. Furthermore, a phase III randomized study demonstrated the superiority of crizotinib to standard chemotherapy (pemetrexed or docetaxel) in the treatment of NSCLC patients harboring the ALK rearrangement who had received one prior platinum-based chemotherapy. However, the mechanisms of resistance to crizotinib are major concerns when administering crizotinib to ALK-positive NSCLC patients, and they include second mutations and a gain in the copy number of the ALK gene, activation of other oncogenes, etc. Treatment strategies to overcome these mechanisms of resistance have been developed, including the use of second-generation ALK inhibitors, such as alectinib and ceritinib, heat shock protein 90 inhibitors and so on. In this article, we review the pre-clinical and clinical data regarding the biologal and clinical significance of the ALK rearrangement in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouji Toyokawa
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan
| | - Takashi Seto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan.
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Clinicopathological and demographical characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer patients with ALK rearrangements: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100866. [PMID: 24959902 PMCID: PMC4069179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively examine the relationship between the clinicopathological and demographical characteristics and ALK rearrangements in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS AND MAIN FINDINGS In total, 62 qualified articles including 1178 ALK rearranged cases from 20541 NSCLC patients were analyzed, and the data were extracted independently by two investigators. NSCLC patients with ALK rearrangements tended to be younger than those without (mean difference: -7.16 years; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): -9.35 to -4.96; P<0.00001), even across subgroups by race. Compared with female NSCLC patients, the odds ratio (OR) of carrying ALK rearrangements was reduced by 28% (95% CI: 0.58-0.90; P = 0.004) in males, and this reduction was potentiated in Asians, yet in opposite direction in Caucasians. Likewise, smokers were less likely to have ALK rearrangements than never-smokers (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.25-0.44; P<0.00001), even in race-stratified subgroups. Moreover, compared with NSCLC patients with tumor stage IV, ALK rearrangements were underrepresented in those with tumor stage I-III (OR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.44-0.78; P = 0.0002). Patients with lung adenocarcinomas had a significantly higher rate of ALK rearrangements (7.2%) than patients with non-adenocarcinoma (2.0%) (OR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.54-3.27; P<0.0001). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that ALK rearrangements tended to be present in NSCLC patients with no smoking habit, younger age and tumor stage IV. Moreover, race, age, gender, smoking status, tumor stage and histology might be potential sources of heterogeneity.
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Alì G, Proietti A, Pelliccioni S, Niccoli C, Lupi C, Sensi E, Giannini R, Borrelli N, Menghi M, Chella A, Ribechini A, Cappuzzo F, Melfi F, Lucchi M, Mussi A, Fontanini G. ALK rearrangement in a large series of consecutive non-small cell lung cancers: comparison between a new immunohistochemical approach and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the screening of patients eligible for crizotinib treatment. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:1449-58. [PMID: 24885803 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0388-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Echinoderm microtubule associated proteinlike 4-anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (EML4-ALK) translocation has been described in a subset of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has been shown to have oncogenic activity. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is used to detect ALK-positive NSCLC, but it is expensive, time-consuming, and difficult for routine application. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a screening tool to identify candidate cases for FISH analysis and for ALK inhibitor therapy in NSCLC. DESIGN We performed FISH and IHC for ALK and mutational analysis for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS in 523 NSCLC specimens. We conducted IHC analysis with the monoclonal antibody D5F3 (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, Arizona) and a highly sensitive detection system. We also performed a MassARRAY-based analysis (Sequenom, San Diego, California) in a small subset of 11 samples to detect EML4-ALK rearrangement. RESULTS Of the 523 NSCLC specimens, 20 (3.8%) were positive for ALK rearrangement by FISH analysis. EGFR and KRAS mutations were identified in 70 (13.4%) and 124 (23.7%) of the 523 tumor samples, respectively. ALK rearrangement and EGFR and KRAS mutations were mutually exclusive. Of 523 tumor samples analyzed, 18 (3.4%) were ALK(+) by IHC, 18 samples (3.4%) had concordant IHC and FISH results, and 2 ALK(+) cases (0.3%) by FISH failed to show ALK protein expression. In the 2 discrepant cases, we did not detect any mass peaks for the EML4-ALK variants by MassARRAY. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that IHC may be a useful technique for selecting NSCLC cases to undergo ALK FISH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Alì
- From the Units of Pathological Anatomy (Drs Alì, Proietti, Lupi, and Sensi and Ms Pelliccioni), Pneumology (Dr Chella), Endoscopic Section of Pneumology (Dr Ribechini), and Thoracic Surgery (Drs Melfi and Lucchi), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy; the Units of Pathological Anatomy (Ms Niccoli and Drs Giannini, Borrelli, and Fontanini) and Thoracic Surgery (Dr Mussi), Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Diatech Pharmacogenetics, Jesi, Italy (Dr Menghi); and the Department of Oncology, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Ospedale Civile, Livorno, Italy (Dr Cappuzzo)
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ALK inhibitors and advanced non-small cell lung cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:499-508. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Kim H, Shim HS, Kim L, Kim TJ, Kwon KY, Lee GK, Chung JH. Guideline Recommendations for Testing of ALK Gene Rearrangement in Lung Cancer: A Proposal of the Korean Cardiopulmonary Pathology Study Group. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 48:1-9. [PMID: 24627688 PMCID: PMC3950228 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2014.48.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene is the best predictor of response to crizotinib, an ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor. However, the prevalence of the ALK fusion is low, so accurate patient identification is crucial for successful treatment using ALK inhibitors. Furthermore, most patients with lung cancer present with advanced-stage disease at the time of diagnosis, so it is important for pathologists to detect ALK-rearranged patients while effectively maximizing small biopsy or cytology specimens. In this review, we propose a guideline recommendation for ALK testing approved by the Cardiopulmonary Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyo Sup Shim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lucia Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Tae-Jung Kim
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Geon Kook Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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Kim H, Chung JH. ALK testing for the right patients: integration into practice and impact on clinics. Lung Cancer Manag 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/lmt.13.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who harbor ALK gene rearrangements can derive significant clinical benefit from ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor. However, the prevalence of the ALK fusion is low, therefore, accurate patient identification is crucial for successful treatment using the ALK inhibitor. There are several methods used to detect the ALK gene rearrangement: fluorescence/chromogenic in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase-PCR and next-generation sequencing. This review is focused on practical issues of each testing methodology for ALK rearrangement and how they may impact on clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Republic of Korea
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Identification of a recurrent STRN/ALK fusion in thyroid carcinomas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87170. [PMID: 24475247 PMCID: PMC3903624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignant tumor and accounts for 1% of all new malignant diseases. Among all types and subtypes of thyroid cancers that have been described so far, papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most frequent. The standard management treatment of these tumors consists of surgery, followed by radioiodine treatment in case of high risk of relapse. The most aggressive forms are commonly treated by chemotherapy, radiotherapy or experimental drug testing. We recently reported the case of a patient presenting an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with lung metastases. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis allowed us to detect a rearrangement of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene in both tumors. The patient was treated with crizotinib and presented an excellent drug response. We present here the subsequent investigations carried out to further characterize this genetic alteration and to assess the prevalence of ALK rearrangements in thyroid lesions. High resolution array-comparative genomic hybridization data complemented by RT-PCR and sequencing analyses, allowed us to demonstrate the presence of a STRN/ALK fusion. The STRN/ALK transcript consisted of the fusion between exon 3 of STRN and exon 20 of ALK. Subsequent screening of 75 various thyroid tumors by RT-PCR revealed that 2 out of 29 papillary thyroid carcinomas exhibited the same fusion transcript. None was detected in other types of malignant or benign thyroid lesions analyzed. These findings could pave the way for the development of new targeted therapeutic strategies in the treatment of papillary thyroid carcinomas and point to ALK inhibitors as promising agents that merit rapid evaluation.
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