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Yerlikaya S, Campillo A, Gonzalez IJ. A Systematic Review: Performance of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for the Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale Monoinfections in Human Blood. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:265-276. [PMID: 29554284 PMCID: PMC6009649 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the increased use and worldwide distribution of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that distinguish between Plasmodium falciparum and non-falciparum species, little is known about their performance detecting Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk), Plasmodium malariae (Pm), and Plasmodium ovale (Po). This review seeks to analyze the results of published studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of malaria RDTs in detecting Pk, Pm, and Po monoinfections. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CENTRAL databases were systematically searched to identify studies that reported the performance of RDTs in detecting Pk, Pm, and Po monoinfections. Results Among 40 studies included in the review, 3 reported on Pk, 8 on Pm, 5 on Po, 1 on Pk and Pm, and 23 on Pm and Po infections. In the meta-analysis, estimates of sensitivities of RDTs in detecting Pk infections ranged 2%-48%. Test performances for Pm and Po infections were less accurate and highly heterogeneous, mainly because of the small number of samples tested. Conclusions Limited data available suggest that malaria RDTs show suboptimal performance for detecting Pk, Pm, and Po infections. New improved RDTs and appropriately designed cross-sectional studies to demonstrate the usefulness of RDTs in the detection of neglected Plasmodium species are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Yerlikaya
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ana Campillo
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Iveth J Gonzalez
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
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New guidelines for the prevention of imported malaria in France. Med Mal Infect 2019; 50:113-126. [PMID: 31472994 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of malaria is based on personal vector-control measures (PVCMs) to avoid mosquito bites at night and chemoprophylaxis if justified by the risk of contracting the disease. The most effective PVCM is the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets. The decision to prescribe chemoprophylaxis, mainly to prevent Plasmodium falciparum infection, depends on the benefit-risk ratio. Overall, the risk of contracting malaria is 1,000-fold lower during a stay in the tropical regions of Asia or the Americas than in sub-Saharan Africa. For "conventional" stays (less than one month with nights spent in urban areas) in low-risk settings in tropical Asia and America, the risk of being infected with Plasmodium parasites (≤1/100,000) is equivalent or lower than that of experiencing serious adverse effects caused by chemoprophylaxis. Preventive medication is therefore no longer recommended. By contrast, in other settings and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, chemoprophylaxis is the most effective measure against malaria. However, it is worth noting that no single preventive measure provides full protection. Regardless of the level of risk or chemoprophylaxis-related indication, protection against mosquito bites and rapid management of febrile illness after returning from an endemic area are also critical to prevent malaria. Finally, migrants of sub-Saharan origin visiting friends and relatives in their country of origin form a high-risk group who should be recommended chemoprophylaxis in the same way as any other travelers-with a preference for the least expensive molecules (doxycycline).
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Kamaliddin C, Le Bouar M, Berry A, Fenneteau O, Gillet P, Godineau N, Candolfi E, Houzé S. Assessment of diagnostic methods for imported malaria in mainland France. Med Mal Infect 2019; 50:141-160. [PMID: 31375372 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Kamaliddin
- Centre national de référence du paludisme, hôpital Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - M Le Bouar
- Service de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU de Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - A Berry
- Service de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU de Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - O Fenneteau
- Service d'hématologie biologique, CHU Robert-Debré, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France
| | - P Gillet
- Department of clinical sciences, institute of tropical medicine, 2000 Anvers, Belgium
| | - N Godineau
- Service de parasitologie, centre hospitalier Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France
| | - E Candolfi
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, institut de parasitologie et de pathologie tropicale, hôpitaux civils de Strasbourg, CHU, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - S Houzé
- Centre national de référence du paludisme, hôpital Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Service de parasitologie, hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France.
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Berthod D, Rochat J, Voumard R, Rochat L, Genton B, D'Acremont V. Self-diagnosis of malaria by travellers: a cohort study on the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests provided by a Swiss travel clinic. Malar J 2017; 16:436. [PMID: 29080559 PMCID: PMC5660453 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The WHO recommends that all suspect malaria cases be tested before receiving treatment. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for malaria can be performed reliably by community health workers with no formal medical background and thus, RDTs could also be provided to travellers for self-diagnosis during visits to endemic regions. Methods RDTs were proposed during pre-travel consultations to pre-defined categories of travellers. A training run on their own blood was performed and, if carried out correctly, the traveller was given a written procedure on how to perform the test and act on its result. The travellers were then proposed to buy a malaria RDT kit and were interviewed upon their return. Results From February 2012 to February 2017, 744 travellers were proposed RDTs and 692 performed the training run (one could not complete it due to a hand tremor). Among the 691 subjects included, 69% travelled to moderate- or low-risk areas of malaria, 18% to high-risk areas and 13% to mixed-risk areas. The two most frequent categories of travellers to whom RDTs were proposed were long-term travellers (69%) and those travelling to remote areas (57%). 543 travellers (79%) were interviewed upon return. During their trip, 17% (91/543) had a medical problem with fever and 12% (65/543) without fever. Among 91 febrile patients, 57% (52/91) performed an RDT, 22% (20/91) consulted immediately without using the test, and 21% (19/91) did neither. Four RDTs (4/52; 8%) were positive: 2 in low-risk and 2 in high-risk areas (0.7% attack rate of self-documented malaria). Two travellers could not perform the test correctly and attended a facility or took standby emergency treatment. Four travellers with negative results repeated the test after 24 h; all were still negative. Carrying RDTs made travellers feel more secure, especially when travelling with children. Conclusions 1/6 travellers experienced fever and 4/5 of those reacted appropriately: more than half used RDTs and a quarter consulted immediately. Four travellers (including 2 from low-risk areas) diagnosed themselves with malaria and self-treated successfully. This strategy allows prompt treatment for malaria in high-risk groups and may avoid over-diagnosis (and subsequent inappropriate treatment) of malaria on-site. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2079-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Berthod
- Travel Clinic, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacynthe Rochat
- Travel Clinic, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Voumard
- Travel Clinic, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Rochat
- Travel Clinic, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Blaise Genton
- Travel Clinic, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valérie D'Acremont
- Travel Clinic, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Fonseca AG, Dias SS, Baptista JL, Torgal J. Portuguese expatriates' health in Angola and Mozambique-a cross-sectional study: increasing awareness and need for more surveillance. J Travel Med 2017; 24:3095988. [PMID: 28426116 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tax020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing numbers of expatriates are working in sub-Saharan Africa. There is little published data on the complex population and this survey aimed at understanding expatriate morbidity by accessing self-reported health problems and malaria preventive practices. METHODS A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted targeting Portuguese expatriates in Angola and Mozambique. Logistic regression analysis explored factors associated with self-reported health problems and psychological symptoms in the previous 3 months. RESULTS A total sample of 352 adult Portuguese urban civil occupational expatriates was obtained. Median length of expatriation was 3 years. Considering a 3-month timeframe, one in five expatriates reported new health problems and need of medical assistance, 5% were hospitalized and 64% reported general psychological symptoms. Less than 2% of subjects were on malaria chemoprophylaxis. Having chronic health conditions doubled the reporting of new health problems. Increasing length of expatriation was associated with decreasing reporting of general psychological symptoms. Directors and executive managers and expatriates living alone tended to report more general psychological symptoms. CONCLUSION Expatriate communities deserve enhanced surveillance for the health issues that affect them. This will improve evidence-based preparation and intervention by public and travel health practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Glória Fonseca
- Public Health Department, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA Lisbon University), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara S Dias
- Public Health Department, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA Lisbon University), Lisbon, Portugal.,UIS-ESSLei-IPLeiria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Luis Baptista
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (Faculty of Health Sciences), Universidade da Beira Interior (Beira Interior University), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Torgal
- Public Health Department, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA Lisbon University), Lisbon, Portugal
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Rapid Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Malaria and Dengue Infection. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mukadi P, Gillet P, Barbé B, Luamba J, Lukuka A, Likwela J, Mumba D, Muyembe JJ, Lutumba P, Jacobs J. SMS photograph-based external quality assessment of reading and interpretation of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malar J 2015; 14:26. [PMID: 25626915 PMCID: PMC4318196 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-014-0535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present External Quality Assessment (EQA) assessed reading and interpretation of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Methods The EQA consisted of (i) 10 high-resolution printed photographs displaying cassettes with real-life results and multiple choice questions (MCQ) addressing individual health workers (HW), and (ii) a questionnaire on RDT use addressing the laboratory of health facilities (HF). Answers were transmitted through short message services (SMS). Results The EQA comprised 2344 HW and 1028 HF covering 10/11 provinces in DRC. Overall, median HW score (sum of correct answers on 10 MCQ photographs for each HW) was 9.0 (interquartile range 7.5 – 10); MCQ scores (the % of correct answers for a particular photograph) ranged from 54.8% to 91.6%. Most common errors were (i) reading or interpreting faint or weak line intensities as negative (3.3%, 7.2%, 24.3% and 29.1% for 4 MCQ photographs), (ii) failure to distinguish the correct Plasmodium species (3.4% to 7.0%), (iii) missing invalid test results (8.4% and 23.6%) and (iv) missing negative test results (10.0% and 12.4%). HW who were trained less than 12 months ago had best MCQ scores for 7/10 photographs as well as a significantly higher proportion of 10/10 scores, but absolute differences in MCQ scores were small. HW who had participated in a previous EQA performed significantly better for 4/10 photographs compared to those who had not. Except for two photographs, MCQ scores were comparable for all levels of the HF hierarchy and non-laboratory staff (HW from health posts) had similar performance as to laboratory staff. Main findings of the questionnaire were (i) use of other RDT products than recommended by the national malaria control programme (nearly 20% of participating HF), (ii) lack of training for a third (33.6%) of HF, (iii) high proportions (two-thirds, 66.5%) of HF reporting stock-outs. Conclusions The present EQA revealed common errors in RDT reading and interpretation by HW in DRC. Performances of non-laboratory and laboratory staff were similar and dedicated training was shown to improve HW competence although to a moderate extent. Problems in supply, distribution and training of RDTs were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Jacobs
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Maltha J, Gillet P, Jacobs J. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests in travel medicine. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:408-15. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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