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Rostami MN, Khamesipour A. Potential biomarkers of immune protection in human leishmaniasis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2021; 210:81-100. [PMID: 33934238 PMCID: PMC8088758 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease endemic in over 100 countries around the world. Available control measures are not always successful, therapeutic options are limited, and there is no vaccine available against human leishmaniasis, although several candidate antigens have been evaluated over the last decades. Plenty of studies have aimed to evaluate the immune response development and a diverse range of host immune factors have been described to be associated with protection or disease progression in leishmaniasis; however, to date, no comprehensive biomarker(s) have been identified as surrogate marker of protection or exacerbation, and lack of enough information remains a barrier for vaccine development. Most of the current understanding of the role of different markers of immune response in leishmaniasis has been collected from experimental animal models. Although the data generated from the animal models are crucial, it might not always be extrapolated to humans. Here, we briefly review the events during Leishmania invasion of host cells and the immune responses induced against Leishmania in animal models and humans and their potential role as a biomarker of protection against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6383, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Banerjee S, Datta R. Leishmania infection triggers hepcidin-mediated proteasomal degradation of Nramp1 to increase phagolysosomal iron availability. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13253. [PMID: 32827218 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) was originally discovered as a genetic determinant of resistance against multiple intracellular pathogens, including Leishmania. It encodes a transmembrane protein of the phago-endosomal compartments, where it functions as an iron transporter. But the mechanism by which Nramp1 controls host-pathogen dynamics and determines final outcome of an infection is yet to be fully deciphered. Whether the expression of Nramp1 is altered in response to a pathogen attack is also unknown. To address these, Nramp1 status was examined in Leishmania major-infected murine macrophages. We observed that at 12 hrs post infection, there was drastic lowering of Nramp1 level accompanied by increased phagolysosomal iron content and enhanced intracellular parasite growth. Leishmania infection-induced Nramp1 downregulation was caused by ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway, which in turn was found to be mediated by the iron-regulatory peptide hormone hepcidin. Blocking of Nramp1 degradation with proteasome inhibitor or transcriptional agonist of hepcidin resulted in depletion of phagolysosomal iron pool that led to significant reduction of intracellular parasite burden. Interestingly, Nramp1 level was restored to normalcy after 30 hrs of infection with a concomitant drop in phagolysosomal iron, which is suggestive of a host counteractive response to deprive the pathogen of this essential micronutrient. Taken together, our study implicates Nramp1 as a central player in the host-pathogen battle for phagolysosomal iron. We also report Nramp1 as a novel target for hepcidin, and this 'hepcidin-Nramp1' axis may have a broader role in regulating macrophage iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Rupak Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
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Young J, Kima PE. The Leishmania Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane at the Parasite-Host Interface. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:511-521. [PMID: 31543712 PMCID: PMC6747952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Leishmania parasitophorous vacuole membrane (LPVM) sits at the interface of the parasite and its host. Evidence shows that molecules from the endocytic pathway as well as molecules from the secretory pathway are localized in the LPV and displayed on LPVM. In the review, we discuss our current understanding of the composition of the LPVM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter E. Kima
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Peter E. Kima, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL;
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Tiwari N, Kumar V, Gedda MR, Singh AK, Singh VK, Gannavaram S, Singh SP, Singh RK. Identification and Characterization of miRNAs in Response to Leishmania donovani Infection: Delineation of Their Roles in Macrophage Dysfunction. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:314. [PMID: 28303124 PMCID: PMC5332369 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of Leishmania infection depends on parasite abilities to evade host immune response and its survival in hostile environment of host macrophages. Despite a wealth of gained crucial information, parasite strategies by which it dampens host macrophage functions remain poorly understood. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous 22-nucleotide small non-coding RNA gene products, described to participate in the regulation of almost every cellular process investigated so far. In this study, we identified 940 miRNAs in Leishmania donovani infected macrophages by de novo sequencing out of which levels of 85 miRNAs were found to be consistently modified by parasite infection. Herein, we report the functional characteristics of 10 miRNAs i.e., mir-3620, mir-6385, mir-6973a, mir-6996, mir-328, mir-8113, mir-3473f, mir-763, mir-6540, and mir-1264 that were differentially but constantly regulated in infected macrophages for their role in regulation of macrophage effector functions. The target gene prediction and biological interaction analysis revealed involvement of these miRNAs in various biological processes such as apoptosis inhibition, phagocytosis, drug response, and T cell phenotypic transitions. These findings could contribute for the better understanding of macrophages dysfunction and leishmanial pathogenesis. Further, the identified miRNAs could also be used as biomarker/s in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Tiwari
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Parasitology and Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute Patna, India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish K Singh
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Vijay K Singh
- Bioinformatics Programme, Centre for Biological Science, Central University of South Bihar Patna, India
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Surya P Singh
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
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Zaidi A, Singh KP, Ali V. Leishmania and its quest for iron: An update and overview. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 211:15-25. [PMID: 27988301 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of genus Leishmania are the causative agents of complex neglected diseases called leishmaniasis and continue to be a significant health concern globally. Iron is a vital nutritional requirement for virtually all organisms, including pathogenic trypanosomatid parasites, and plays a crucial role in many facets of cellular metabolism as a cofactor of several enzymes. Iron acquisition is essential for the survival of parasites. Yet parasites are also vulnerable to the toxicity of iron and reactive oxygen species. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the current knowledge about iron acquisition and usage by Leishmania species. We have also discussed about host strategy to modulate iron availability and the strategies deployed by Leishmania parasites to overcome iron withholding defences and thus favour parasite growth within host macrophages. Since iron plays central roles in the host's response and parasite metabolism, a comprehensive understanding of the iron metabolism is beneficial to identify potential viable therapeutic opportunities against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zaidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dept. of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Krishn Pratap Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dept. of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dept. of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India.
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Singh N, Gedda MR, Tiwari N, Singh SP, Bajpai S, Singh RK. Solute carrier protein family 11 member 1 (Slc11a1) activation efficiently inhibits Leishmania donovani survival in host macrophages. J Parasit Dis 2016; 41:671-677. [PMID: 28848257 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), a life threatening disease caused by L. donovani, is a latent threat to more than 147 million people living in disease endemic South East Asia region of the Indian subcontinent. The therapeutic option to control leishmanial infections are very limited, and at present comprise only two drugs, an antifungal amphotericin B and an antitumor miltefosine, which are also highly vulnerable for parasitic resistance. Therefore, identification and development of alternate control measures is an exigent requirement to control leishmanial infections. In this study, we report that functionally induced expression of solute carrier protein family 11 member 1 (Slc11a1), a transmembrane divalent cationic transporter recruited on the surface of phagolysosomes after phagocytosis of parasites, effectively inhibits Leishmania donovani growth in host macrophages. Further, the increased Slc11a1 functionality also resulted in increased production of NOx, TNF-α and IL-12 by activated macrophages. The findings of this study signify the importance of interplay between Slc11a1 expression and macrophages activation that can be effectively used to control of Leishmania growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India.,Departement of Biochemistry, HNB University, Srinagar, Uttrakhand 246174 India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Neeraj Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Suya P Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Surabhi Bajpai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnolgy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022 India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
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Podinovskaia M, Descoteaux A. Leishmania and the macrophage: a multifaceted interaction. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:111-29. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Leishmania, the causative agent of leishmaniases, is an intracellular parasite of macrophages, transmitted to humans via the bite of its sand fly vector. This protozoan organism has evolved strategies for efficient uptake into macrophages and is able to regulate phagosome maturation in order to make the phagosome more hospitable for parasite growth and to avoid destruction. As a result, macrophage defenses such as oxidative damage, antigen presentation, immune activation and apoptosis are compromised whereas nutrient availability is improved. Many Leishmania survival factors are involved in shaping the phagosome and reprogramming the macrophage to promote infection. This review details the complexity of the host–parasite interactions and summarizes our latest understanding of key events that make Leishmania such a successful intracellular parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podinovskaia
- INRS – Institut Armand-Frappier & Center for Host–Parasite Interactions, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- INRS – Institut Armand-Frappier & Center for Host–Parasite Interactions, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
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Kima PE. Leishmania molecules that mediate intracellular pathogenesis. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:721-6. [PMID: 25107580 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the Leishmania genus are the causative agents of a complex disease called leishmaniasis. Many activities of infected cells including their responses to a range of stimuli are modulated by Leishmania parasites. This review will profile some of the parasite molecules that target host cell processes for which there has been recent progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Kima
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Silva-Gomes S, Vale-Costa S, Appelberg R, Gomes MS. Iron in intracellular infection: to provide or to deprive? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:96. [PMID: 24367768 PMCID: PMC3856365 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their chemical versatility, transition metals were incorporated as cofactors for several basic metabolic pathways in living organisms. This same characteristic makes them potentially harmful, since they can be engaged in deleterious reactions like Fenton chemistry. As such, organisms have evolved highly specialized mechanisms to supply their own metal needs while keeping their toxic potential in check. This dual character comes into play in host-pathogen interactions, given that the host can either deprive the pathogen of these key nutrients or exploit them to induce toxicity toward the invading agent. Iron stands as the prototypic example of how a metal can be used to limit the growth of pathogens by nutrient deprivation, a mechanism widely studied in Mycobacterium infections. However, the host can also take advantage of iron-induced toxicity to control pathogen proliferation, as observed in infections caused by Leishmania. Whether we may harness either of the two pathways for therapeutical purposes is still ill-defined. In this review, we discuss how modulation of the host iron availability impacts the course of infections, focusing on those caused by two relevant intracellular pathogens, Mycobacterium and Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Silva-Gomes
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Vale-Costa
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria S Gomes
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
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Quintal S, Morais TS, Matos CP, Paula Robalo M, Piedade MFM, Villa de Brito MJ, Helena Garcia M, Marques M, Maia C, Campino L, Madureira J. Synthesis, structural characterization and leishmanicidal activity evaluation of ferrocenyl N-heterocyclic compounds. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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