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Shen CR, Jia XY, Luo W, Olaru F, Cui Z, Zhao MH, Borza DB. Laminin-521 is a Novel Target of Autoantibodies Associated with Lung Hemorrhage in Anti-GBM Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1887-1897. [PMID: 33893224 PMCID: PMC8455270 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease is characterized by GN and often pulmonary hemorrhage, mediated by autoantibodies that typically recognize cryptic epitopes within α345(IV) collagen-a major component of the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes. Laminin-521 is another major GBM component and a proven target of pathogenic antibodies mediating GN in animal models. Whether laminin-521 is a target of autoimmunity in human anti-GBM disease is not yet known. METHODS A retrospective study of circulating autoantibodies from 101 patients with anti-GBM/Goodpasture's disease and 85 controls used a solid-phase immunoassay to measure IgG binding to human recombinant laminin-521 with native-like structure and activity. RESULTS Circulating IgG autoantibodies binding to laminin-521 were found in about one third of patients with anti-GBM antibody GN, but were not detected in healthy controls or in patients with other glomerular diseases. Autoreactivity toward laminin-521 was significantly more common in patients with anti-GBM GN and lung hemorrhage, compared with those with kidney-limited disease (51.5% versus 23.5%, P=0.005). Antilaminin-521 autoantibodies were predominantly of IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses and significantly associated with lung hemorrhage (P=0.005), hemoptysis (P=0.008), and smoking (P=0.01), although not with proteinuria or serum creatinine at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Besides α345(IV) collagen, laminin-521 is another major autoantigen targeted in anti-GBM disease. Autoantibodies to laminin-521 may have the potential to promote lung injury in anti-GBM disease by increasing the total amount of IgG bound to the alveolar basement membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-rong Shen
- Renal Division, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-yu Jia
- Renal Division, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wentian Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Florina Olaru
- Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Zhao Cui
- Renal Division, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-hui Zhao
- Renal Division, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dorin-Bogdan Borza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee,Correspondence: Dr. Dorin-Bogdan Borza, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D. B. Todd, Jr. Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208.
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Moisejenko-Golubovica J, Volkov O, Ivanova A, Groma V. Analysis of the occurrence and distribution of primary and recurrent basal cell carcinoma of head and neck coupled to the assessment of tumor microenvironment and Sonic hedgehog signaling. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:821-831. [PMID: 33817723 PMCID: PMC8112792 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.3.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Often, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) displays local aggressiveness, and when developed in the head and neck presents with deep tissue invasion and recurrence. Previous studies have pointed out the necessity of systematic assessment of primary and recurrent BCC based on a better understanding of the biology and function of its microenvironment. Although hedgehog-dependent tumor cells signaling to the underlying stroma, and vice versa, have been demonstrated to be implicated in the pathogenesis of BCC, little is known about peculiarities of the tumor microenvironment and the above-mentioned signaling in the head and neck. The occurrence and distribution of 79 primary and recurrent BCCs developed in the head and neck region were estimated. The data were coupled with the immunohistochemical assessment of type IV collagen, laminin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and Sonic hedgehog (Shh). The frequency of the mixed BCCs and the predominance of the nose and cheek region affection by primary and recurrent tumors were demonstrated. Furthermore, the increase of peritumoral and entire stromal α-SMA immunoreactivity in the mixed recurrent BCC was confirmed using statistics. We found the increase of strong levels of Shh immunoexpression in the aggressive variants of BCC - infiltrative, mixed, and micronodular. Surprisingly, we confirmed the upregulation of Shh paralleled by the downregulation of α-SMA immunoexpression in the superficial subtype of the tumor. Our results suggest the necessity of further studies assessing the nature of the tumor along with the peculiarities of signaling in BCCs of head and neck.
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Ke FY, Chen WY, Lin MC, Hwang YC, Kuo KT, Wu HC. Novel monoclonal antibody against integrin α3 shows therapeutic potential for ovarian cancer. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3478-3492. [PMID: 32648337 PMCID: PMC7541015 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has a high recurrence rate after platinum‐based chemotherapy. To improve the treatment of ovarian cancer and identify ovarian cancer‐specific antibodies, we immunized mice with the human ovarian carcinoma cell line, SKOV‐3, and generated hybridoma clones. Several rounds of screening yielded 30 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with no cross‐reactivity to normal cells. Among these mAbs, OV‐Ab 30‐7 was found to target integrin α3 and upregulate p53 and p21, while stimulating the apoptosis of cancer cells. We further found that binding of integrin α3 by OV‐Ab 30‐7 impaired laminin‐induced focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. The mAb alone or in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel inhibited tumor progression and prolonged survival of tumor‐bearing mice. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining of ovarian patient specimens revealed higher levels of integrin α3 in cancer cells compared with normal cells. By querying online clinical databases, we found that elevated ITGA3 expression in ovarian cancer is associated with poor prognosis. Taken together, our data suggest that the novel mAb, OV‐Ab 30‐7, may be considered as a potential therapeutic for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yi Ke
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chyi Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Biomedical Park Branch, Hsinchu County, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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4
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Abrahamson DR, Steenhard BM, Stroganova L, Zelenchuk A, St John PL, Petroff MG, Patarroyo M, Borza DB. Maternal alloimmune IgG causes anti-glomerular basement membrane disease in perinatal transgenic mice that express human laminin α5. Kidney Int 2019; 96:1320-1331. [PMID: 31530475 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian immune systems are not mature until well after birth. However, transfer of maternal IgG to the fetus and newborn usually provides immunoprotection from infectious diseases. IgG transfer occurs before birth in humans across the placenta and continues after birth across the intestine in many mammalian species, including rodents. Transfer, which is mediated by the neonatal IgG Fc receptor, occurs by transcytosis across placental syncytiotrophoblasts and intestinal epithelium. Although maternal IgG is generally beneficial, harmful maternal allo- and autoantibodies can also be transferred to the fetus/infant, resulting in serious disease. To test this we generated transgenic mice that widely express human laminin α5 in their basement membranes. When huLAMA5 transgenic males were crossed with wild-type females, there was a maternal anti-human laminin α5 immune response. Maternal IgG alloantibody crossed the yolk sac and post-natal intestine invivo and bound in bright, linear patterns to kidney glomerular basement membranes of transgenic fetuses/neonates but not those of wild-type siblings. By postnatal day 18, most transgenic mice were proteinuric, had glomerular C3 deposits and inflammatory cell infiltrates, thickened and split glomerular basement membranes, and podocyte foot process effacement. Thus, our novel model of perinatal anti-glomerular basement membrane disease may prove useful for studying pediatric glomerulopathies, formation of the fetomaternal interface, and maternal alloimmunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Abrahamson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
| | - Brooke M Steenhard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Larysa Stroganova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Adrian Zelenchuk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Patricia L St John
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Margaret G Petroff
- Department of Pathobiology and Investigative Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Manuel Patarroyo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dorin Bogdan Borza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Gritsenko PG, Friedl P. Adaptive adhesion systems mediate glioma cell invasion in complex environments. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs216382. [PMID: 29991514 PMCID: PMC6104823 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse brain invasion by glioma cells prevents effective surgical or molecular-targeted therapy and underlies a detrimental outcome. Migrating glioma cells are guided by complex anatomical brain structures but the exact mechanisms remain poorly defined. To identify adhesion receptor systems and matrix structures supporting glioma cell invasion into brain-like environments we used 2D and 3D organotypic invasion assays in combination with antibody-, peptide- and RNA-based interference. Combined interference with β1 and αV integrins abolished the migration of U-251 and E-98 glioma cells on reconstituted basement membrane; however, invasion into primary brain slices or 3D astrocyte-based scaffolds and migration on astrocyte-deposited matrix was only partly inhibited. Any residual invasion was supported by vascular structures, as well as laminin 511, a central constituent of basement membrane of brain blood vessels. Multi-targeted interference against β1, αV and α6 integrins expressed by U-251 and E-98 cells proved insufficient to achieve complete migration arrest. These data suggest that mechanocoupling by integrins is relatively resistant to antibody- or peptide-based targeting, and cooperates with additional, as yet unidentified adhesion systems in mediating glioma cell invasion in complex brain stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo G Gritsenko
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030 Texas, USA
- Cancer Genomics Centre (CGC.nl), 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Seeger T, Hart M, Patarroyo M, Rolauffs B, Aicher WK, Klein G. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Sphincter Regeneration: Role of Laminin Isoforms upon Myogenic Differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137419. [PMID: 26406476 PMCID: PMC4583377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are well known for their tri-lineage potential and ability to differentiate in vitro into osteogenic, chondrogenic or adipogenic lineages. By selecting appropriate conditions MSCs can also be differentiated in vitro into the myogenic lineage and are therefore a promising option for cell-based regeneration of muscle tissue such as an aged or damaged sphincter muscle. For the differentiation into the myogenic lineage there is still a need to evaluate the effects of extracellular matrix proteins such as laminins (LM) which are crucial for different stem cell types and for normal muscle function. The laminin family consists of 16 functionally different isoforms with LM-211 being the most abundant isoform of adult muscle tissues. In the sphincter tissue a strong expression of the isoforms LM-211/221, LM-411/421 and LM-511/521 can be detected in the different cell layers. Bone marrow-derived MSCs in culture, however, mainly express the isoforms LM-411 and LM-511, but not LM-211. Even after myogenic differentiation, LM-211 can hardly be detected. All laminin isoforms tested (LM-211, LM-411, LM-511 and LM-521) showed a significant inhibition of the proliferation of undifferentiated MSCs but, with the exception of LM-521, they had no influence on the proliferation of MSCs cultivated in myogenic medium. The strongest cellular adhesion of MSCs was to LM-511 and LM-521, whereas LM-211 was only a weakly-adhesive substrate for MSCs. Myogenic differentiation of MSCs even reduced the interaction with LM-211, but it did not affect the interaction with LM-511 and LM-521. Since during normal myogenesis the latter two isoforms are the major laminins surrounding developing myogenic progenitors, α5 chain-containing laminins are recommended for further improvements of myogenic differentiation protocols of MSCs into smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Seeger
- University Medical Clinic Department II, Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Hart
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Patarroyo
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- BG Trauma Clinic, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Klein
- University Medical Clinic Department II, Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Changes in Laminin Expression Pattern during Early Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138346. [PMID: 26378917 PMCID: PMC4574950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin isoforms laminin-511 and -521 are expressed by human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and can be used as a growth matrix to culture these cells under pluripotent conditions. However, the expression of these laminins during the induction of hESC differentiation has not been studied in detail. Furthermore, the data regarding the expression pattern of laminin chains in differentiating hESC is scarce. In the current study we aimed to fill this gap and investigated the potential changes in laminin expression during early hESC differentiation induced by retinoic acid (RA). We found that laminin-511 but not -521 accumulates in the committed cells during early steps of hESC differentiation. We also performed a comprehensive analysis of the laminin chain repertoire and found that pluripotent hESC express a more diverse range of laminin chains than shown previously. In particular, we provide the evidence that in addition to α1, α5, β1, β2 and γ1 chains, hESC express α2, α3, β3, γ2 and γ3 chain proteins and mRNA. Additionally, we found that a variant of laminin α3 chain—145 kDa—accumulated in RA-treated hESC showing that these cells produce prevalently specifically modified version of α3 chain in early phase of differentiation.
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8
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Monoclonal antibodies to human laminin α4 chain globular domain inhibit tumor cell adhesion and migration on laminins 411 and 421, and binding of α6β1 integrin and MCAM to α4-laminins. Matrix Biol 2014; 36:5-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Pook M, Tamming L, Padari K, Tiido T, Maimets T, Patarroyo M, Juronen E, Jaks V, Ingerpuu S. Platelets store laminins 411/421 and 511/521 in compartments distinct from α- or dense granules and secrete these proteins via microvesicles. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:519-27. [PMID: 24450402 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood platelets secrete upon activation of laminins 411/421 and 511/521, large adhesive proteins mainly found in the basement membranes of blood vessels and other tissues. At present, the subcellular localization and secretion mechanisms of platelet laminins are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to compare the subcellular localization of laminins 411/421 and 511/521 and specific granule markers in platelets. We also elucidated the role of microvesicles and exosomes in laminin release in platelet activation. METHODS We studied laminin and granule marker protein localization in platelets by using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Microvesicles and exosomes were separated from material released from platelets on activation by thrombin. The expression of laminins in microvesicles and exosomes was studied by using SDS-PAGE and Western blotting as well as by flow cytometric analysis. The exosomes were immunoprecipitated with magnetic microbeads coated with anti-CD63 antibodies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that laminins 411/421 and 511/521 are present in compartments of platelets that do not express α-granule, dense granule, or lysosome marker proteins. Moreover, laminins secreted by activated platelets are mostly found in microvesicles shed from the plasma membrane, while their presence in simultaneously released exosomes is minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pook
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Zamurs L, Pouliot N, Kusuma N, Nice EC, Burgess AW. Chain-specific antibodies for laminin-511. Growth Factors 2013; 31:209-19. [PMID: 24274106 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2013.859684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to specific chains of laminin-511 (LM-511) have been developed. Antibody 2F12 binds to the LMα5 chain, 3G10 binds to the LMβ1 chain and 3C12 binds to the LMγ1 chain. These antibodies can be used to purify LM-511, to detect LM-511 in cell extracts or to detect the location of LM-511 in tissue by immunohistochemistry. In combination, the antibodies recognize all three chains of LM-511 and combinations of the antibodies can be used to quantitate levels of LM-511 in physiological fluids. One of the antibodies (3G10) is a potent inhibitor of the activity of LM-511 in cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zamurs
- The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
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Shirakihara T, Kawasaki T, Fukagawa A, Semba K, Sakai R, Miyazono K, Miyazawa K, Saitoh M. Identification of integrin α3 as a molecular marker of cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and of cancer cells with aggressive phenotypes. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1189-97. [PMID: 23786209 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial event in wound healing, tissue repair, and cancer progression in adult tissues. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β induces EMT in mouse epithelial cells. During prolonged treatment, TGF-β successively induces myofibroblastic differentiation with increased expression of myofibroblast marker proteins, including smooth muscle α actin and calponin. We recently showed that fibroblast growth factor-2 prevented myofibroblastic differentiation induced by TGF-β, and transdifferentiated the cells to those with much more aggressive characteristics (enhanced EMT). To identify the molecular markers specifically expressed in cells undergoing enhanced EMT induced by the combination of TGF-β and fibroblast growth factor-2, we carried out a microarray-based analysis and found that integrin α3 (ITGA3) and Ret were upregulated. Intriguingly, ITGA3 was also overexpressed in breast cancer cells with aggressive phenotypes and its expression was correlated with that of δEF-1, a key regulator of EMT. Moreover, the expression of both genes was downregulated by U0126, a MEK 1/2 inhibitor. Therefore, ITGA3 is a potential marker protein for cells undergoing enhanced EMT and for cancer cells with aggressive phenotypes, which is positively regulated by δEF-1 and the MEK-ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shirakihara
- Division of Metastasis and Invasion Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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