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Rybarczyk J, Khalenkow D, Kieckens E, Skirtach AG, Cox E, Vanrompay D. Lactoferrin translocates to the nucleus of bovine rectal epithelial cells in the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Vet Res 2019; 50:75. [PMID: 31570109 PMCID: PMC6771091 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen which causes illness in humans. Ruminants are the main reservoirs and EHEC predominantly colonizes the epithelium of the recto-anal junction of cattle. Immunosuppression by EHEC promotes re-infection of cattle. However, bovine lactoferrin (bLF) apparently can overrule the immunosuppression by inducing EHEC-specific IgA responses at the mucosal site. The IgA responses are significantly correlated with reduced EHEC shedding and the absence of colonization at the rectal mucosa following re-infection. Therefore, to examine the interaction between bLF and bovine rectal epithelial cells, we first developed a method to establish a primary cell culture of epithelial cells of the rectum of cattle. Furthermore, we used LC–MS/MS to demonstrate the presence of secreted lactoferrin in bovine milk and the absence of a “delta” isoform which is known to translocate to the nucleus of cells. Nevertheless, lactoferrin derived from bovine milk was internalized by rectal epithelial cells and translocated to the nuclei. Moreover, nuclear translocation of bLF was significantly enhanced when the epithelial cells were inoculated with EHEC, as demonstrated by confocal fluorescence microscopy and confirmed by Raman microscopy and 3D imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rybarczyk
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dmitry Khalenkow
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Kieckens
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andre G Skirtach
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Mirza M, Vainshtein A, DiRonza A, Chandrachud U, Haslett LJ, Palmieri M, Storch S, Groh J, Dobzinski N, Napolitano G, Schmidtke C, Kerkovich DM. The CLN3 gene and protein: What we know. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e859. [PMID: 31568712 PMCID: PMC6900386 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most important steps taken by Beyond Batten Disease Foundation in our quest to cure juvenile Batten (CLN3) disease is to understand the State of the Science. We believe that a strong understanding of where we are in our experimental understanding of the CLN3 gene, its regulation, gene product, protein structure, tissue distribution, biomarker use, and pathological responses to its deficiency, lays the groundwork for determining therapeutic action plans. Objectives To present an unbiased comprehensive reference tool of the experimental understanding of the CLN3 gene and gene product of the same name. Methods BBDF compiled all of the available CLN3 gene and protein data from biological databases, repositories of federally and privately funded projects, patent and trademark offices, science and technology journals, industrial drug and pipeline reports as well as clinical trial reports and with painstaking precision, validated the information together with experts in Batten disease, lysosomal storage disease, lysosome/endosome biology. Results The finished product is an indexed review of the CLN3 gene and protein which is not limited in page size or number of references, references all available primary experiments, and does not draw conclusions for the reader. Conclusions Revisiting the experimental history of a target gene and its product ensures that inaccuracies and contradictions come to light, long‐held beliefs and assumptions continue to be challenged, and information that was previously deemed inconsequential gets a second look. Compiling the information into one manuscript with all appropriate primary references provides quick clues to which studies have been completed under which conditions and what information has been reported. This compendium does not seek to replace original articles or subtopic reviews but provides an historical roadmap to completed works.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto DiRonza
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Uma Chandrachud
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michela Palmieri
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephan Storch
- Biochemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janos Groh
- Neurology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Niv Dobzinski
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Carolin Schmidtke
- Biochemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Işık R. The Identification of Novel Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Equine Beta-Lactoglobulin and Lactotransferrin Genes. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 75:60-64. [PMID: 31002094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LTF), also called lactotransferrin, is an iron-binding protein and member of transferrin family, whereas β-LG is an important milk protein and belongs to the ligand-binding protein family of lipocalins and binds retinol. Beta-lactoglobulin (β-LG) is a major whey protein and it is a member of lipocalins family. β-LG is also known as a major allergen reason of cow milk protein allergy. Yet, no information has been reported about β-LG and LTF genes in donkeys. In this study, the genetic variation of β-LG and LTF genes were analyzed via DNA sequencing in 77 donkeys, which were individuals reared in Thrace region of Turkey. Four novel SNPs are identified as g.12887G>A, g.12973G>A, g.12654G>A, and g.13057T>C in the third intron region of β-LG gene and a genetic variant g.272719G>A in the 14th intron of LTF gene. The DNA sequences of β-LG and LTF genes in donkeys are reported for the first time in this study and these sequences were deposited to NCBI GenBank database, with the accession number MK125015 and MK211165, respectively. These variations may have an effect on milk yield and content in donkeys, so further investigations are needed to prove this hypothesis and these may be candidate SNPs for donkey breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziye Işık
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
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4
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Cieslak J, Wodas L, Borowska A, Sadoch J, Pawlak P, Puppel K, Kuczynska B, Mackowski M. Variability of lysozyme and lactoferrin bioactive protein concentrations in equine milk in relation to LYZ and LTF gene polymorphisms and expression. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2174-2181. [PMID: 27611486 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine milk is considered to be an interesting product for human nutrition, mainly owing to its low allergenicity and significant amounts of bioactive proteins, including lysozyme (LYZ) and lactoferrin (LTF). The present study assessed the effect of genetic factors on LYZ and LTF concentration variability in mare's milk. RESULTS Significant effects of horse breed and lactation stage on milk LYZ and LTF contents were observed. The highest level of LTF and the lowest concentration of LYZ were recorded for the Polish Warmblood Horse breed. The highest amounts of both proteins were found for the earliest investigated time point of lactation (5th week). Altogether 13 (nine novel) polymorphisms were found in the 5'-flanking regions of both genes, but they showed no significant relationship with milk LYZ and LTF contents. Several associations were found between selected SNPs and the LYZ gene relative transcript level. CONCLUSION While the present study indicated the existence of intra- and interbreed variability of LYZ and LTF contents in mare's milk, this variation is rather unrelated to the 5'-flanking variants of genes encoding both proteins. This study is a good introduction for broader investigations focused on the genetic background for variability of bioactive protein contents in mare's milk. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Cieslak
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lukasz Wodas
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alicja Borowska
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Sadoch
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawlak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kamila Puppel
- Department of Animal Science, Cattle Breeding Division, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kuczynska
- Department of Animal Science, Cattle Breeding Division, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Mackowski
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
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Kwon SK, Kim EH, Baek KH. RNPS1 is modulated by ubiquitin-specific protease 4. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:369-381. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seul-Ki Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science; CHA University; Gyeonggi-Do Korea
| | - Eun-Hea Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science; CHA University; Gyeonggi-Do Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science; CHA University; Gyeonggi-Do Korea
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Xing D, Wang Y, Hamilton M, Ben-Hur A, Reddy ASN. Transcriptome-Wide Identification of RNA Targets of Arabidopsis SERINE/ARGININE-RICH45 Uncovers the Unexpected Roles of This RNA Binding Protein in RNA Processing. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:3294-308. [PMID: 26603559 PMCID: PMC4707455 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant SR45 and its metazoan ortholog RNPS1 are serine/arginine-rich (SR)-like RNA binding proteins that function in splicing/postsplicing events and regulate diverse processes in eukaryotes. Interactions of SR45 with both RNAs and proteins are crucial for regulating RNA processing. However, in vivo RNA targets of SR45 are currently unclear. Using RNA immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing, we identified over 4000 Arabidopsis thaliana RNAs that directly or indirectly associate with SR45, designated as SR45-associated RNAs (SARs). Comprehensive analyses of these SARs revealed several roles for SR45. First, SR45 associates with and regulates the expression of 30% of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling genes at the postsplicing level. Second, although most SARs are derived from intron-containing genes, surprisingly, 340 SARs are derived from intronless genes. Expression analysis of the SARs suggests that SR45 differentially regulates intronless and intron-containing SARs. Finally, we identified four overrepresented RNA motifs in SARs that likely mediate SR45's recognition of its targets. Therefore, SR45 plays an unexpected role in mRNA processing of intronless genes, and numerous ABA signaling genes are targeted for regulation at the posttranscriptional level. The diverse molecular functions of SR45 uncovered in this study are likely applicable to other species in view of its conservation across eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghui Xing
- Department of Biology and Program in Molecular Plant Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Biology and Program in Molecular Plant Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Michael Hamilton
- Computer Science Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Asa Ben-Hur
- Computer Science Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Anireddy S N Reddy
- Department of Biology and Program in Molecular Plant Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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Escobar-Ramirez A, Vercoutter-Edouart AS, Mortuaire M, Huvent I, Hardivillé S, Hoedt E, Lefebvre T, Pierce A. Modification by SUMOylation Controls Both the Transcriptional Activity and the Stability of Delta-Lactoferrin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129965. [PMID: 26090800 PMCID: PMC4474976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-lactoferrin is a transcription factor, the expression of which is downregulated or silenced in case of breast cancer. It possesses antitumoral activities and when it is re-introduced in mammary epithelial cancer cell lines, provokes antiproliferative effects. It is posttranslationally modified and our earlier investigations showed that the O-GlcNAcylation/phosphorylation interplay plays a major role in the regulation of both its stability and transcriptional activity. Here, we report the covalent modification of delta-lactoferrin with the small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO-1. Mutational and reporter gene analyses identified five different lysine residues at K13, K308, K361, K379 and K391 as SUMO acceptor sites. The SUMOylation deficient M5S mutant displayed enhanced transactivation capacity on a delta-lactoferrin responsive promoter, suggesting that SUMO-1 negatively regulates the transactivation function of delta-lactoferrin. K13, K308 and K379 are the main SUMO sites and among them, K308, which is located in a SUMOylation consensus motif of the NDSM-like type, is a key SUMO site involved in repression of delta-lactoferrin transcriptional activity. K13 and K379 are both targeted by other posttranslational modifications. We demonstrated that K13 is the main acetylation site and that favoring acetylation at K13 reduced SUMOylation and increased delta-lactoferrin transcriptional activity. K379, which is either ubiquitinated or SUMOylated, is a pivotal site for the control of delta-lactoferrin stability. We showed that SUMOylation competes with ubiquitination and protects delta-lactoferrin from degradation by positively regulating its stability. Collectively, our results indicate that multi-SUMOylation occurs on delta-lactoferrin to repress its transcriptional activity. Reciprocal occupancy of K13 by either SUMO-1 or an acetyl group may contribute to the establishment of finely regulated mechanisms to control delta-lactoferrin transcriptional activity. Moreover, competition between SUMOylation and ubiquitination at K379 coordinately regulates the stability of delta-lactoferrin toward proteolysis. Therefore SUMOylation of delta-lactoferrin is a novel mechanism controlling both its activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelma Escobar-Ramirez
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Vercoutter-Edouart
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marlène Mortuaire
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Isabelle Huvent
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Stephan Hardivillé
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Esthelle Hoedt
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Tony Lefebvre
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Annick Pierce
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, FR3688 CNRS FRABio, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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8
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Hoedt E, Chaoui K, Huvent I, Mariller C, Monsarrat B, Burlet-Schiltz O, Pierce A. SILAC-based proteomic profiling of the human MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cell line in response to the two antitumoral lactoferrin isoforms: the secreted lactoferrin and the intracellular delta-lactoferrin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104563. [PMID: 25116916 PMCID: PMC4130549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactoferrins exhibit antitumoral activities either as a secretory lactoferrin or an intracellular delta-lactoferrin isoform. These activities involve processes such as regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis. While lactoferrin has been shown to exert its function by activating different transduction pathways, delta-lactoferrin has been proven to act as a transcription factor. Like many tumor suppressors, these two proteins are under-expressed in several types of cancer, particularly in breast cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to compare the differential effects of the re-introduction of lactoferrin isoforms in breast cancer cells we chose the cancerous mammary gland MDA-MB-231 cell line as a model. We produced a cell line stably expressing delta-lactoferrin. We also treated these cells with fresh purified human breast lactoferrin. We performed two quantitative proteomic studies in parallel using SILAC coupled to mass spectrometry in order to compare the effects of different doses of the two lactoferrin isoforms. The proteome of untreated, delta-lactoferrin expressing and human lactoferrin treated MDA-MB-231 cells were compared. Overall, around 5300 proteins were identified and quantified using the in-house developed MFPaQ software. Among these, expression was increased by 1.5-fold or more for around 300 proteins in delta-lactoferrin expressing cells and 190 proteins in lactoferrin treated cells. At the same time, about 200 and 40 proteins were found to be downregulated (0-0.7-fold) in response to delta-lactoferrin and lactoferrin, respectively. Conclusions/Significance Re-introduction of delta-lactoferrin and lactoferrin expression in MDA-MB-231 mainly leads to modifications of protein profiles involved in processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, the ubiquitin pathway, translation and mRNA quality control. Moreover, this study identified new target genes of delta-lactoferrin transcriptional activity such as SelH, GTF2F2 and UBE2E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esthelle Hoedt
- UGSF, UMR 8576 CNRS, USTL, IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Karima Chaoui
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Huvent
- UGSF, UMR 8576 CNRS, USTL, IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | - Bernard Monsarrat
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - Annick Pierce
- UGSF, UMR 8576 CNRS, USTL, IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- * E-mail:
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9
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Delta-lactoferrin induces cell death via the mitochondrial death signaling pathway by upregulating bax expression. Biometals 2014; 27:875-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Wang SB, Deng YQ, Ren J, Xiao BK, Chen Z, Tao ZZ. Lactoferrin administration into the nostril alleviates murine allergic rhinitis and its mechanisms. Scand J Immunol 2014; 78:507-15. [PMID: 24111738 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) can downregulate allergic airway inflammation in asthma. However, the in vivo effect of exogenous LF on allergic rhinitis (AR), a disease attributed to airway inflammation, has yet to be determined. We investigated the effect of intranasal administration recombinant human (rh) LF and its underlying mechanisms on AR in BALB/c mice. Multiple parameters of allergic responses were evaluated to determine the effect of rhLF. We found that the number of eosinophils and goblet cells, as well as mRNA and protein expression of type 2 helper T (Th2), Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the nasal cavity, was significantly upregulated in AR mice compared with the controls, Conversely, administration of rhLF prior to or after intranasal ovalbumin challenge markedly downregulated these same parameters. Th1-specific mRNA and protein expression in the nasal cavity of the controls was not different from that in AR mice, but expression significantly increased with rhLF treatment. The mRNA and protein expression of endogenous LF in the nasal cavity was significantly downregulated in AR mice compared with the controls. However, after rhLF treatment, endogenous LF mRNA and protein expression was significantly upregulated. Exogenous rhLF inhibited allergic inflammation in AR mice, most likely by promoting the endogenous LF expression and skewing T cells to a Th1, but not a Th2 and Th17 phenotype in the nasal mucosa. Our findings suggest that rhLF treatment may be a novel therapeutic approach for prevention and treatment AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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