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Savchenko E, Rosenfeld A, Bunimovich-Mendrazitsky S. Mathematical modeling of BCG-based bladder cancer treatment using socio-demographics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18754. [PMID: 37907551 PMCID: PMC10618543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most widespread diseases around the world with millions of new patients each year. Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer affecting all individuals alike with no obvious "prototypical patient". The current standard treatment for BC follows a routine weekly Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy-based therapy protocol which is applied to all patients alike. The clinical outcomes associated with BCG treatment vary significantly among patients due to the biological and clinical complexity of the interaction between the immune system, treatments, and cancer cells. In this study, we take advantage of the patient's socio-demographics to offer a personalized mathematical model that describes the clinical dynamics associated with BCG-based treatment. To this end, we adopt a well-established BCG treatment model and integrate a machine learning component to temporally adjust and reconfigure key parameters within the model thus promoting its personalization. Using real clinical data, we show that our personalized model favorably compares with the original one in predicting the number of cancer cells at the end of the treatment, with [Formula: see text] improvement, on average.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariel Rosenfeld
- Department of Information Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Cell-Level Spatio-Temporal Model for a Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-Based Immunotherapy Treatment Protocol of Superficial Bladder Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152372. [PMID: 35954213 PMCID: PMC9367543 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most widespread types of cancer. Multiple treatments for non-invasive, superficial bladder cancer have been proposed over the last several decades with a weekly Bacillus Calmette–Guérin immunotherapy-based therapy protocol, which is considered the gold standard today. Nonetheless, due to the complexity of the interactions between the immune system, healthy cells, and cancer cells in the bladder’s microenvironment, clinical outcomes vary significantly among patients. Mathematical models are shown to be effective in predicting the treatment outcome based on the patient’s clinical condition at the beginning of the treatment. Even so, these models still have large errors for long-term treatments and patients that they do not fit. In this work, we utilize modern mathematical tools and propose a novel cell-level spatio-temporal mathematical model that takes into consideration the cell–cell and cell–environment interactions occurring in a realistic bladder’s geometric configuration in order to reduce these errors. We implement the model using the agent-based simulation approach, showing the impacts of different cancer tumor sizes and locations at the beginning of the treatment on the clinical outcomes for today’s gold-standard treatment protocol. In addition, we propose a genetic-algorithm-based approach to finding a successful and time-optimal treatment protocol for a given patient’s initial condition. Our results show that the current standard treatment protocol can be modified to produce cancer-free equilibrium for deeper cancer cells in the urothelium if the cancer cells’ spatial distribution is known, resulting in a greater success rate.
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Tham SM, Rahmat JN, Chiong E, Wu Q, Esuvaranathan K, Mahendran R. Intravesical High Dose BCG Tokyo and Low Dose BCG Tokyo with GMCSF+IFN α Induce Systemic Immunity in a Murine Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121766. [PMID: 34944584 PMCID: PMC8698822 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates a short therapy schedule for bladder cancer using BCG Tokyo. BCG Tokyo was evaluated in vitro using bone marrow derived dendritic cells, neutrophils, RAW macrophages and the murine bladder cancer cell line, MB49PSA, and compared to other BCG strains. BCG Tokyo > BCG TICE at inducing cytokine production. In vivo, high dose (1 × 107 colony forming units (cfu)) and low dose (1 × 106 cfu) BCG Tokyo with and without cytokine genes (GMCSF + IFNα) were evaluated in C57BL/6J mice (n = 12–16 per group) with orthotopically implanted MB49PSA cells. Mice were treated with four instillations of cytokine gene therapy and BCG therapy. Both high dose BCG alone and low dose BCG combined with cytokine gene therapy were similarly effective. In the second part the responsive groups, mice (n = 27) were monitored by urinary PSA analysis for a further 7 weeks after therapy cessation. More mice were cured at day 84 than at day 42 confirming activation of the immune system. Cured mice resisted the re-challenge with subcutaneous tumors unlike naïve, age matched mice. Antigen specific T cells recognizing BCG, HY and PSA were identified. Thus, fewer intravesical instillations, with high dose BCG Tokyo or low dose BCG Tokyo with GMCSF + IFNα gene therapy, can induce effective systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Mun Tham
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
| | - Juwita N. Rahmat
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chiong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Qinghui Wu
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Kesavan Esuvaranathan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Ratha Mahendran
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6601-3982; Fax: +65-6777-8427
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Garris CS, Wong JL, Ravetch JV, Knorr DA. Dendritic cell targeting with Fc-enhanced CD40 antibody agonists induces durable antitumor immunity in humanized mouse models of bladder cancer. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabd1346. [PMID: 34011627 PMCID: PMC8325152 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intravesical immunotherapy using Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) attenuated bacteria delivered transurethrally to the bladder has been the standard of care for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) for several decades. BCG therapy continues to be limited by high rates of disease recurrence and progression, and patients with BCG-unresponsive disease have few effective salvage therapy options besides radical cystectomy, highlighting a need for new therapies. We report that the immune-stimulatory receptor CD40 is highly expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) within the bladder tumor microenvironment of orthotopic bladder cancer mouse models, recapitulating CD40 expression by DCs found in human disease. We demonstrate that local CD40 agonism in mice with orthotopic bladder cancer through intravesical delivery of anti-CD40 agonist antibodies drives potent antitumor immunity and induces pharmacodynamic effects in the bladder tumor microenvironment, including a reduction in CD8+ T cells with an exhausted phenotype. We further show that type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1) and CD8+ T cells are required for both bladder cancer immune surveillance and anti-CD40 agonist antibody responses. Using orthotopic murine models humanized for CD40 and Fcγ receptors, we demonstrate that intravesical treatment with a fully human, Fc-enhanced anti-CD40 agonist antibody (2141-V11) induces robust antitumor activity in both treatment-naïve and treatment-refractory settings, driving long-term systemic antitumor immunity with no evidence of systemic toxicity. These findings support targeting CD40-expressing DCs in the bladder cancer microenvironment through an intravesical agonistic antibody approach for the treatment of NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Garris
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Wong
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - David A Knorr
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Krajewski W, Moschini M, Chorbińska J, Nowak Ł, Poletajew S, Tukiendorf A, Afferi L, Teoh JYC, Muilwijk T, Joniau S, Tafuri A, Antonelli A, Cianflone F, Mari A, Di Trapani E, Hendricksen K, Alvarez-Maestro M, Rodríguez-Serrano A, Simone G, Zamboni S, Simeone C, Marconi MC, Mastroianni R, Ploussard G, Laukhtina E, Tully K, Kołodziej A, Krajewska J, Piszczek R, Xylinas E, Zdrojowy R. Delaying BCG immunotherapy onset after transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is associated with adverse survival outcomes. World J Urol 2020; 39:2545-2552. [PMID: 33230571 PMCID: PMC8332577 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-020-03522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was carried out to assess whether a prolonged time between primary transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (TURB) and implementation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy (time to BCG; TTBCG) is associated with adverse oncological survival in patients with T1 high-grade (HG) non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on 429 patients from 13 tertiary care centers with primary T1HG NMIBC treated with reTURB and maintenance BCG between 2001 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Change-point regression was applied following Muggeo's approach. The population was divided into subgroups according to TTBCG, whereas the recurrence-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were estimated with log-rank tests. Additionally, Cox regression analyses were performed. Due to differences in baseline patient characteristics, propensity-score-matched analysis (PSM) and inverse-probability weighting (IPW) were implemented. RESULTS The median TTBCG was 95 days (interquartile range (IQR): 71-127). The change-point regression analysis revealed a gradually increasing risk of recurrence with growing TTBCG. The risk of tumor progression gradually increased until a TTBCG of approximately 18 weeks. When the study population was divided into two subgroups (time intervals: ≤ 101 and > 101 days), statistically significant differences were found for both RFS (p = 0.029) and PFS (p = 0.005). Furthermore, in patients with a viable tumor at reTURB, there were no differences in RFS and PFS. After both PSM and IPW, statistically significant differences were found for both RFS and PFS, with worse results for longer TTBCG. CONCLUSION This study shows that delaying BCG immunotherapy after TURB of T1HG NMIBC is associated with an increased risk of tumor recurrence and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Krajewski
- Department of Urology and Oncologic Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marco Moschini
- Klinik Für Urologie, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Chorbińska
- Department of Urology and Oncologic Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Nowak
- Department of Urology and Oncologic Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Poletajew
- Second Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tukiendorf
- Department of Public Health, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Luca Afferi
- Klinik Für Urologie, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh
- S.H.Ho Urology, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tim Muilwijk
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Tafuri
- Department of Urology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Urology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Cianflone
- Department of Urology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Mari
- Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ettore Di Trapani
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Kees Hendricksen
- Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Simone
- Department of Urology, Oncologic Urology "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Zamboni
- Urology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudio Simeone
- Urology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Marconi
- Urology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mastroianni
- Department of Urology, Oncologic Urology "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ekaterina Laukhtina
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Tully
- Department of Urology and Neurourology, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Anna Kołodziej
- Department of Urology and Oncologic Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Krajewska
- Department and Clinic of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Piszczek
- Department of Urology and Oncologic Urology, Lowersilesian Specialistic Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Evanguelos Xylinas
- Department of Urology, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Romuald Zdrojowy
- Department of Urology and Oncologic Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Madentzoglou MS, Nathena D, Sinatkas V, Michalodimitrakis M, Kranioti EF. Lethal BCG-osis, in the context of superficial urothelial bladder carcinoma, diagnosed in autopsy. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Shah G, Zhang G, Chen F, Cao Y, Kalyanaraman B, See WA. The Dose-Response Relationship of bacillus Calmette-Guérin and Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Biology. J Urol 2016; 195:1903-10. [PMID: 26694905 PMCID: PMC5796534 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Attenuated mycobacterium bacillus Calmette-Guérin is widely used as intravesical immunotherapy of nonmuscle invasive urothelial carcinoma. Currently there are limited data on the relationship between bacillus Calmette-Guérin dose intensity and tumor response. We evaluated the dose-response relationship of bacillus Calmette-Guérin to nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer in vitro using urothelial carcinoma cell lines and in vivo using an orthotopic mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two human urothelial carcinoma cell lines were used to study the effect of bacillus Calmette-Guérin dose on the tumor cell response. Internalization, activation of signaling pathways, gene transactivation, cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase and HMGB1 release were study end points. An orthotopic tumor model was used to compare the effect of different doses on the antitumor efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin. RESULTS Bacillus Calmette-Guérin internalization by urothelial carcinoma cells increased as a function of time and dose with a plateau at higher doses and/or long exposure times. Intracellular signaling demonstrated a similar direct, dose dependent increase. Cytokine expression by urothelial carcinoma cells as a function of dose was variable. Some genes increased progressively but others showed a decrease at the highest dose. While nonviable cell number increased in proportion to dose, the number of cells undergoing necrotic cell death decreased at higher doses. A higher dose of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (1:200) showed a better antitumor effect than a standard dose (1:50) (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS Bacillus Calmette-Guérin dose has a direct impact on urothelial carcinoma cell biology. Increased dose intensity, particularly in nonresponders, may represent a strategy to increase bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopitkumar Shah
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Biophysics (BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
| | - Guangjian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Biophysics (BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Fanghong Chen
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Biophysics (BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - YanLi Cao
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Biophysics (BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Biophysics (BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - William A See
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Biophysics (BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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9
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Apolo AB, Hoffman V, Kaag MG, Latini DM, Lee CT, Rosenberg JE, Knowles M, Theodorescu D, Czerniak BA, Efstathiou JA, Albert ML, Sridhar SS, Margulis V, Matin SF, Galsky MD, Hansel D, Kamat AM, Flaig TW, Smith AB, Messing E, Zipursky Quale D, Lotan Y. Summary of the 8th Annual Bladder Cancer Think Tank: Collaborating to move research forward. Urol Oncol 2014; 33:53-64. [PMID: 25065704 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The 8th Annual Bladder Cancer Think Tank (BCAN-TT) brought together a multidisciplinary group of clinicians, researchers, and patient advocates in an effort to advance bladder cancer research. METHODS AND MATERIALS With the theme of "Collaborating to Move Research Forward," the meeting included three panel presentations and seven small working groups. RESULTS The panel presentations and interactive discussions focused on three main areas: gender disparities, sexual dysfunction, and targeting novel pathways in bladder cancer. Small working groups also met to identify projects for the upcoming year, including: (1) improving enrollment and quality of clinical trials; (2) collecting data from multiple institutions for future research; (3) evaluating patterns of care for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer; (4) improving delivery of care for muscle-invasive disease; (5) improving quality of life for survivors; (6) addressing upper tract disease; and (7) examining the impact of health policy changes on research and treatment of bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS The goal of the BCAN-TT is to advance the care of patients with bladder cancer and to promote collaborative research throughout the year. The meeting provided ample opportunities for collaboration among clinicians from multiple disciplines, patients and patient advocates, and industry representatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Apolo
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Matthew G Kaag
- Department of Urology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - David M Latini
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Cheryl T Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Margaret Knowles
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Srikala S Sridhar
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vitaly Margulis
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Surena F Matin
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Matthew D Galsky
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Donna Hansel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Angela B Smith
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Edward Messing
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
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Gallasch R, Efremova M, Charoentong P, Hackl H, Trajanoski Z. Mathematical models for translational and clinical oncology. J Clin Bioinforma 2013; 3:23. [PMID: 24195863 PMCID: PMC3828625 DOI: 10.1186/2043-9113-3-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of translational and clinical oncology, mathematical models can provide novel insights into tumor-related processes and can support clinical oncologists in the design of the treatment regime, dosage, schedule, toxicity and drug-sensitivity. In this review we present an overview of mathematical models in this field beginning with carcinogenesis and proceeding to the different cancer treatments. By doing so we intended to highlight recent developments and emphasize the power of such theoretical work.We first highlight mathematical models for translational oncology comprising epidemiologic and statistical models, mechanistic models for carcinogenesis and tumor growth, as well as evolutionary dynamics models which can help to describe and overcome a major problem in the clinic: therapy resistance. Next we review models for clinical oncology with a special emphasis on therapy including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and interaction of cancer cells with the immune system.As evident from the published studies, mathematical modeling and computational simulation provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of cancer, and can help to improve diagnosis and prognosis of the disease, and pinpoint novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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