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The KLF7/PFKL/ACADL axis modulates cardiac metabolic remodelling during cardiac hypertrophy in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:959. [PMID: 36810848 PMCID: PMC9944323 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The main hallmark of myocardial substrate metabolism in cardiac hypertrophy or heart failure is a shift from fatty acid oxidation to greater reliance on glycolysis. However, the close correlation between glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation and underlying mechanism by which causes cardiac pathological remodelling remain unclear. We confirm that KLF7 simultaneously targets the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, phosphofructokinase-1, liver, and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a key enzyme for fatty acid oxidation. Cardiac-specific knockout and overexpression KLF7 induce adult concentric hypertrophy and infant eccentric hypertrophy by regulating glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation fluxes in male mice, respectively. Furthermore, cardiac-specific knockdown phosphofructokinase-1, liver or overexpression long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase partially rescues the cardiac hypertrophy in adult male KLF7 deficient mice. Here we show that the KLF7/PFKL/ACADL axis is a critical regulatory mechanism and may provide insight into viable therapeutic concepts aimed at the modulation of cardiac metabolic balance in hypertrophied and failing heart.
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Hulshoff MS, Schellinger IN, Xu X, Fledderus J, Rath SK, Wong FC, Maamari S, Haunschild J, Krenning G, Raaz U, Zeisberg EM. miR-132-3p and KLF7 as novel regulators of aortic stiffening-associated EndMT in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:11. [PMID: 36698180 PMCID: PMC9875453 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has risen considerably and currently affects more than 422 million people worldwide. Cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction and heart failure represent the major cause of death in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Diabetes patients exhibit accelerated aortic stiffening which is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality. We recently showed that aortic stiffness precedes hypertension in a mouse model of diabetes (db/db mice), making aortic stiffness an early contributor to cardiovascular disease development. Elucidating how aortic stiffening develops is a pressing need in order to halt the pathophysiological process at an early time point. METHODS To assess EndMT occurrence, we performed co-immunofluorescence staining of an endothelial marker (CD31) with mesenchymal markers (α-SMA/S100A4) in aortic sections from db/db mice. Moreover, we performed qRT-PCR to analyze mRNA expression of EndMT transcription factors in aortic sections of db/db mice and diabetic patients. To identify the underlying mechanism by which EndMT contributes to aortic stiffening, we used aortas from db/db mice and diabetic patients in combination with high glucose-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as an in vitro model of diabetes-associated EndMT. RESULTS We demonstrate robust CD31/α-SMA and CD31/S100A4 co-localization in aortic sections of db/db mice which was almost absent in control mice. Moreover, we demonstrate a significant upregulation of EndMT transcription factors in aortic sections of db/db mice and diabetic patients. As underlying regulator, we identified miR-132-3p as the most significantly downregulated miR in the micronome of db/db mice and high glucose-treated HUVECs. Indeed, miR-132-3p was also significantly downregulated in aortic tissue from diabetic patients. We identified Kruppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) as a target of miR-132-3p and show a significant upregulation of KLF7 in aortic sections of db/db mice and diabetic patients as well as in high glucose-treated HUVECs. We further demonstrate that miR-132-3p overexpression and KLF7 downregulation ameliorates EndMT in high glucose-treated HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that EndMT contributes to aortic stiffening in T2D. We identified miR-132-3p and KLF7 as novel EndMT regulators in this context. Altogether, this gives us new insights in the development of aortic stiffening in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Hulshoff
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel N Schellinger
- University Heart Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany
- University Heart Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jolien Fledderus
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandip K Rath
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fang Cheng Wong
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Maamari
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany
- University Heart Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Josephina Haunschild
- University Department for Cardiac Surgery, Leipzig Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guido Krenning
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Raaz
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany
- University Heart Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M Zeisberg
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany.
- University Heart Center, Göttingen, Germany.
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KLF7 promotes preadipocyte proliferation via activation of the Akt signaling pathway by Cis-regulating CDKN3. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:1486-1496. [PMID: 36269137 PMCID: PMC9827951 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like transcription factor 7 (KLF7) promotes preadipocyte proliferation; however, its target gene in this process has not yet been identified. Using KLF7 ChIP-seq analysis, we previously showed that a KLF7-binding peak is present upstream of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 gene ( CDKN3) in chicken preadipocytes. In the present study, we identify CDKN3 as a target gene of KLF7 that mediates the effects of KLF7 on preadipocyte proliferation. Furthermore, 5'-truncating mutation analysis shows that the minimal promoter is located between nt -160 and nt -7 (relative to the translation initiation codon ATG) of CDKN3. KLF7 overexpression increases CDKN3 promoter activity in the DF-1 and immortalized chicken preadipocyte (ICP1) cell lines. Deletion of the putative binding site of KLF7 abolishes the promotive effect of KLF7 overexpression on CDKN3 promoter activity. Moreover, CDKN3 knockdown and overexpression assays reveal that CDKN3 enhances ICP1 cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis shows that CDKN3 accelerates the G1/S transition. Furthermore, we find that KLF7 promotes ICP1 cell proliferation via Akt phosphorylation by regulating CDKN3. Taken together, our results suggest that KLF7 promotes preadipocyte proliferation by activating the Akt signaling pathway by cis-regulating CDKN3, thus driving the G1/S transition.
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Melatonin Alleviates Oxidative Stress Induced by H2O2 in Porcine Trophectodern Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061047. [PMID: 35739944 PMCID: PMC9219737 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental oxidative stress has been implicated as a main risk factor for placental dysfunction. Alleviation of oxidative stress and enhancement of antioxidant capacity of porcine trophectoderm (PTr2) cells are effective means to maintaining normal placental function. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of melatonin (MT) on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in PTr2 cells. Our data revealed that pretreatment with MT could significantly improve the decrease in cell viability induced by H2O2, and reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the ratio of apoptotic cells. Here, we compared the transcriptomes of untreated versus melatonin-treated PTr2 cells by RNA-seq analysis and found that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were highly enriched in the Wnt signaling, TGF-beta signaling and mTOR signaling pathways. Moreover, pretreatment with MT upregulated the antioxidant-related genes such as early growth response3 (EGR3), WAP four-disulfide core domain1 (WFDC1), heme oxygenase1 (HMOX1) and vimentin (VIM). These findings reveal that melatonin protects PTr2 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage.
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Sun Y, Jin Z, Zhang X, Cui T, Zhang W, Shao S, Li H, Wang N. GATA Binding Protein 3 Is a Direct Target of Kruppel-Like Transcription Factor 7 and Inhibits Chicken Adipogenesis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:610. [PMID: 32587528 PMCID: PMC7298121 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kruppel-like transcription factor 7 (KLF7) is a negative regulator of adipogenesis, however, its precise mechanism is poorly understood. Our previous KLF7 ChIP-seq analysis showed that one of the KLF7 binding peaks was present upstream of GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) in chicken preadipocytes. In the present study, we identified GATA3 as a target of KLF7. Overexpression analysis showed KLF7 markedly enhanced the endogenous expression of GATA3 in the immortalized chicken preadipcyte cell line (ICP2), and the luciferase reporter assay showed that KLF7 overexpression increased the reporter gene activity of the cloned upstream region (-5285/-4336 relative to the translation initiation codon ATG) of GATA3 in ICP2 and DF1 cells, and mutation of the putative KLF7 binding site abolished the promotive effect of KLF7 overexpression on the reporter gene activity of the cloned GATA3 upstream region. ChIP-qPCR further demonstrated that KLF7 directly bound to the GATA3 upstream region. Gene expression analysis showed that GATA3 mRNA expression in abdominal adipose tissue was significantly higher in lean chicken line than in the fat line at 2, 3, and 6 weeks of age. In addition, GATA3 mRNA expression markedly decreased during the preadipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, a functional study showed that GATA3 overexpression inhibited the differentiation of the ICP2 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that KLF7 inhibits chicken adipogenesis, at least in part through direct upregulation of GATA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingning Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Zhao Jin
- College of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xinyang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Shuli Shao
- College of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
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Ghatge M, Sharma A, Maity S, Kakkar VV, Vangala RK. Danger-recognizing proteins, β-defensin-128 and histatin-3, as potential biomarkers of recurrent coronary events. Int J Mol Med 2017. [PMID: 28627688 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional risk factors have limited ability to predict recurrent events in subjects with first-time coronary artery disease (CAD). This aim of this study was to identify novel biomarkers using comparative global proteome analysis to improve the risk assessment for recurrent coronary events. We used samples from phase-I of the Indian Atherosclerosis Research Study (IARS), consisting of 2,332 subjects, of whom 772 were CAD-affected subjects, including 152 with recurrent events identified during a 5-year follow-up period. Global proteome analysis was performed on serum samples of 85 subjects with recurrent coronary events and 85 age- and gender-matched subjects with first-time CAD using surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with CM10 arrays. TagIdent was used for protein identification followed by validation by western blot analysis and ELISA. Data were analyzed by logistic analysis, Cox-regression, hazards ratio, C-statistics and combined-marker risk score using SPSS version-17 and R-package version-2.13.0 software. We identified 16 significantly differentially expressed protein peaks. Of these, 2 peaks corresponding to m/z 8588 and 1864 were identified as β-defensin-128 and histatin-3, belonging to the danger-recognizing peptide family, which exhibited a significant independent association with recurrent events (odds ratios of 7.49 and 1.4, respectively). C-statistics improved significantly from 0.677 for conventional risk factors alone to 0.800 (p-value=0.001) in combination with β-defensin-128 and histatin-3 with a hazards ratio of 1.833. A combined risk score of β-defensin-128 and histatin-3 could reclassify 112 out of the 170 subjects into intermediate- and high-risk groups. On the whole, our data indicate that β-defensin-128 and histatin-3 may be potential biomarkers whch may be used to improve risk the stratification for recurrent coronary events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madankumar Ghatge
- Tata Proteomics and Coagulation Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Ankit Sharma
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sangeeta Maity
- Tata Proteomics and Coagulation Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore 560099, India
| | | | - Rajani Kanth Vangala
- Tata Proteomics and Coagulation Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore 560099, India
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Mukherjee S, Bandyopadhyay A. Proteomics in India: the clinical aspect. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:21. [PMID: 27822170 PMCID: PMC5097398 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics has emerged as a highly promising bioanalytical technique in various aspects of applied biological research. In Indian academia, proteomics research has grown remarkably over the last decade. It is being extensively used for both basic as well as translation research in the areas of infectious and immune disorders, reproductive disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, eye disorders, human cancers and hematological disorders. Recently, some seminal works on clinical proteomics have been reported from several laboratories across India. This review aims to shed light on the increasing use of proteomics in India in a variety of biological conditions. It also highlights that India has the expertise and infrastructure needed for pursuing proteomics research in the country and to participate in global initiatives. Research in clinical proteomics is gradually picking up pace in India and its future seems very bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaditya Mukherjee
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Arun Bandyopadhyay
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 India
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de la Cuesta F, Mourino-Alvarez L, Baldan-Martin M, Moreno-Luna R, Barderas MG. Contribution of proteomics to the management of vascular disorders. TRANSLATIONAL PROTEOMICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trprot.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Xie R, Huang H, Li W, Chen B, Jiang J, He Y, Lv J, ma B, Zhou Y, Feng C, Chen L, He W. Identifying progression related disease risk modules based on the human subcellular signaling networks. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:3298-309. [PMID: 25315201 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00482e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that the structure and dynamics of the human signaling network are disturbed in complex diseases such as coronary artery disease, and gene expression profiles can distinguish variations in diseases since they can accurately reflect the status of cells. Integration of subcellular localization and the human signaling network holds promise for providing insight into human diseases. In this study, we performed a novel algorithm to identify progression-related-disease-risk modules (PRDRMs) among patients of different disease states within eleven subcellular sub-networks from a human signaling network. The functional annotation and literature retrieval showed that the PRDRMs were strongly associated with disease pathogenesis. The results indicated that the PRDRM expression values as classification features had a good classification performance to distinguish patients of different disease states. Our approach compared with the method PageRank had a better classification performance. The identification of the PRDRMs in response to the dynamic gene expression change could facilitate our understanding of the pathological basis of complex diseases. Our strategy could provide new insights into the potential use of prognostic biomarkers and the effective guidance of clinical therapy from the human subcellular signaling network perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Xie
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
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Nair J, Ghatge M, Kakkar VV, Shanker J. Network analysis of inflammatory genes and their transcriptional regulators in coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94328. [PMID: 24736319 PMCID: PMC3988072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Network analysis is a novel method to understand the complex pathogenesis of inflammation-driven atherosclerosis. Using this approach, we attempted to identify key inflammatory genes and their core transcriptional regulators in coronary artery disease (CAD). Initially, we obtained 124 candidate genes associated with inflammation and CAD using Polysearch and CADgene database for which protein-protein interaction network was generated using STRING 9.0 (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes) and visualized using Cytoscape v 2.8.3. Based on betweenness centrality (BC) and node degree as key topological parameters, we identified interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) as hub nodes. The backbone network constructed with these five hub genes showed 111 nodes connected via 348 edges, with IL-6 having the largest degree and highest BC. Nuclear factor kappa B1 (NFKB1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and JUN were identified as the three core transcription factors from the regulatory network derived using MatInspector. For the purpose of validation of the hub genes, 97 test networks were constructed, which revealed the accuracy of the backbone network to be 0.7763 while the frequency of the hub nodes remained largely unaltered. Pathway enrichment analysis with ClueGO, KEGG and REACTOME showed significant enrichment of six validated CAD pathways - smooth muscle cell proliferation, acute-phase response, calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity, toll-like receptor signaling, NOD-like receptor signaling and adipocytokine signaling pathways. Experimental verification of the above findings in 64 cases and 64 controls showed increased expression of the five candidate genes and the three transcription factors in the cases relative to the controls (p<0.05). Thus, analysis of complex networks aid in the prioritization of genes and their transcriptional regulators in complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiny Nair
- Mary and Garry Weston Functional Genomics Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Madankumar Ghatge
- Tata Proteomics and Coagulation Unit, Thrombosis Research Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay V. Kakkar
- Thrombosis Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jayashree Shanker
- Mary and Garry Weston Functional Genomics Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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