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Sharma A, Mahur P, Muthukumaran J, Singh AK, Jain M. Shedding light on structure, function and regulation of human sirtuins: a comprehensive review. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:29. [PMID: 36597461 PMCID: PMC9805487 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins play an important role in signalling pathways associated with various metabolic regulations. They possess mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase or deacylase activity like demalonylase, deacetylase, depalmitoylase, demyristoylase and desuccinylase activity. Sirtuins are histone deacetylases which depends upon nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that deacetylate lysine residues. There are a total of seven human sirtuins that have been identified namely, SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT4, SIRT5, SIRT6 and SIRT7. The subcellular location of mammalian sirtuins, SIRT1, SIRT6, and SIRT7 are in the nucleus; SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5 are in mitochondria, and SIRT2 is in cytoplasm. Structurally sirtuins contains a N-terminal, a C-terminal and a Zn+ binding domain. The sirtuin family has been found to be crucial for maintaining lipid and glucose homeostasis, and also for regulating insulin secretion and sensitivity, DNA repair pathways, neurogenesis, inflammation, and ageing. Based on the literature, sirtuins are overexpressed and play an important role in tumorigenicity in various types of cancer such as non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, etc. In this review, we have discussed about the different types of human sirtuins along with their structural and functional features. We have also discussed about the various natural and synthetic regulators of sirtuin activities like resveratrol. Our overall study shows that the correct regulation of sirtuins can be a good target for preventing and treating various diseases for improving the human lifespan. To investigate the true therapeutic potential of sirtuin proteins and their efficacy in a variety of pathological diseases, a better knowledge of the link between the structure and function of sirtuin proteins would be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Pragati Mahur
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Jayaraman Muthukumaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Monika Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh India
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2
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Ding T, Hao J. Sirtuin 2 knockdown inhibits cell proliferation and RAS/ERK signaling, and promotes cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in multiple myeloma. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:760. [PMID: 34476507 PMCID: PMC8436222 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the regulatory role of sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) in malignant progression of multiple myeloma (MM) and the potential associated signaling pathways. In total, 30 patients with MM and 15 healthy bone marrow donors were enrolled in the current study and their bone marrow samples were collected to isolate the plasma cells. The expression levels of SIRT2 were detected in MM cell lines (KMS-28BM, U266, RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929) and normal plasma cells (collected from healthy bone marrow donors as the control) via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis. SIRT2 knockdown was established by transfecting two MM cell lines (RPMI-8226 and NCI-H929 cells) with short hairpin RNA-SIRT2 recombinant plasmid; the control group was transfected with a control recombinant plasmid. Subsequently, the effect of SIRT2 knockdown on MM cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression and RAS/ERK signaling was investigated via Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR and western blot assays, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression levels of SIRT2 were increased in U266 (P<0.001), KMS-28BM (P<0.001), RPMI-8226 (P<0.001) and NCI-H929 (P<0.001) cells compared with those in the control cells. In NCI-H929 and RPMI-8226 cells, cell proliferation was decreased 48 h (P<0.05) and 72 h (P<0.05) after SIRT2 knockdown. Furthermore, the cell apoptotic rate was elevated 48 h after SIRT2 knockdown (P<0.01). In addition, the percentage of cells at the G0/G1 phase was increased (P<0.01), whereas the percentage of cells at the S phase was reduced (P<0.01) 48 h after SIRT2 knockdown. The expression levels of HRAS and phosphorylated-ERK were also reduced 48 h after SIRT2 knockdown. In conclusion, SIRT2 was highly expressed in MM cell lines, and knockdown of SIRT2 inhibited MM cell proliferation, inactivated the RAS/ERK signaling pathway, and promoted cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianling Ding
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jie Hao
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jing'an District Beizhan Hospital, Shanghai 200070, P.R. China
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3
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Kratz EM, Sołkiewicz K, Kubis-Kubiak A, Piwowar A. Sirtuins as Important Factors in Pathological States and the Role of Their Molecular Activity Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020630. [PMID: 33435263 PMCID: PMC7827102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs), enzymes from the family of NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases, play an important role in the functioning of the body at the cellular level and participate in many biochemical processes. The multi-directionality of SIRTs encourages scientists to undertake research aimed at understanding the mechanisms of their action and the influence that SIRTs have on the organism. At the same time, new substances are constantly being sought that can modulate the action of SIRTs. Extensive research on the expression of SIRTs in various pathological conditions suggests that regulation of their activity may have positive results in supporting the treatment of certain metabolic, neurodegenerative or cancer diseases or this connected with oxidative stress. Due to such a wide spectrum of activity, SIRTs may also be a prognostic markers of selected pathological conditions and prove helpful in assessing their progression, especially by modulating their activity. The article presents and discusses the activating or inhibiting impact of individual SIRTs modulators. The review also gathered selected currently available information on the expression of SIRTs in individual disease cases as well as the biological role that SIRTs play in the human organism, also in connection with oxidative stress condition, taking into account the progress of knowledge about SIRTs over the years, with particular reference to the latest research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Maria Kratz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(71)-784-01-52
| | - Katarzyna Sołkiewicz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Adriana Kubis-Kubiak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (A.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (A.P.)
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4
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Antiproliferative S-Trityl-l-Cysteine -Derived Compounds as SIRT2 Inhibitors: Repurposing and Solubility Enhancement. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183295. [PMID: 31510043 PMCID: PMC6766826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S-trityl-l-cysteine (STLC) is a well-recognized lead compound known for its anticancer activity owing to its potent inhibitory effect on human mitotic kinesin Eg5. STLC contains two free terminal amino and carboxyl groups that play pivotal roles in binding to the Eg5 pocket. On the other hand, such a zwitterion structure complicates the clinical development of STLC because of the solubility issues. Masking either of these radicals reduces or abolishes STLC activity against Eg5. We recently identified and characterized a new class of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase isoform 2 of sirtuin protein (SIRT2) inhibitors that can be utilized as cytotoxic agents based on an S-trityl-l-histidine scaffold. Herein, we propose new STLC-derived compounds that possess pronounced SIRT2 inhibition effects. These derivatives contain modified amino and carboxyl groups, which conferred STLC with SIRT2 bioactivity, representing an explicit repurposing approach. Compounds STC4 and STC11 exhibited half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 10.8 ± 1.9 and 9.5 ± 1.2 μM, respectively, against SIRT2. Additionally, introduction of the derivatizations in this study addressed the solubility limitations of free STLC, presumably due to interruption of the zwitterion structure. Therefore, we could obtain drug-like STLC derivatives that work by a new mechanism of action. The new derivatives were designed, synthesized, and their structure was confirmed using different spectroscopic approaches. In vitro and cellular bioassays with various cancer cell lines and in silico molecular docking and solubility calculations of the synthesized compounds demonstrated that they warrant attention for further refinement of their bioactivity.
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Mutant calreticulin interacts with MPL in the secretion pathway for activation on the cell surface. Leukemia 2019; 34:499-509. [PMID: 31462733 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that mutant calreticulin (CALR) constitutively activates the thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor MPL and thus plays a causal role in the development of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). To further elucidate the molecular mechanism by which mutant CALR promotes MPN development, we studied the subcellular localization of mutant CALR and its importance for the oncogenic properties of mutant CALR. Here, mutant CALR accumulated in the Golgi apparatus, and its entrance into the secretion pathway and capacity to interact with N-glycan were required for its oncogenic capacity via the constitutive activation of MPL. Mutant CALR-dependent MPL activation was resistant to blockade of intracellular protein trafficking, suggesting that MPL is activated before reaching the cell surface. However, removal of MPL from the cell surface with trypsin shut down downstream activation, implying that the surface localization of MPL is required for mutant CALR-dependent activation. Furthermore, we found that mutant CALR and MPL interact on the cell surface. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which mutant CALR induces MPL activation on the cell surface to promote MPN development.
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Kudo N, Ito A, Arata M, Nakata A, Yoshida M. Identification of a novel small molecule that inhibits deacetylase but not defatty-acylase reaction catalysed by SIRT2. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0070. [PMID: 29685974 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT2 is a member of the human sirtuin family of proteins and possesses NAD+-dependent lysine deacetylase/deacylase activity. SIRT2 has been implicated in carcinogenesis in various cancers including leukaemia and is considered an attractive target for cancer therapy. Here, we identified NPD11033, a selective small-molecule SIRT2 inhibitor, by a high-throughput screen using the RIKEN NPDepo chemical library. NPD11033 was largely inactive against other sirtuins and zinc-dependent deacetylases. Crystallographic analysis revealed a unique mode of action, in which NPD11033 creates a hydrophobic cavity behind the substrate-binding pocket after a conformational change of the Zn-binding small domain of SIRT2. Furthermore, it forms a hydrogen bond to the active site histidine residue. In addition, NPD11033 inhibited cell growth of human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells with a concomitant increase in the acetylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A, a physiological substrate of SIRT2. Importantly, NPD11033 failed to inhibit defatty-acylase activity of SIRT2, despite its potent inhibitory effect on its deacetylase activity. Thus, NPD11033 will serve as a useful tool for both developing novel anti-cancer agents and elucidating the role of SIRT2 in various cellular biological processes.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Frontiers in epigenetic chemical biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kudo
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mayumi Arata
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakata
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan .,Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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7
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Generation of a novel model of primary human cell senescence through Tenovin-6 mediated inhibition of sirtuins. Biogerontology 2019; 20:303-319. [PMID: 30666570 PMCID: PMC6535423 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-09792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell senescence, a state of cell cycle arrest and altered metabolism with enhanced pro-inflammatory secretion, underlies at least some aspects of organismal ageing. The sirtuin family of deacetylases has been implicated in preventing premature ageing; sirtuin overexpression or resveratrol-mediated activation of sirtuins increase longevity. Here we show that sirtuin inhibition by short-term, low-dose treatment with the experimental anti-cancer agent Tenovin-6 (TnV6) induces cellular senescence in primary human fibroblasts. Treated cells cease proliferation and arrest in G1 of the cell cycle, with elevated p21 levels, DNA damage foci, high mitochondrial and lysosomal load and increased senescence-associated β galactosidase activity, together with actin stress fibres and secretion of IL-6 (indicative of SASP upregulation). Consistent with a histone deacetylation role of SIRT1, we find nuclear enlargement, possibly resulting from chromatin decompaction on sirtuin inhibition. These findings highlight TnV6 as a drug that may be useful in clinical settings where acute induction of cell senescence would be beneficial, but also provide the caveat that even supposedly non-genotoxic anticancer drugs can have unexpected and efficacy-limiting impacts on non-transformed cells.
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8
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Takei H, Edahiro Y, Mano S, Masubuchi N, Mizukami Y, Imai M, Morishita S, Misawa K, Ochiai T, Tsuneda S, Endo H, Nakamura S, Eto K, Ohsaka A, Araki M, Komatsu N. Skewed megakaryopoiesis in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived haematopoietic progenitor cells harbouring calreticulin mutations. Br J Haematol 2018; 181:791-802. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Takei
- Department of Haematology; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoko Edahiro
- Department of Haematology; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shuichi Mano
- Department of Haematology; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Waseda University Graduate School; Tokyo Japan
| | - Nami Masubuchi
- Department of Haematology; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
- Research Institute for Disease of Old Age; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Mizukami
- Department of Haematology; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
- Centre for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Misa Imai
- Department of Haematology; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Soji Morishita
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kyohei Misawa
- Department of Haematology; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomonori Ochiai
- Department of Haematology; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsuneda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Waseda University Graduate School; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Endo
- Department of Clinical Application; CiRA, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Sou Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Application; CiRA, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Koji Eto
- Department of Clinical Application; CiRA, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Akimichi Ohsaka
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Marito Araki
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Haematology; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
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Yuan H, He M, Cheng F, Bai R, da Silva SR, Aguiar RCT, Gao SJ. Tenovin-6 inhibits proliferation and survival of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by blocking autophagy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14912-14924. [PMID: 28118604 PMCID: PMC5362454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is one of the most aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas. It is curable but one-third of cases are refractory to therapy or relapse after initial response highlighting the urgent need for developing novel therapeutic approaches. Targeting sirtuins, particularly SIRT1 by genetic approaches or using pharmaceutical inhibitor tenovin-6, has shown promising therapeutic potential in various hematopoietic malignancies. However, it remains unknown whether these approaches are effective for DLBCL. In this study, we have found that tenovin-6 potently inhibits the proliferation and survival of DLBCL cells. Surprisingly, specific knockdown of SIRT1/2/3 has no effect on DLBCL. Mechanistically, tenovin-6 increases the level of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B)-II in a SIRT1/2/3- and p53-independent manner in DLBCL cell lines. Tenovin-6-mediated increase of LC3B-II is through inhibition of classical autophagy pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of the autophagy pathway by using other inhibitors or by knocking down key genes in the pathway impairs cell proliferation and survival of DLBCL cells. These results indicate that targeting the autophagic pathway could be a novel therapeutic strategy for DLBCL and that precaution should be taken to interpret data where tenovin-6 was used as an inhibitor of sirtuins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meilan He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary Bai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo C T Aguiar
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Yuan H, Tan B, Gao SJ. Tenovin-6 impairs autophagy by inhibiting autophagic flux. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2608. [PMID: 28182004 PMCID: PMC5386474 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tenovin-6 has attracted significant interest because it activates p53 and inhibits sirtuins. It has anti-neoplastic effects on multiple hematopoietic malignancies and solid tumors in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Tenovin-6 was recently shown to impair the autophagy pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and pediatric soft tissue sarcoma cells. However, whether tenovin-6 has a general inhibitory effect on autophagy and whether there is any involvement with SIRT1 and p53, both of which are regulators of the autophagy pathway, remain unclear. In this study, we have demonstrated that tenovin-6 increases microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-II) level in diverse cell types in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, the increase of LC3-II by tenovin-6 is caused by inhibition of the classical autophagy pathway via impairing lysosomal function without affecting the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. Furthermore, we have revealed that tenovin-6 activation of p53 is cell type dependent, and tenovin-6 inhibition of autophagy is not dependent on its regulatory functions on p53 and SIRT1. Our results have shown that tenovin-6 is a potent autophagy inhibitor, and raised the precaution in interpreting results where tenovin-6 is used as an inhibitor of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Shah AA, Ito A, Nakata A, Yoshida M. Identification of a Selective SIRT2 Inhibitor and Its Anti-breast Cancer Activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:1739-1742. [PMID: 27725455 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SIRT2 is a member of the human sirtuin family of proteins and possesses nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent lysine deacetylase activity. SIRT2 has been involved in various cellular processes including gene transcription, genome constancy, and the cell cycle. In addition, SIRT2 is deeply implicated in diverse diseases including cancer. In this study, we identified a small molecule inhibitor of SIRT2 with a structure different from known SIRT2 inhibitors by screening from a chemical library. The hit compound showed a high selectivity toward SIRT2 as it only inhibited SIRT2, and not other sirtuins including SIRT1 and SIRT3 or zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs) including HDAC1 and HDAC6, in vitro. The compound increased the acetylation level of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), a physiological substrate of SIRT2, and reduced cell viability of human breast cancer cells accompanied with a decrease in c-Myc expression. These results suggest that the compound is cellular effective and has potential for development as a therapeutic agent against breast cancers by specific inhibition of SIRT2.
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12
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Sunami Y, Araki M, Kan S, Ito A, Hironaka Y, Imai M, Morishita S, Ohsaka A, Komatsu N. Histone Acetyltransferase p300/CREB-binding Protein-associated Factor (PCAF) Is Required for All- trans-retinoic Acid-induced Granulocytic Differentiation in Leukemia Cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2815-2829. [PMID: 28053092 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation therapy with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) improves the treatment outcome of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL); however, the molecular mechanism by which ATRA induces granulocytic differentiation remains unclear. We previously reported that the inhibition of the NAD-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) SIRT2 induces granulocytic differentiation in leukemia cells, suggesting the involvement of protein acetylation in ATRA-induced leukemia cell differentiation. Herein, we show that p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor (PCAF), a histone acetyltransferase (HAT), is a prerequisite for ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation in leukemia cells. We found that PCAF expression was markedly increased in leukemia cell lines (NB4 and HL-60) and primary APL cells during ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation. Consistent with these results, the expression of PCAF was markedly up-regulated in the bone marrow cells of APL patients who received ATRA-containing chemotherapy. The knockdown of PCAF inhibited ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation in leukemia cell lines and primary APL cells. Conversely, the overexpression of PCAF induced the expression of the granulocytic differentiation marker CD11b at the mRNA level. Acetylome analysis identified the acetylated proteins after ATRA treatment, and we found that histone H3, a known PCAF acetylation substrate, was preferentially acetylated by the ATRA treatment. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that PCAF is required for the acetylation of histone H3 on the promoter of ATRA target genes, such as CCL2 and FGR, and for the expression of these genes in ATRA-treated leukemia cells. These results strongly support our hypothesis that PCAF is induced and activated by ATRA, and the subsequent acetylation of PCAF substrates promotes granulocytic differentiation in leukemia cells. Targeting PCAF and its downstream acetylation targets could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome all subtypes of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marito Araki
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, and
| | - Shin Kan
- From the Department of Hematology.,Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan and
| | - Akihiro Ito
- the Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Misa Imai
- Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan and
| | - Soji Morishita
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, and
| | - Akimichi Ohsaka
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, and
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Noack K, Krämer OH. Analyzing the Impact of Pan- and Class-Specific HDACi on Differentiation-Associated Factors. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1510:375-385. [PMID: 27761836 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6527-4_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into mature blood cells is a highly ordered process and dysregulation of this process can lead to leukemogenesis. Agents that are used to cure acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) can induce differentiation and/or apoptosis. Here, we describe how effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) on APL cell differentiation can be evaluated by immunoblotting and by flow cytometry. We show how the levels of differentiation-associated transcription factors of the CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) family can be determined by Western blot and we explain how the cell surface expression of the leukocyte surface antigen CD11b can be measured by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Noack
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Centre for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Institut für Toxikologie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, Mainz, 55131, Germany.
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Wu X, Cao N, Fenech M, Wang X. Role of Sirtuins in Maintenance of Genomic Stability: Relevance to Cancer and Healthy Aging. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:542-575. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiayu Wu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Neng Cao
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Michael Fenech
- Genome Health and Personalized Nutrition, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Food and Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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15
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SIRT2 is an unfavorable prognostic biomarker in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27694. [PMID: 27291931 PMCID: PMC4904374 DOI: 10.1038/srep27694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT2 is a member of the NAD+ dependent deacetylases. In this study, the associations between SIRT2 expression and molecular and clinical characteristics of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were evaluated by data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. SIRT2 was overexpressed in the intermediate- and poor-risk groups of patients, compared to the favorable-risk group of patients (P = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively). High SIRT2 expression was associated with significantly shorter overall survival (OS; P = 0.0005) and event-free survival (EFS; P = 0.0002) than low SIRT2 expressio in a cohort of 167 patients with AML. Multivariate analyses revealed that high SIRT2 expression was associated with shorter OS (P = 0.031) and EFS (P = 0.020). Gene-expression profiling showed 259 differential expressed genes including CD4, CD14 and IL10. Gene sets like MAPK signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway and acute myeloid leukemia were upregulated in SIRT2high patients. We also found different methylation patterns in these two groups. OS and EFS of SIRT2high patients who did not undergo transplantation were significantly shorter than those of SIRT2low patients (P = 0.0120 and P = 0.0107, respectively). Taken together, these findings suggest that high SIRT2 expression is a novel and unfavorable prognostic biomarker for AML risk-stratification.
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Tao H, Yang JJ, Shi KH, Li J. Epigenetic factors MeCP2 and HDAC6 control α-tubulin acetylation in cardiac fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:415-26. [PMID: 26975406 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE Cardiac fibrosis is an important pathological feature of cardiac remodeling in heart diseases. Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a transcription inhibitor, and plays a key role in the fibrotic diseases. However, the precise role of MeCP2 in cardiac fibrosis remains unclear. α-tubulin plays an essential role in cell function, whereby the acetylation state of α-Tubulin dictates the efficiency of cell proliferation and differentiation. This study was undertaken to investigate that MeCP2 dynamics affect the acetylation state of α-tubulin in the cardiac fibrosis. METHODS Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into two groups, cardiac fibrosis was produced by common ISO. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were harvested from SD neonate rats and cultured. The expression of HDAC6, MeCP2, α-SMA, collagen I was measured by western blotting and qRT-PCR. siRNA of HDAC6 and MeCP2 effect the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts, and affect the acetylation state of α-tubulin. RESULTS We have found the acetylation state of α-tubulin in cardiac fibroblasts as well as cardiac tissue from a ISO-induced rat cardiac fibrosis model and observed a reduction in acetylated α-tubulin and an increase in the α-tubulin-specific deacetylase, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Furthermore, we have shown that treatment of cardiac fibroblasts with HDAC6 inhibitor Tubastatin A and HDAC6-siRNA can restore α-tubulin acetylation levels. In addition, treatment of cardiac fibroblasts with MeCP2-siRNA blocked cell proliferation. Knockdown of MeCP2 suppresses HDAC6 expression in activated cardiac fibroblasts but increases the acetylation of α-tubulin. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that MeCP2 may negatively control the acetylation of α-tubulin through HDAC6 in cardiac fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis. This study indicated that MeCP2 could be a potentially new therapeutic option for cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Kai-Hu Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Mei Shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
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17
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Activation of the thrombopoietin receptor by mutant calreticulin in CALR-mutant myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 2016; 127:1307-16. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-09-671172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Mutant CALR induces TPO-independent growth in the human megakaryocytic cell line UT-7/TPO. Mutant CALR binds to the TPO receptor, inducing phosphorylation of JAK2 and activating downstream signaling.
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18
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Xu H, Li Y, Chen L, Wang C, Wang Q, Zhang H, Lin Y, Li Q, Pang T. SIRT2 mediates multidrug resistance in acute myelogenous leukemia cells via ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:613-23. [PMID: 26647771 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT2, one of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent class Ⅲ histone deacetylase family proteins, has been found to be involved in the proliferation and survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. However, its effect on drug resistance on chemoresistant AML cells is unclear. In the present study, we first found that SIRT2 was expressed at higher level in the relapsed AML patients than the newly diagnosed patients. Consistent with this observation, the expression level of SIRT2 was higher in HL60/A cells than that in HL60 cells. Depletion of SIRT2 by shRNAs in HL60/A cells resulted in decreased MRP1 level, enhanced drug accumulation and triggered more apoptosis. By contrast, overexpression of SIRT2 in HL60 cells led to increased MRP1 level, drug efflux and attenuated drug sensitivity. Moreover, the decreased expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 was detected in SIRT2-depleted HL60/A cells and increased expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 was observed in SIRT2 overexpressed HL60 cells. Furthermore, blockage of ERK1/2 signaling pathway with the chemical inhibitor PD98059, further induced apoptosis of HL60/A cells conferred by SIRT2 depletion. Importantly, ERK1/2 inhibition was able to reverse the drug resistance of HL60 conferred by SIRT2 overexpression. Thus, our findings collectively suggested that the expression level of SIRT2 has a positive relationship with DNR/Ara-C resistance and activity of ERK1/2 signaling pathway. SIRT2 might regulate DNR/Ara-C sensitivity in AML cells at least partially through the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Yuanye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Chijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Hairui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Yani Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Tianxiang Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
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Liew EL, Araki M, Hironaka Y, Mori S, Tan TZ, Morishita S, Edahiro Y, Ohsaka A, Komatsu N. Identification of AIM2 as a downstream target of JAK2V617F. Exp Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:2. [PMID: 26823993 PMCID: PMC4730608 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gain-of-function mutation JAK2V617F is frequently found in Philadelphia-chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients. However, the tumorigenic properties of JAK2V617F have mostly been characterized in in vivo and in vitro murine models due to the lack of appropriate human cell lines. Methods Using the multipotent hematologic cell line UT-7/GM, we established D9, a novel human cell line that expresses JAK2V617F upon tetracycline addition. We assessed cellular differentiation in UT-7/GM cells when JAK2V617F was induced, and we used microarrays to analyze changes in mRNA expression caused by JAK2V617F. Results Using the human D9 cell line, we demonstrated that the induction of JAK2V617F leads to cytokine-independent cell growth with increased STAT activation and erythroid differentiation, mimicking the characteristics observed in polycythemia vera, making it a suitable in vitro model for studying this disorder. Interestingly, JAK2V617F-dependent erythroid cell differentiation was blocked when GM-CSF was added to the culture, suggesting that the GM-CSF pathway antagonizes JAK2V617F-induced erythroid cell differentiation. Our microarray analysis identified several genes involved in inflammasome activation, such as AIM2, IL1B, and CASP1, which were significantly up-regulated in JAK2V617F-induced cells. Conclusions The observed inflammasome activation following JAK2V617F induction is consistent with a recent report demonstrating the involvement of IL1B in myelofibrosis development in a JAK2V617F model mouse. These results indicate that the D9 cell line should be useful for characterizing the signaling pathways downstream of JAK2V617F, allowing for the identification of effector molecules that contribute to the development of MPN. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40164-016-0032-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Leen Liew
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan ; Fujii Memorial Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan
| | - Marito Araki
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Hironaka
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Division of Cancer Genomics, Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Soji Morishita
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Edahiro
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
| | - Akimichi Ohsaka
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
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Ahmadzadeh A, Khodadi E, Shahjahani M, Bertacchini J, Vosoughi T, Saki N. The Role of HDACs as Leukemia Therapy Targets using HDI. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2015; 9:203-14. [PMID: 26865932 PMCID: PMC4748691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are the enzymes causing deacetylation of histone and non-histone substrates. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) are a family of drugs eliminating the effect of HDACs in malignant cells via inhibition of HDACs. Due to extensive effects upon gene expression through interference with fusion genes and transcription factors, HDACs cause proliferation and migration of malignant cells, inhibiting apoptosis in these cells via tumor suppressor genes. Over expression evaluation of HDACs in leukemias may be a new approach for diagnosis of leukemia, which can present new targets for leukemia therapy. HDIs inhibit HDACs, increase acetylation in histones, cause up- or down regulation in some genes and result in differentiation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in malignant cells via cytotoxic effects. Progress in identification of new HDIs capable of tracking several targets in the cell can result in novel achievements in treatment and increase survival in patients. In this review, we examine the role of HDACs as therapeutic targets in various types of leukemia as well as the role of HDIs in inhibition of HDACs for treatment of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ahmadzadeh
- Health research institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elahe Khodadi
- Health research institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Health research institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tina Vosoughi
- Health research institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Health research institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Abstract
Sirtuins are a class of enzymes with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent protein lysine deacylase function. By deacylating various substrate proteins, including histones, transcription factors, and metabolic enzymes, sirtuins regulate various biological processes, such as transcription, cell survival, DNA damage and repair, and longevity. Small molecules that can inhibit sirtuins have been developed and many of them have shown anticancer activity. Here, we summarize the major biological findings that connect sirtuins to cancer and the different types of sirtuin inhibitors developed. Interestingly, biological data suggest that sirtuins have both tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting roles. However, most pharmacological studies with small-molecule inhibitors suggest that inhibiting sirtuins has anticancer effects. We discuss possible explanations for this discrepancy and suggest possible future directions to further establish sirtuin inhibitors as anticancer agents.
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22
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Hennig D, Müller S, Wichmann C, Drube S, Pietschmann K, Pelzl L, Grez M, Bug G, Heinzel T, Krämer OH. Antagonism between granulocytic maturation and deacetylase inhibitor-induced apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukaemia cells. Br J Cancer 2014; 112:329-37. [PMID: 25514379 PMCID: PMC4453449 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcriptional repression is a key mechanism driving leukaemogenesis. In acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), the fusion protein promyelocytic leukaemia-retinoic acid receptor-α fusion (PML-RARα) recruits transcriptional repressors to myeloid differentiation genes. All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) induces the proteasomal degradation of PML-RARα and granulocytic differentiation. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) fall into four classes (I–IV) and contribute to the transcription block caused by PML-RARα. Methods: Immunoblot, flow cytometry, and May-Grünwald–Giemsa staining were used to analyze differentiation and induction of apoptosis. Results: A PML-RARα- and ATRA-dependent differentiation programme induces granulocytic maturation associated with an accumulation of the myeloid transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)ɛ and of the surface protein CD11b. While this process protects APL cells from inhibitors of class I HDAC activity, inhibition of all Zinc-dependent HDACs (classes I, II, and IV) with the pan-HDACi (histone deacetylase inhibitor(s)) LBH589 induces apoptosis of immature and differentiated APL cells. LBH589 can eliminate C/EBPɛ and the mitochondrial apoptosis regulator B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-xL in immature and differentiated NB4 cells. Thus, BCL-xL and C/EBPɛ are newly identified molecular markers for the efficacy of HDACi against APL cells. Conclusions: Our results could explain the therapeutic limitations occurring with ATRA and class I HDACi combinations. Pro-apoptotic effects caused by pan-HDAC inhibition are not blunted by ATRA-induced differentiation and may provide a clinically interesting alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hennig
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - S Müller
- University Hospital Jena, Institute for Immunology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - C Wichmann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapy and Haemostasis, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Max-Lebsche Platz 32, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - S Drube
- University Hospital Jena, Institute for Immunology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - K Pietschmann
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - L Pelzl
- Institute of Physiology I, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Grez
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - G Bug
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - T Heinzel
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - O H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Cheon MG, Kim W, Choi M, Kim JE. AK-1, a specific SIRT2 inhibitor, induces cell cycle arrest by downregulating Snail in HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:637-45. [PMID: 25312940 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
SIRT2, a member of the sirtuin family, is involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological functions. In addition, SIRT2 has been studied in the context of pathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. The effect of SIRT2 on cancer cell growth depends on cancer tissue type. To investigate the role of SIRT2 in colon cancer, we treated HCT116 human colon cancer cells with the SIRT2-specific inhibitor AK-1, a cell-permeable benzylsulfonamide. AK-1 treatment induced proteasomal degradation of the Snail transcription factor through inactivation of the NF-κB/CSN2 pathway. Reduction in the level of Snail resulted in upregulation of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, leading to G1 arrest, slow proliferation, and slow wound-healing activity. The regulation of Snail-p21 axis by AK-1 also occurs in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Therefore, inhibition of SIRT2 using AK-1 would be a beneficial intervention in the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gyeong Cheon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Wootae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Eun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Hirai S, Endo S, Saito R, Hirose M, Ueno T, Suzuki H, Yamato K, Abei M, Hyodo I. Antitumor effects of a sirtuin inhibitor, tenovin-6, against gastric cancer cells via death receptor 5 up-regulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102831. [PMID: 25033286 PMCID: PMC4102575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Up-regulated sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an NAD+-dependent class III histone deacetylase, deacetylates p53 and inhibits its transcriptional activity, leading to cell survival. SIRT1 overexpression has been reported to predict poor survival in some malignancies, including gastric cancer. However, the antitumor effect of SIRT1 inhibition remains elusive in gastric cancer. Here, we investigated the antitumor mechanisms of a sirtuin inhibitor, tenovin-6, in seven human gastric cancer cell lines (four cell lines with wild-type TP53, two with mutant-type TP53, and one with null TP53). Interestingly, tenovin-6 induced apoptosis in all cell lines, not only those with wild-type TP53, but also mutant-type and null versions, accompanied by up-regulation of death receptor 5 (DR5). In the KatoIII cell line (TP53-null), DR5 silencing markedly attenuated tenovin-6-induced apoptosis, suggesting that the pivotal mechanism behind its antitumor effects is based on activation of the death receptor signal pathway. Although endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by sirtuin inhibitors was reported to induce DR5 up-regulation in other cancer cell lines, we could not find marked activation of its related molecules, such as ATF6, PERK, and CHOP, in gastric cancer cells treated with tenovin-6. Tenovin-6 in combination with docetaxel or SN-38 exerted a slight to moderate synergistic cytotoxicity against gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, tenovin-6 has potent antitumor activity against human gastric cancer cells via DR5 up-regulation. Our results should be helpful for the future clinical development of sirtuin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Rie Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hirose
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takunori Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideo Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masato Abei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Komatsu N. Guest editorial: Acute promyelocytic leukemia: change from “highly fatal to highly curable” leukemia. Int J Hematol 2014; 100:16-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chen YP, Catbagan CC, Bowler JT, Gokey T, Goodwin NDM, Guliaev AB, Wu W, Amagata T. Evaluation of benzoic acid derivatives as sirtuin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:349-52. [PMID: 24269123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Employing a genetically modified yeast strain as a screening tool, 4-dimethylaminobenzoic acid (5) was isolated from the marine sediment-derived Streptomyces sp. CP27-53 as a weak yeast sirtuin (Sir2p) inhibitor. Using this compound as a scaffold, a series of disubstituted benzene derivatives were evaluated to elucidate the structure activity relationships for Sir2p inhibition. The results suggested that 4-alkyl or 4-alkylaminobenzoic acid is the key structure motif for Sir2p inhibitory activity. The most potent Sir2p inhibitor, 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid (20), among the tested compounds in this study turned out to be a weak but selective SIRT1 inhibitor. The calculated binding free energies between the selected compounds and the catalytic domain of SIRT1 were well correlated to their measured SIRT1 inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Pei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Chad C Catbagan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Jeannette T Bowler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Trevor Gokey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Natalie D M Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Anton B Guliaev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Weiming Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Taro Amagata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
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McGlynn LM, Zino S, MacDonald AI, Curle J, Reilly JE, Mohammed ZMA, McMillan DC, Mallon E, Payne AP, Edwards J, Shiels PG. SIRT2: tumour suppressor or tumour promoter in operable breast cancer? Eur J Cancer 2013; 50:290-301. [PMID: 24183459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sirtuins comprise a family of genes involved in cellular stress, survival and damage responses. They have been implicated in a range of diseases including cancer, with most information pertaining to their function in tumourigenesis being derived from in vitro studies, or model organisms. Their putative roles as tumour suppressors or tumour promoters remain to be validated in vivo. Little is known about their role in breast tumourigenesis. We sought to evaluate the seven sirtuin family members (SIRT1-7) in a human breast cancer cohort, in relation to clinico-pathological features and outcome of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis of SIRT1-7 protein levels was undertaken in 392 oestrogen receptor (ER+ve) and 153 ER-ve breast tumour samples. SIRT1-7 transcriptional levels were assessed in normal (n=25), non-malignant (n=73) and malignant (n=70) breast tissue using Relative Quantitative Real Time PCR. Statistical analyses determined if SIRT1-7 transcription or protein expression was associated with clinical parameters or outcome. RESULTS In ER-ve tumours, high protein levels of nuclear SIRT2 were associated with reduced time to recurrence and disease-specific death. This association was only observed in Grade 3 tumours. In the ER+ve cohort, high SIRT2 nuclear levels were associated with shorter disease-free survival and time to recurrence whilst on Tamoxifen, in patients with Grade 3 tumours. Conversely, in Grade 2 tumours, high SIRT2 levels were associated with increased time to recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that SIRT2 is the sirtuin predominantly involved in breast tumourigenesis and prognosis. It indicates that SIRT2 acts as a tumour suppressor or tumour promoter dependent upon breast tumour grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane M McGlynn
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
| | - Samer Zino
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Curle
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
| | - Justice E Reilly
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
| | - Zahra M A Mohammed
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
| | - Donald C McMillan
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK
| | - Elizabeth Mallon
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Glasgow, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Anthony P Payne
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK.
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p53 and cell cycle independent dysregulation of autophagy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2434-44. [PMID: 24091621 PMCID: PMC3817336 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Activation of wild-type p53 with the small molecule sirtuin inhibitor Tenovin-6 (Tnv-6) induces p53-dependent apoptosis in many malignant cells. In contrast, Tnv-6 reduces chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cell viability with dysregulation of autophagy, without increasing p53-pathway activity. Methods: Here, we have investigated whether a quiescent phenotype (unique to CLL) determines the Tnv-6 response, by comparing the effects of Tnv-6 on activated and proliferating CLL. We further studied if these responses are p53-dependent. Results: Unlike quiescent cells, cell death in activated cultures treated with Tnv-6 was consistently associated with p53 upregulation. However, p53 acetylation remained unchanged, without caspase-3 cleavage or apoptosis on electron microscopy. Instead, cellular ultrastructure and protein profiles indicated autophagy inhibition, with reduced ubiquitin–proteasome activity. In specimens with mutant TP53 cultured with Tnv-6, changes in the autophagy-associated protein LC3 occurred independently of p53. Cells treated with Tnv-6 analogues lacking sirtuin inhibitory activity had attenuated LC3 lipidation compared with Tnv-6 (P⩽0.01), suggesting that autophagy dysregulation occurs predominantly through an effect on sirtuins. Conclusion: These cell cycle and p53-independent anti-leukaemic mechanisms potentially offer novel therapeutic approaches to target leukaemia-sustaining cells in CLL, including in disease with p53-pathway dysfunction. Whether targets in addition to sirtuins contribute to autophagy dysregulation by Tnv-6, requires further investigation.
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