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Ziaja D, Müller C. Intraspecific chemodiversity provides plant individual- and neighbourhood-mediated associational resistance towards aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1145918. [PMID: 37082343 PMCID: PMC10111025 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Some plant species express an extraordinarily high intraspecific diversity in phytochemicals (= chemodiversity). As discussed for biodiversity, higher chemodiversity may provide better protection against environmental stress, including herbivory. However, little is known about whether the resistance of a plant individual towards herbivores is mostly governed by its own chemodiversity or by associational resistance provided by conspecific neighbours. To investigate the role of chemodiversity in plant-aphid interactions, we used the Asteraceae Tanacetum vulgare, whose individuals differ pronouncedly in the composition of leaf terpenoids, forming distinct chemotypes. Plants were set up in a field consisting of plots containing five individuals of either the same or different chemotypes. Presence of winged aphids, indicating attraction, and abundance of winged and unwinged aphids, indicating fitness, were counted weekly on each plant. During the peak abundance of aphids, leaf samples were taken from all plants for re-analyses of the terpenoid composition and quantification of terpenoid chemodiversity, calculated on an individual plant (Shannon index, Hsind, also considered as α-chemodiversity) and plot level (Hsplot, = β-chemodiversity). Aphid attraction was neither influenced by chemotype nor plot-type. The real-time odour environment may be very complex in this setting, impeding clear preferences. In contrast, the abundance was affected by both chemotype and plot-type. On average, more Uroleucon tanaceti aphids were found on plants of two of the chemotypes growing in homogenous compared to heterogenous plots, supporting the associational resistance hypothesis. For Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria aphids, the probability of presence differed between plot-types on one chemotype. Terpenoid chemodiversity expressed as a gradient revealed negative Hsplot effects on U. tanaceti, but a positive correlation of Hsind with M. tanacetaria abundance. Aphids of M. fuscoviride were not affected by any level of chemodiversity. In conclusion, this study shows that not only the chemotype and chemodiversity of individual plants but also that of conspecific neighbours can influence certain plant-herbivore interactions. These effects are highly specific with regard to the plant chemotype and differ between aphid species and their morphs (winged vs. unwinged). Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of analysing chemodiversity at different levels.
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Jayasinghe WH, Akhter MS, Nakahara K, Maruthi MN. Effect of aphid biology and morphology on plant virus transmission. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:416-427. [PMID: 34478603 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aphids severely affect crop production by transmitting many plant viruses. Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that mostly depend on vectors for their transmission and survival. A majority of economically important plant viruses are transmitted by aphids. They transmit viruses either persistently (circulative or non-circulative) or non-persistently. Plant virus transmission by insects is a process that has evolved over time and is strongly influenced by insect morphological features and biology. Over the past century, a large body of research has provided detailed knowledge of the molecular processes underlying virus-vector interactions. In this review, we discuss how aphid biology and morphology can affect plant virus transmission. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wikum H Jayasinghe
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Md Shamim Akhter
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Bangladesh
| | - Kenji Nakahara
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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3
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Predation risk differentially affects aphid morphotypes: impacts on prey behavior, fecundity and transgenerational dispersal morphology. Oecologia 2021; 197:411-419. [PMID: 34542673 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To avoid predation, prey initiate anti-predator defenses such as altered behavior, physiology and/or morphology. Prey trait changes in response to perceived predation risk can influence several aspects of prey biology that collectively contribute to individual success and thus population growth. However, studies often focus on single trait changes in a discrete life stage or morphotype. We assessed how predation risk by Harmonia axyridis affects several important traits in the aphid, Myzus persicae: host plant preference, fecundity and investment in dispersal. Importantly, we examined whether these traits changed in a similar way between winged (alate) and wingless (apterous) adult aphid morphotypes, which differ in morphology, but also in life-history characteristics important for reproduction and dispersal. Host plant preference was influenced by the presence of H.axyridis odors in choice tests; wingless aphids were deterred by the odor of plants with H.axyridis whereas winged aphids preferred plants with H.axyridis present. Wingless aphids reared in the presence of ladybeetle cues produced fewer offspring in the short-term, but significantly more when reared with exposure to predator cues for multiple generations. However, winged aphid fecundity was unaffected by H.axyridis cues. Lastly, transgenerational plasticity was demonstrated in response to predation risk via increased formation of winged aphid morphotypes in the offspring of predator cue-exposed wingless mothers. Importantly, we found that responses to risk differ across aphid polyphenism and that plasticity in aphid morphology occurs in response to predation risk. Together our results highlight the importance of considering how predation risk affects multiple life stages and morphotypes.
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Ma YJ, He HP, Zhao HM, Xian YD, Guo H, Liu B, Xue K. Microbiome diversity of cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) is associated with host alternation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5260. [PMID: 33664278 PMCID: PMC7933357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphids are infected by a series of bacteria that can help them survive on specific host plants. However, the associations between aphids and these bacteria are not clear, and the bacterial communities in many aphid species are poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the bacterial communities of cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) on 2 representative winter host plants and transferred to 3 summer host plants by 16S rDNA sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Our results revealed that the bacterial communities varied among cotton aphids on hibiscus, cotton aphids on pomegranate, cotton aphids on cotton transferred from hibiscus, cotton aphids on muskmelon transferred from hibiscus, cotton aphids on cucumber transferred from hibiscus,. The diversity and richness of the bacterial communities were significantly higher in aphids on muskmelon and aphids on cucumber than in the other treatments. There were two main factors influencing the distribution of internal bacterial OTUs revealed by principal component analysis, including the differences among Punicaceae, Malvaceae and Cucurbitaceae. There were 28 bacterial communities with significant differences between two arbitrary treatments, which could be grouped into 6 main clusters depending on relative abundance. Moreover, our results indicated that in addition to the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera, with a dominant position (> 52%), A. gossypii also harbored 3 facultative endosymbiotic bacteria (Serratia, Arsenophonus, and Wolbachia) and 3 possibly symbiotic bacteria (Acinetobacter, Pantoea, and Flavobacterium). There were several correspondences between the symbiotic bacteria in cotton aphids and the specific host plants of the aphids. This study provides a better understanding of the interactions among symbiotic bacteria, aphids and host plants, suggesting that the selection pressure on aphid bacterial communities is likely to be exerted by the species of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-jie Ma
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Hao-peng He
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Hai-meng Zhao
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yi-dan Xian
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Hui Guo
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Biao Liu
- grid.464374.60000 0004 1757 8263Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Nanjing, 210042 China
| | - Kun Xue
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China ,grid.464374.60000 0004 1757 8263Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Nanjing, 210042 China
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5
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Mehrparvar M, Rajaei A, Rokni M, Balog A, Loxdale HD. 'Bottom-up' effects in a tritrophic plant-aphid-parasitoid system: Why being the perfect host can have its disadvantages. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:831-839. [PMID: 30968801 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study the host plant genotype effect on cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)(Hemiptera: Aphididae) preference and performance, the effect of aphid genotype on parasitoids performance, as well as the indirect effects of plant genotypes on aphid parasitoid performance, were tested using different population samples of the aphid and its primary endoparasitoid wasp, Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Experiments were run as fully-factorial randomized block design in a greenhouse. Accordingly, host plant cultivar had significant effects on the total number of aphids and aphid-load whilst the fitness of the aphid genotypes were also influenced by plant cultivar. The effect of parasitism on cabbage aphids was significantly different between plant cultivars. Overall, the results revealed that cabbage aphid is under different selective pressures arising from both higher (parasitoid) and lower (host plant cultivar) trophic levels. The host plant cultivar had a significant effect on both aphid fitness and parasitism rate on particular aphid genotypes. This indicates that host-plant-adapted aphid species can create much context-dependency in the nature and strength of 'fitness benefits parasitism', which may in turn alter the costs and benefits of host specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mehrparvar
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Rajaei
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - M Rokni
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Corunca/Sighisoara Str. 1C. Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| | - H D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AX, UK
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6
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Dury GJ, Wade MJ. When mother knows best: A population genetic model of transgenerational versus intragenerational plasticity. J Evol Biol 2019; 33:127-137. [PMID: 31549475 PMCID: PMC7891633 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many organisms exhibit phenotypic plasticity; producing alternate phenotypes depending on the environment. Individuals can be plastic (intragenerational or direct plasticity), wherein individuals of the same genotype produce different phenotypes in response to the environments they experience. Alternatively, an individual's phenotype may be under the control of its parents, usually the mother (transgenerational or indirect plasticity), so that mother's genotype determines the phenotype produced by a given genotype of her offspring. Under what conditions does plasticity evolve to have intragenerational as opposed to transgenerational genetic control? To explore this question, we present a population genetic model for the evolution of transgenerational and intragenerational plasticity. We hypothesize that the capacity for plasticity incurs a fitness cost, which is borne either by the individual developing the plastic phenotype or by its mother. We also hypothesize that individuals are imperfect predictors of future environments and their capacity for plasticity can lead them occasionally to make a low-fitness phenotype for a particular environment. When the cost, benefit and error parameters are equal, we show that there is no evolutionary advantage to intragenerational over transgenerational plasticity, although the rate of evolution of transgenerational plasticity is half the rate for intragenerational plasticity, as predicted by theory on indirect genetic effects. We find that transgenerational plasticity evolves when mothers are better predictors of future environments than offspring or when the fitness cost of the capacity for plasticity is more readily borne by a mother than by her developing offspring. We discuss different natural systems with either direct intragenerational plasticity or indirect transgenerational plasticity and find a pattern qualitatively in accord with the predictions of our model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Wade
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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7
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Chen Y, Verheggen FJ, Sun D, Wang Z, Francis F, He K. Differential wing polyphenism adaptation across life stages under extreme high temperatures in corn leaf aphid. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8744. [PMID: 31217431 PMCID: PMC6584643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenism, a common phenomenon in nature, is an important form of adaptation in a diverse environment. Corn leaf aphid (CLA), Rhopalosiphum maidis, (Hemiptera: Aphididae), exhibit wing polyphenism in response to poor habitat quality. In this study, we focused on the effects of crowding and thermal cues on morph determination of CLA. Five developmental stages of aphids (1st to 4th nymphs and maternal adults) with increased population densities, were tested under two kinds of temperature patterns, i.e., A) a constant temperature of 22 °C with 2 h exposure to high temperature in the range of 35 to 39 °C during mid-photophase and B) different constant temperatures in the range of 22-30 °C with 2 h exposure to high temperature of 39 °C during mid-photophase. Crowding was found to directly impact winged induction. The 1st and 2nd nymphs were more sensitive for alate morphs induction under high density. In addition, temperature played a significant role in wing production, with the temperature setting of 26/39 °C in pattern B inducing higher alate morphs and survival than other temperature settings. Therefore, we hypothesize that warmer climate with brief high temperature is more favourable for survival and alate morphs production, but cool weather and transient extreme high temperature (>39 °C) is detrimental for CLA. Our results provide a new perspective on understanding the interactions between changes in extreme high temperatures and insect densities that differentially affect wing polymorphism for further demographic and distribution rates of species across temporal and spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China.,Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Passage des Déportés, 2, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - François J Verheggen
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Passage des Déportés, 2, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Dandan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Frederic Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Passage des Déportés, 2, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - KangLai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China.
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8
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Clancy MV, Zytynska SE, Moritz F, Witting M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Weisser WW, Schnitzler JP. Metabotype variation in a field population of tansy plants influences aphid host selection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2791-2805. [PMID: 30035804 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that plant volatiles influence herbivores in their selection of a host plant; however, less is known about how the nonvolatile metabolome affects herbivore host selection. Metabolic diversity between intraspecific plants can be characterized using non-targeted mass spectrometry that gives us a snapshot overview of all metabolic processes occurring within a plant at a particular time. Here, we show that non-targeted metabolomics can be used to reveal links between intraspecific chemical diversity and ecological processes in tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). First, we show that tansy plants can be categorized into five subgroups based up on their metabolic profiles, and that these "metabotypes" influenced natural aphid colonization in the field. Second, this grouping was not due to induced metabolomic changes within the plant due to aphid feeding but rather resulted from constitutive differences in chemical diversity between plants. These findings highlight the importance of intraspecific chemical diversity within one plant population and provide the first report of a non-targeted metabolomic field study in chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Clancy
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sharon E Zytynska
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Freising, Germany
| | - Franco Moritz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BCG), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BCG), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BCG), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
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9
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Senft M, Clancy MV, Weisser WW, Schnitzler J, Zytynska SE. Additive effects of plant chemotype, mutualistic ants and predators on aphid performance and survival. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Senft
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Terrestrial Ecology Research GroupTechnical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Mary V. Clancy
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Research Unit Environmental Simulations (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology Neuherberg Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Terrestrial Ecology Research GroupTechnical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Jörg‐Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Research Unit Environmental Simulations (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology Neuherberg Germany
| | - Sharon E. Zytynska
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Terrestrial Ecology Research GroupTechnical University of Munich Freising Germany
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10
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Loxdale HD. Aspects, Including Pitfalls, of Temporal Sampling of Flying Insects, with Special Reference to Aphids. INSECTS 2018; 9:E153. [PMID: 30388726 PMCID: PMC6316496 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent and widespread use of high-resolution molecular markers in the late 1970s, it is now well established that natural populations of insects are not necessarily homogeneous genetically and show variations at different spatial scales due to a variety of reasons, including hybridization/introgression events. In a similar vein, populations of insects are not necessarily homogenous in time, either over the course of seasons or even within a single season. This of course has profound consequences for surveys examining, for whatever reason/s, the temporal population patterns of insects, especially flying insects as mostly discussed here. In the present article, the topics covered include climate and climate change; changes in ecological niches due to changes in available hosts, i.e., essentially, adaptation events; hybridization influencing behaviour⁻host shifts; infection by pathogens and parasites/parasitoids; habituation to light, sound and pheromone lures; chromosomal/genetic changes affecting physiology and behaviour; and insecticide resistance. If such phenomena-i.e., aspects and pitfalls-are not considered during spatio-temporal study programmes, which is even more true in the light of the recent discovery of morphologically similar/identical cryptic species, then the conclusions drawn in terms of the efforts to combat pest insects or conserve rare and endangered species may be in error and hence end in failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
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11
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Mehrparvar M, Zytynska SE, Balog A, Weisser WW. Coexistence through mutualist-dependent reversal of competitive hierarchies. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1247-1259. [PMID: 29375795 PMCID: PMC5773332 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that allow for the coexistence of two competing species that share a trophic level can be broadly divided into those that prevent competitive exclusion of one species within a local area, and those that allow for coexistence only at a regional level. While the presence of aphid‐tending ants can change the distribution of aphids among host plants, the role of mutualistic ants has not been fully explored to understand coexistence of multiple aphid species in a community. The tansy plant (Tanacetum vulgare) hosts three common and specialized aphid species, with only one being tended by ants. Often, these aphids species will not coexist on the same plant but will coexist across multiple plant hosts in a field. In this study, we aim to understand how interactions with mutualistic ants and predators affect the coexistence of multiple species of aphid herbivores on tansy. We show that the presence of ants drives community assembly at the level of individual plant, that is, the local community, by favoring one ant‐tended species, Metopeurum fuscoviride, while preying on the untended Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria and, to a lesser extent, Uroleucon tanaceti. Competitive hierarchies without ants were very different from those with ants. At the regional level, multiple tansy plants provide a habitat across which all aphid species can coexist at the larger spatial scale, while being competitively excluded at the local scale. In this case, ant mutualist‐dependent reversal of the competitive hierarchy can drive community dynamics in a plant–aphid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mehrparvar
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Centre for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany.,Present address: Department of Biodiversity Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences Graduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman Iran
| | - Sharon E Zytynska
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Centre for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture Faculty of Technical and Human Science Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania Tirgu-Mures Romania
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Centre for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
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12
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Nardelli A, Peona V, Toschi A, Mandrioli M, Manicardi GC. Afit: a bioinformatic tool for measuring aphid fitness and invasiveness. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:458-465. [PMID: 27871340 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A careful measure of fitness represents a crucial target in crop pest management and becomes fundamental considering extremely prolific insects. In the present paper, we describe a standardized rearing protocol and a bioinformatics tool to calculate aphid fitness indices and invasiveness starting from life table data. We tested the protocol and the bioinformatic tool using six Myzus persicae (Sulzer) asexual lineages in order to investigate if karyotype rearrangements and ecotype could influence their reproductive performances. The tool showed that different karyotypes do not influence adaptive success and put in evidence a marked invasive potential of the M. persicae lineage 64. The presence of a similar fitness rate of 33H and 7GK asexual lineages (both possessing intra-individual karyotype variations) in respect to the asexual lineage 1 (with a standard karyotype) represents an important demonstration of the potentiality of holocentric chromosomes to reduce the effects of chromosome rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nardelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita,Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia,Via Campi 213/D, 41125 Modena,Italy
| | - V Peona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita,Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia,Via Campi 213/D, 41125 Modena,Italy
| | - A Toschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita,Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia,Via Campi 213/D, 41125 Modena,Italy
| | - M Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita,Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia,Via Campi 213/D, 41125 Modena,Italy
| | - G C Manicardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita,Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia,Via Campi 213/D, 41125 Modena,Italy
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13
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Grainger TN, Germain RM, Jones NT, Gilbert B. Predators modify biogeographic constraints on species distributions in an insect metacommunity. Ecology 2017; 98:851-860. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tess Nahanni Grainger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Rachel M. Germain
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Natalie T. Jones
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
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Sobhy IS, Woodcock CM, Powers SJ, Caulfield JC, Pickett JA, Birkett MA. cis-Jasmone Elicits Aphid-Induced Stress Signalling in Potatoes. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:39-52. [PMID: 28130741 PMCID: PMC5331074 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elicitation of plant defense signaling that results in altered emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) offers opportunities for protecting plants against arthropod pests. In this study, we treated potato, Solanum tuberosum L., with the plant defense elicitor cis-jasmone (CJ), which induces the emission of defense VOCs and thus affects the behavior of herbivores. Using chemical analysis, electrophysiological and behavioral assays with the potato-feeding aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae, we showed that CJ treatment substantially increased the emission of defense VOCs from potatoes compared to no treatment. Coupled GC-electroantennogram (GC-EAG) recordings from the antennae of M. euphorbiae showed robust responses to 14 compounds present in induced VOCs, suggesting their behavioral role in potato/aphid interactions. Plants treated with CJ and then challenged with M. euphorbiae were most repellent to alate M. euphorbiae. Principal component analysis (PCA) of VOC collections suggested that (E)-2-hexenal, (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT), (E)-β-farnesene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), methyl salicylate (MeSA), CJ, and methyl benzoate (MeBA) were the main VOCs contributing to aphid behavioral responses, and that production of TMTT, (E)-β-farnesene, CJ, and DMNT correlated most strongly with aphid repellency. Our findings confirm that CJ can enhance potato defense against aphids by inducing production of VOCs involved in aphid-induced signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam S Sobhy
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, Hertfordshire, UK.,Department of Plant Protection, Public Service Center of Biological Control (PSCBC), Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.,Department of Microbial & Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Stephen J Powers
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - John C Caulfield
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - John A Pickett
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Michael A Birkett
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, Hertfordshire, UK.
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15
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Clancy MV, Zytynska SE, Senft M, Weisser WW, Schnitzler JP. Chemotypic variation in terpenes emitted from storage pools influences early aphid colonisation on tansy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38087. [PMID: 27892539 PMCID: PMC5125103 DOI: 10.1038/srep38087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tansy plants (Tanacetum vulgare L.) exhibit high chemical variation, particularly in mono- and sesquiterpenes that are stored in specialised glands on the plant surface. In the present work we investigated the effects of terpene chemotypes on Metopeurum fuscoviride, an aphid species specialised on tansy, and their tending ants, at the field scale. Previous studies have chemotyped tansy by assessing dominant compounds; here we propose a method of chemotyping using all volatile compounds that are likely emitted from the storage glands. The analysis is based on two extraction methods: GC-MS analysis of leaf hexane extracts and SBSE analysis of headspace emissions. In an initial screening we identified the subset of compounds present in both chemical patterns, labelled as ‘compounds likely emitted from storage’. In a large field survey we could show that the putative chemotypic emission pattern from storage pools significantly affected the early aphid colonisation of tansy. Moreover, the statistical analyses revealed that minor compounds exerted a stronger influence on aphid and tending-ant presence than dominant compounds. Overall we demonstrated that within the enormous chemotypic variation of terpenes in tansy plants, chemical signatures of volatile terpenes can be related to the occurrence of insects on individual plants in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Clancy
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sharon E Zytynska
- Technische Universität München, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias Senft
- Technische Universität München, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Technische Universität München, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
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16
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Ueno AC, Gundel PE, Omacini M, Ghersa CM, Bush LP, Martínez‐Ghersa MA. Mutualism effectiveness of a fungal endophyte in an annual grass is impaired by ozone. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C. Ueno
- Facultad de Agronomía (UBA) IFEVA‐CONICET, Cátedra de Ecología Av. San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires 1417 CP Argentina
| | - Pedro E. Gundel
- Facultad de Agronomía (UBA) IFEVA‐CONICET, Cátedra de Ecología Av. San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires 1417 CP Argentina
| | - Marina Omacini
- Facultad de Agronomía (UBA) IFEVA‐CONICET, Cátedra de Ecología Av. San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires 1417 CP Argentina
| | - Claudio M. Ghersa
- Facultad de Agronomía (UBA) IFEVA‐CONICET, Cátedra de Ecología Av. San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires 1417 CP Argentina
| | - Lowell P. Bush
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40546‐0091 USA
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17
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Zhang F, Li X, Zhang Y, Coates B, Zhou XJ, Cheng D. Bacterial symbionts, Buchnera, and starvation on wing dimorphism in English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Front Physiol 2015; 6:155. [PMID: 26042046 PMCID: PMC4438234 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Wing dimorphism in aphids can be affected by multiple cues, including both biotic (nutrition, crowding, interspecific interactions, the presence of natural enemies, maternal and transgenerational effects, and alarm pheromone) and abiotic factors (temperature, humidity, and photoperiod). The majority of the phloem-feeding aphids carry Buchnera, an obligate symbiotic proteobacteria. Buchnera has a highly reduced genome size, but encode key enzymes in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway and is crucial for nutritional balance, development and reproduction in aphids. In this study, we investigated the impact of two nutritional-based biotic factors, symbionts and starvation, on the wing dimorphism in the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, a devastating insect pest of cereal crops (e.g., wheat) worldwide. Elimination of Buchnera using the antibiotic rifampicin significantly reduced the formation of winged morphs, body mass, and fecundity in S. avenae. Furthermore, the absence of this primary endosymbiont may disrupt the nutrient acquisition in aphids and alter transgenerational phenotypic expression. Similarly, both survival rate and the formation of winged morphs were substantially reduced after neonatal (<24 h old) offspring were starved for a period of time. The combined results shed light on the impact of two nutritional-based biotic factors on the phenotypic plasticity in aphids. A better understanding of the wing dimorphism in aphids will provide the theoretical basis for the prediction and integrated management of these phloem-feeding insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Brad Coates
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xuguo Joe Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Dengfa Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
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18
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Hopkins SR, Boyle LJ, Belden LK, Wojdak JM. Dispersal of a defensive symbiont depends on contact between hosts, host health, and host size. Oecologia 2015; 179:307-18. [PMID: 25964062 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Symbiont dispersal is necessary for the maintenance of defense mutualisms in space and time, and the distribution of symbionts among hosts should be intricately tied to symbiont dispersal behaviors. However, we know surprisingly little about how most defensive symbionts find and choose advantageous hosts or what cues trigger symbionts to disperse from their current hosts. In a series of six experiments, we explored the dispersal ecology of an oligochaete worm (Chaetogaster limnaei) that protects snail hosts from infection by larval trematode parasites. Specifically, we determined the factors that affected net symbiont dispersal from a current "donor" host to a new "receiver" host. Symbionts rarely dispersed unless hosts directly came in contact with one another. However, symbionts overcame their reluctance to disperse across the open environment if the donor host died. When hosts came in direct contact, net symbiont dispersal varied with both host size and trematode infection status, whereas symbiont density did not influence the probability of symbiont dispersal. Together, these experiments show that symbiont dispersal is not a constant, random process, as is often assumed in symbiont dispersal models, but rather the probability of dispersal varies with ecological conditions and among individual hosts. The observed heterogeneity in dispersal rates among hosts may help to explain symbiont aggregation among snail hosts in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar R Hopkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Lindsey J Boyle
- Biology Department, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Lisa K Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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19
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Baines CB, McCauley SJ, Rowe L. The interactive effects of competition and predation risk on dispersal in an insect. Biol Lett 2015; 10:rsbl.2014.0287. [PMID: 24919703 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal dynamics have significant consequences for ecological and evolutionary processes. Previous work has demonstrated that dispersal can be context-dependent. However, factors affecting dispersal are typically considered in isolation, despite the probability that individuals make dispersal decisions in response to multiple, possibly interacting factors. We examined whether two ecological factors, predation risk and intraspecific competition, have interactive effects on dispersal dynamics. We performed a factorial experiment in mesocosms using backswimmers (Notonecta undulata), flight-capable, semi-aquatic insects. Emigration rates increased with density, and increased with predation risk at intermediate densities; however, predation had minimal effects on emigration at high and low densities. Our results indicate that factorial experiments may be required to understand dispersal dynamics under realistic ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina B Baines
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3B2
| | - Shannon J McCauley
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L1C6
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3B2
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20
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Benedek K, Bálint J, Salamon RV, Kovács E, Ábrahám B, Fazakas C, Loxdale HD, Balog A. Chemotype of tansy (Tanacetum vulgareL.) determines aphid genotype and its associated predator system. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Benedek
- Department of Horticulture; Faculty of Technical Science; Sapientia University; 540485, Sighisoara Str.1C Tirgu-Mures Romania
| | - János Bálint
- Department of Horticulture; Faculty of Technical Science; Sapientia University; 540485, Sighisoara Str.1C Tirgu-Mures Romania
| | - Rozália Veronika Salamon
- Department of Food Science; Sapientia University; 530104, Szabadság Str. 1 Miercurea Ciuc Romania
| | - Erika Kovács
- Department of Bioengineering; Faculty of Science; Sapientia University; 530104, Szabadság Str. 1 Miercurea Ciuc Romania
| | - Beáta Ábrahám
- Department of Bioengineering; Faculty of Science; Sapientia University; 530104, Szabadság Str. 1 Miercurea Ciuc Romania
| | - Csaba Fazakas
- Department of Horticulture; Faculty of Technical Science; Sapientia University; 540485, Sighisoara Str.1C Tirgu-Mures Romania
| | - Hugh D. Loxdale
- Royal Entomological Society; The Mansion House; Chiswell Green Lane; St Albans AL2 3NS UK
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture; Faculty of Technical Science; Sapientia University; 540485, Sighisoara Str.1C Tirgu-Mures Romania
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