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Yang QE. Human cancer xenografts in immunocompromised mice provide an advanced genuine tumor model for research and drug development-A revisit of murine models for human cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129929. [PMID: 33991617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and cell biology studies have proven that human cancers are an enormously heterogenous disease, even if they originate from the same organ and tissue with identical morphological characteristics. Cancer cells in tumors from different individuals exhibit somewhat different characteristics on multiple levels, such as with respect to 1) their genetic polymorphism; 2) epigenetic mechanisms; 3) group gene activation/inactivation; 4) cell metabolism behavior; 5) aberrant incomplete terminal differentiation; 6) proliferative potential; and 7) hierarchical structure. These multiple parameters and their different combinations determine the biological characteristics of the cancer cells and their malignant/metastatic manifestations. With progress in medical research, numerous unique vulnerable targets of cancer cells have been identified from different tumors. Modern anti-cancer drug development focuses on target-based cancer cell inhibition and elimination have greatly improved the outcome of patients with some specific cancers. The murine model of human cancer has proven to be an essential procedure for the evaluation of drug efficacy in mammalian and a key link in transferring anti-cancer drug from laboratory to clinics. As classical murine cancer xenograft models with different human cancer cell lines display limited value for personalized precision medicine, creating a complete human xenograft cancer bank with all levels of abnormalities in mice has become desperately needed. This article is a review of the pros and cons of different human x murine cancer models and an attempt to find a more suitable model for the study and discovery of new anti-cancer drugs and different combination therapies in this small animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-En Yang
- Phycin, LLC., 4539 Metropolitan Court, Frederick, MD 21704, United States of America.
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2
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Applications of liquid biopsy in the Pharmacological Audit Trail for anticancer drug development. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:454-467. [PMID: 33762744 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer drug development is a costly and protracted activity, and failure at late phases of clinical testing is common. We have previously proposed the Pharmacological Audit Trail (PhAT) intended to improve the efficiency of drug development, with a focus on the use of tumour tissue-based biomarkers. Blood-based 'liquid biopsy' approaches, such as targeted or whole-genome sequencing studies of plasma circulating cell-free tumour DNA (ctDNA) and circulating tumour cells (CTCs), are of increasing relevance to this drug development paradigm. Liquid biopsy assays can provide quantitative and qualitative data on prognostic, predictive, pharmacodynamic and clinical response biomarkers, and can also enable the characterization of disease evolution and resistance mechanisms. In this Perspective, we examine the promise of integrating liquid biopsy analyses into the PhAT, focusing on the current evidence, advances, limitations and challenges. We emphasize the continued importance of analytical validation and clinical qualification of circulating tumour biomarkers through prospective clinical trials.
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Abreu M, Cabezas-Sainz P, Pereira-Veiga T, Falo C, Abalo A, Morilla I, Curiel T, Cueva J, Rodríguez C, Varela-Pose V, Lago-Lestón R, Mondelo P, Palacios P, Moreno-Bueno G, Cano A, García-Caballero T, Pujana MÁ, Sánchez-Piñón L, Costa C, López R, Muinelo-Romay L. Looking for a Better Characterization of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Means of Circulating Tumor Cells. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E353. [PMID: 32012729 PMCID: PMC7074553 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, studies to address the characterization of mechanisms promoting tumor aggressiveness and progression have been focused only on primary tumor analyses, which could provide relevant information but have limitations to really characterize the more aggressive tumor population. To overcome these limitations, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent a noninvasive and valuable tool for real-time profiling of disseminated tumor cells. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the value of CTC enumeration and characterization to identify markers associated with the outcome and the aggressiveness of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). For that aim, the CTC population from 32 patients diagnosed with TNBC was isolated and characterized. This population showed important cell plasticity in terms of expression of epithelia/mesenchymal and stemness markers, suggesting the relevance of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) intermediate phenotypes for efficient tumor dissemination. Importantly, the CTC signature demonstrated prognostic value to predict the patients' outcome and pointed to a relevant role of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1) and androgen receptor (AR) for TNBC biology. Furthermore, we also analyzed the usefulness of the AR and TIMP1 blockade to target TNBC proliferation and dissemination using in vitro and in vivo zebra fish and mouse models. Overall, the molecular characterization of CTCs from advanced TNBC patients identifies highly specific biomarkers with potential applicability as noninvasive prognostic markers and reinforced the value of TIMP1 and AR as potential therapeutic targets to tackle the most aggressive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Abreu
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.); (A.A.); (R.L.-L.); (P.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Pablo Cabezas-Sainz
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.C.-S.); (L.S.-P.)
| | - Thais Pereira-Veiga
- Roche-CHUS Joint Unit, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela, Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.P.-V.); (C.C.)
| | - Catalina Falo
- Department of Medical Oncology-Breast Cancer Unit, Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO)-Hospitalet-Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (I.M.)
| | - Alicia Abalo
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.); (A.A.); (R.L.-L.); (P.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Idoia Morilla
- Department of Medical Oncology-Breast Cancer Unit, Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO)-Hospitalet-Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (I.M.)
| | - Teresa Curiel
- Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.C.); (J.C.); (C.R.); (V.V.-P.); (P.P.)
| | - Juan Cueva
- Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.C.); (J.C.); (C.R.); (V.V.-P.); (P.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.-B.); (A.C.)
| | - Carmela Rodríguez
- Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.C.); (J.C.); (C.R.); (V.V.-P.); (P.P.)
| | - Vanesa Varela-Pose
- Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.C.); (J.C.); (C.R.); (V.V.-P.); (P.P.)
| | - Ramón Lago-Lestón
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.); (A.A.); (R.L.-L.); (P.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Patricia Mondelo
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.); (A.A.); (R.L.-L.); (P.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Patricia Palacios
- Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.C.); (J.C.); (C.R.); (V.V.-P.); (P.P.)
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.-B.); (A.C.)
- Fundación MD Anderson Internacional, C/Gómez Hemans 2, 28033 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), IdiPaz, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Cano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.-B.); (A.C.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), IdiPaz, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás García-Caballero
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Miquel Ángel Pujana
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Laura Sánchez-Piñón
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.C.-S.); (L.S.-P.)
| | - Clotilde Costa
- Roche-CHUS Joint Unit, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela, Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.P.-V.); (C.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.-B.); (A.C.)
| | - Rafael López
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.); (A.A.); (R.L.-L.); (P.M.); (R.L.)
- Roche-CHUS Joint Unit, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela, Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.P.-V.); (C.C.)
- Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.C.); (J.C.); (C.R.); (V.V.-P.); (P.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.-B.); (A.C.)
| | - Laura Muinelo-Romay
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.); (A.A.); (R.L.-L.); (P.M.); (R.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.-B.); (A.C.)
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4
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Vafaei S, Fattahi F, Ebrahimi M, Janani L, Shariftabrizi A, Madjd Z. Common molecular markers between circulating tumor cells and blood exosomes in colorectal cancer: a systematic and analytical review. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:8669-8698. [PMID: 31576171 PMCID: PMC6768129 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s219699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, are diagnosed in the late stages of the disease. Appropriate treatment is not applied in a timely manner and nearly 90% of the patients who experience metastasis ultimately die. Timely detection of CRC can increase the five-year survival rate of patients. Existing histopathological and molecular classifications are insufficient for prediction of metastasis, which limits approaches to treatment. Detection of reliable cancer-related biomarkers can improve early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response prediction and recurrence risk. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and exosomes in peripheral blood can be used in a liquid biopsy to assess the status of a tumor. Exosomes are abundant and available in all fluids of the body, have a high half-life and are released by most cells. Tumor-derived exosomes are released from primary tumors or CTCs with selective cargo that represents the overall tumor. The current systematic review highlights new trends and approaches in the detection of CRC biomarkers to determine tumor signatures using CTC and exosomes. When these are combined, they could be used to guide molecular pathology and can revolutionize detection tools. Relevant observational studies published until July 24, 2019 which evaluated the expression of tumor markers in CTCs and exosomes were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and ISI Web of Science databases. The extracted biomarkers were analyzed using String and EnrichR tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Vafaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Fattahi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Janani
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Madjd
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Thiele JA, Bethel K, Králíčková M, Kuhn P. Circulating Tumor Cells: Fluid Surrogates of Solid Tumors. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 12:419-447. [PMID: 28135562 PMCID: PMC7846475 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has demonstrated clinical validity as a prognostic tool based on enumeration, but since the introduction of this tool to the clinic in 2004, further clinical utility and widespread adoption have been limited. However, immense efforts have been undertaken to further the understanding of the mechanisms behind the biology and kinetics of these rare cells, and progress continues toward better applicability in the clinic. This review describes recent advances within the field, with a particular focus on understanding the biological significance of CTCs, and summarizes emerging methods for identifying, isolating, and interrogating the cells that may provide technical advantages allowing for the discovery of more specific clinical applications. Included is an atlas of high-definition images of CTCs from various cancer types, including uncommon CTCs captured only by broadly inclusive nonenrichment techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Thiele
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - K Bethel
- Scripps Clinic Medical Group, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92121
| | - M Králíčková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - P Kuhn
- Bridge Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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6
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Nurwidya F, Zaini J, Putra AC, Andarini S, Hudoyo A, Syahruddin E, Yunus F. Circulating Tumor Cell and Cell-free Circulating Tumor DNA in Lung Cancer. Chonnam Med J 2016; 52:151-8. [PMID: 27689025 PMCID: PMC5040764 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2016.52.3.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that are separated from the primary site or metastatic lesion and disseminate in blood circulation. CTCs are considered to be part of the long process of cancer metastasis. As a 'liquid biopsy', CTC molecular examination and investigation of single cancer cells create an important opportunity for providing an understanding of cancer biology and the process of metastasis. In the last decade, we have seen dramatic development in defining the role of CTCs in lung cancer in terms of diagnosis, genomic alteration determination, treatment response and, finally, prognosis prediction. The aims of this review are to understand the basic biology and to review methods of detection of CTCs that apply to the various types of solid tumor. Furthermore, we explored clinical applications, including treatment monitoring to anticipate therapy resistance as well as biomarker analysis, in the context of lung cancer. We also explored the potential use of cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the genomic alteration analysis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariz Nurwidya
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jamal Zaini
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andika Chandra Putra
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sita Andarini
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Hudoyo
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elisna Syahruddin
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Faisal Yunus
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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7
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Non-invasive real-time biopsy of intracranial lesions using short time expanded circulating tumor cells on glass slide: report of two cases. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:127. [PMID: 27502239 PMCID: PMC4976507 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) are promising biomarkers for monitoring solid cancer and were used to monitor brain tumors. Here we report two cases in which, for the first time, CTCs were used in cytological diagnostic evaluation to discriminate a space-occupying lesion of the brain. Case presentation Two cases of focal intracranial lesions, unclassified for diagnosis, untreated and apparently symptomatic, were examined after high-contrast resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging and/or Computed Tomography scans. CTCs were seeded on chamber slides and short-time expanded under the optimized conditions as we previously reported. The first case was a focal lesion localized in the parietal-occipital area in a 67-year-old woman. The second case was a 31-year-old man with an expansive intracerebral lesion localized in the left peri-trigonal area. Both patients underwent excisional biopsy. Histopathological evaluation of the biopsy confirmed the previous cytological diagnoses, and the analysis of the clinical outcomes retrospectively validated both diagnoses. Conclusions The cases here reported illustrate the potential for using expanded CTCs as non-invasive, real-time biopsy. Moreover, non-invasive real-time biopsy can represent an alternative diagnostic tool to be used when a functional area of the brain is at risk of injury from excisional biopsy procedures.
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Masuda T, Hayashi N, Iguchi T, Ito S, Eguchi H, Mimori K. Clinical and biological significance of circulating tumor cells in cancer. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:408-17. [PMID: 26899533 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the process of metastasis, which is the leading cause of cancer-related death, cancer cells dissociate from primary tumors, migrate to distal sites, and finally colonize, eventually leading to the formation of metastatic tumors. The migrating tumor cells in circulation, e.g., those found in peripheral blood (PB) or bone marrow (BM), are called circulating tumor cells (CTCs). CTCs in the BM are generally called disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). Many studies have reported the detection and characterization of CTCs to facilitate early diagnosis of relapse or metastasis and improve early detection and appropriate treatment decisions. Initially, epithelial markers, such as EpCAM and cytokeratins (CKs), identified using immunocytochemistry or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to identify CTCs in PB or BM. Recently, however, other markers such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER), and immuno-checkpoint genes also have been examined to facilitate detection of CTCs with metastatic potential. Moreover, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) have also received increasing attention as important CTC markers owing to their roles in the biological progression of metastasis. In addition to these markers, researchers have attempted to develop detection or capture techniques for CTCs. Notably, however, the establishment of metastasis requires cancer-host interactions. Markers from host cells, such as macrophages, mesenchymal stem cells, and bone marrow-derived cells, which constitute the premetastatic niche, may become novel biomarkers for predicting relapse or metastasis or monitoring the effects of treatment. Biological studies of CTCs are still emerging. However, recent technical innovations, such as next-generation sequencing, are being used more commonly and could help to clarify the mechanism of metastasis. Additionally, biological findings are gradually being accumulated, adding to our body of knowledge on CTCs. In this review, we will summarize recent approaches to detect or capture CTCs. Moreover, we will introduce recent studies of the clinical and biological importance of CTCs and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Masuda
- Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Department of Surgery, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Department of Surgery, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iguchi
- Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Department of Surgery, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ito
- Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Department of Surgery, Japan
| | | | - Koshi Mimori
- Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Department of Surgery, Japan.
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Lianidou ES. Gene expression profiling and DNA methylation analyses of CTCs. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:431-42. [PMID: 26880168 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of molecular assays have been developed for CTCs detection and molecular characterization. Molecular assays are based on the nucleic acid analysis in CTCs and are based on total RNA isolation and subsequent mRNA quantification of specific genes, or isolation of genomic DNA that can be for DNA methylation studies and mutation analysis. This review is mainly focused on gene expression and methylation studies in CTCs in various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi S Lianidou
- Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells Lab, Lab of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, 15771, Greece.
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10
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Kma L, Sharan RN. Dimethylnitrosamine-Induced Reduction in the Level of Poly-ADP-Ribosylation of Histone Proteins of Blood Lymphocytes - a Sensitive and Reliable Biomarker for Early Detection of Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:6429-36. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.15.6429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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11
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Haluska P, Menefee M, Plimack ER, Rosenberg J, Northfelt D, LaVallee T, Shi L, Yu XQ, Burke P, Huang J, Viner J, McDevitt J, LoRusso P. Phase I dose-escalation study of MEDI-573, a bispecific, antiligand monoclonal antibody against IGFI and IGFII, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4747-57. [PMID: 25024259 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation, and dose-expansion study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and antitumor activity of MEDI-573 in adults with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapy or for which no standard therapy exists. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients received MEDI-573 in 1 of 5 cohorts (0.5, 1.5, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg) dosed weekly or 1 of 2 cohorts (30 or 45 mg/kg) dosed every 3 weeks. Primary end points included the MEDI-573 safety profile, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and optimal biologic dose (OBD). Secondary end points included MEDI-573 pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, and antitumor activity. RESULTS In total, 43 patients (20 with urothelial cancer) received MEDI-573. No dose-limiting toxicities were identified, and only 1 patient experienced hyperglycemia related to treatment. Elevations in levels of insulin and/or growth hormone were not observed. Adverse events observed in >10% of patients included fatigue, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, and anemia. PK evaluation demonstrated that levels of MEDI-573 increased with dose at all dose levels tested. At doses >5 mg/kg, circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGFII were fully suppressed. Of 39 patients evaluable for response, none experienced partial or complete response and 13 had stable disease as best response. CONCLUSIONS The MTD of MEDI-573 was not reached. The OBD was 5 mg/kg weekly or 30 or 45 mg/kg every 3 weeks. MEDI-573 showed preliminary antitumor activity in a heavily pretreated population and had a favorable tolerability profile, with no notable perturbations in metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Shi
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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12
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Rafii A, Vidal F, Rathat G, Alix-Panabières C. [Circulating tumor cells: cornerstone of personalized medicine]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 43:640-8. [PMID: 25017712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment has evolved toward personalized medicine. It is mandatory for clinicians to ascertain tumor biological features in order to optimize patients' treatment. Identification and characterization of circulating tumor cells demonstrated a prognostic value in many solid tumors. Here, we describe the main technologies for identification and characterization of circulating tumor cells and their clinical application in gynecologic and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rafii
- Département de Genetic Medicine et Obstetrics and Gynecology, laboratoire cellules souches et microenvironnement, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, États-Unis; Département de chirurgie gynécologique, hôpital Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, CHRU, université Montpellier 1, 34093 Montpellier, France.
| | - F Vidal
- Département de Genetic Medicine et Obstetrics and Gynecology, laboratoire cellules souches et microenvironnement, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, États-Unis
| | - G Rathat
- Département de chirurgie gynécologique, hôpital Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, CHRU, université Montpellier 1, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - C Alix-Panabières
- Laboratoire cellules circulantes rares humaines, département de biopathologie cellulaire et tissulaire des tumeurs, institut de médecine régénératrice et biothérapie, hôpital Saint-Éloi, CHRU, université Montpellier 1, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, Montpellier, France; EA2415 épidémiologie, biostatistiques et santé publique, institut universitaire de recherche clinique, 641, avenue du Doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34093 Montpellier, France
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Kim K, Lee KH, Lee J, Choi J. Overview of current standpoints in profiling of circulating tumor cells. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:88-95. [PMID: 24214218 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is summarizing current technologies developed as the in vitro prognostic/diagnostic systems that can rapidly separate and detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from cancer patient's blood (1-10 CTCs of 1 billion red blood cells) by labeled and non-labeled method. The review is focused on three major areas of CTC research (1) Summary of previous research on capturing of CTCs, (2) New development of the in vitro prognostic diagnosis system of cancer that is capable of rapid separation of CTCs, (3) Future direction on development of new technologies for CTC profiling. Current CTC researches have helped on identifying patients who may benefit from chemotherapy before treatment, patients who may benefit from continued chemotherapy, and leading to clinical development of CTC-guided chemotherapy strategies. We analyze the feasibility of clinical application of these current CTC research for the ultimate goal of increasing the survivability of cancer patient. The biomolecular assays of viable CTCs from cancer patient may elucidate the mechanism of metastasis and tumor initiating cells and also may have high impact on the development of personalized medicine to overcome the incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyobum Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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