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Ratcliffe NA, Furtado Pacheco JP, Dyson P, Castro HC, Gonzalez MS, Azambuja P, Mello CB. Overview of paratransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:112. [PMID: 35361286 PMCID: PMC8969276 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents an overview of paratransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors. It first briefly summarises some of the disease-causing pathogens vectored by insects and emphasises the need for innovative control methods to counter the threat of resistance by both the vector insect to pesticides and the pathogens to therapeutic drugs. Subsequently, the state of art of paratransgenesis is described, which is a particularly ingenious method currently under development in many important vector insects that could provide an additional powerful tool for use in integrated pest control programmes. The requirements and recent advances of the paratransgenesis technique are detailed and an overview is given of the microorganisms selected for genetic modification, the effector molecules to be expressed and the environmental spread of the transgenic bacteria into wild insect populations. The results of experimental models of paratransgenesis developed with triatomines, mosquitoes, sandflies and tsetse flies are analysed. Finally, the regulatory and safety rules to be satisfied for the successful environmental release of the genetically engineered organisms produced in paratransgenesis are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman A Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil. .,Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK.
| | - João P Furtado Pacheco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Paul Dyson
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - Helena Carla Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Gonzalez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Patricia Azambuja
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Cicero B Mello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
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2
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Rêgo FD, Soares RP. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200254. [PMID: 33950136 DOI: 10.1590/0001-37652021xxxx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World. It is a permissive vector susceptible to infection with several Leishmania species. One of the advantages that favors the study of this sand fly is the possibility of colonization in the laboratory. For this reason, several researchers around the world use this species as a model for different subjects including biology, insecticides testing, host-parasite interaction, physiology, genetics, proteomics, molecular biology, and saliva among others. In 2003, we published our first review (Soares & Turco 2003) on this vector covering several aspects of Lu. longipalpis. This current review summarizes what has been published between 2003-2020. During this period, modern approaches were incorporated following the development of more advanced and sensitive techniques to assess this sand fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe D Rêgo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30180-104 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30180-104 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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RÊGO FELIPED, SOARES RODRIGOPEDRO. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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4
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Rozadilla G, Clemente JM, McCarthy CB. HoSeIn: A Workflow for Integrating Various Homology Search Results from Metagenomic and Metatranscriptomic Sequence Datasets. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3679. [PMID: 33659350 PMCID: PMC7842381 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Data generated by metagenomic and metatranscriptomic experiments is both enormous and inherently noisy. When using taxonomy-dependent alignment-based methods to classify and label reads, the first step consists in performing homology searches against sequence databases. To obtain the most information from the samples, nucleotide sequences are usually compared to various databases (nucleotide and protein) using local sequence aligners such as BLASTN and BLASTX. Nevertheless, the analysis and integration of these results can be problematic because the outputs from these searches usually show inconsistencies, which can be notorious when working with RNA-seq. Moreover, and to the best of our knowledge, existing tools do not criss-cross and integrate information from the different homology searches, but provide the results of each analysis separately. We developed the HoSeIn workflow to intersect the information from these homology searches, and then determine the taxonomic and functional profile of the sample using this integrated information. The workflow is based on the assumption that the sequences that correspond to a certain taxon are composed of: sequences that were assigned to the same taxon by both homology searches; sequences that were assigned to that taxon by one of the homology searches but returned no hits in the other one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston Rozadilla
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Moreiras Clemente
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Christina B. McCarthy
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Departamento de Informática y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Patino LH, Ramírez JD. RNA-seq in kinetoplastids: A powerful tool for the understanding of the biology and host-pathogen interactions. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:273-282. [PMID: 28179142 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The kinetoplastids include a large number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in humans and animals (Leishmania and Trypanosoma brucei) considered endemic in several regions of the world. These parasites are characterized by digenetic life cycles that undergo morphological and genetic changes that allow them to adapt to different microenvironments on their vertebrates and invertebrates hosts. Recent advances in ´omics´ technology, specifically transcriptomics have allowed to reveal aspects associated with such molecular changes. So far, different techniques have been used to evaluate the gene expression profile during the various stages of the life cycle of these parasites and during the host-parasite interactions. However, some of them have serious drawbacks that limit the precise study and full understanding of their transcriptomes. Therefore, recently has been implemented the latest technology (RNA-seq), which overcomes the drawbacks of traditional methods. In this review, studies that so far have used RNA-seq are presented and allowed to expand our knowledge regarding the biology of these parasites and their interactions with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Helena Patino
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24# 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24# 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Antonini Y, Fernandes GW, Barata RA. Distribution of the assemblage of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) along an environmental gradient. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2016-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The geographical distribution of leishmaniasis has undoubtedly expanded, and is now being reported to be in areas that were previously non-endemic. This study therefore aimed to investigate whether there is any variation in the structure and in the composition of phlebotomine communities along an environmental gradient - from a mesic to a xeric environment, across different climatic periods (rainy and dry seasons). Furthermore, we test whether there were differences in sex ratio of sand flies between wet and dry environments. A total of 535 specimens of sand flies belonging to 18 species were recorded. Richness, abundance, and composition of species were significatively higher in the xeric environment (semidecidual Forest) compared to the mesic environment (Riparina Forest). We unveiled site specific differences in sand fly collections since the community composition changes with the geographic distance among the sampling points. These results led to the conclusion that for sand flies species, the environmental conditions available for each species could be different within the habitat taking into account the degree of humidity in the forest as well as the climatic season (dry or wet). The present study gives a valuable contribution to the knowledge of sand flies, as a group of insects, from the Atlantic Forest biome.
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Rezvan H, Nourian AR, Hamoon Navard S. An Overview on Leishmania Diagnosis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.5.1.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Júnior AMC, de Amorim Carvalho FA, de Oliveira Dantas W, Gomes LCL, da Silva ABS, de Sousa Cavalcante MMA, de Oliveira IM, de Deus Moura de Lima M, Rizzo MDS, de Carvalho Leite CM, Moura SMDS, de Deus Moura LDFA, da Silva BB. Does Leishmaniasis disease alter the parenchyma and protein expression in salivary glands? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:359-66. [PMID: 26568331 PMCID: PMC4935414 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215614658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is considered a serious public health problem in several regions in Brazil and worldwide. This research aimed to perform a histopathological and proteomic study of parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands of BALB/c mice infected by Leishmania (L) infantum chagasi using histological, immunohistochemical and epifluorescence techniques. Twelve isogenic BALB/c male mice, around six- to eight-weeks old, were separated into two groups: the animals of the control group were injected with 0.15 ml of NaCl, while those in the experimental group were inoculated with 5 × 10(6) amastigote forms of Leishmania (L) infantum chagasi by the ip route. After 50 days, animals were euthanized and major salivary glands were collected to perform histological, immunohistochemical and epifluorescence techniques using anti-Caspase-2, anti-Ki-67 and anti-β-catenin antibodies, respectively. The histological and morphometric evaluation showed clusters of mononuclear inflammatory cells and a higher area and perimeter of the parotid gland. However, none of the salivary glands had morphophysiological impairment. There was no immunoreactivity to the anti-caspase-2 antibody and Ki67 expression in acinar and ductal cells in both groups. According to the immunofluorescence staining, the β-catenin antibodies did not show nuclear expression, suggesting no uncontrolled proliferation. The data obtained in this study showed population and morphological stability of major salivary glands after 50 days post-infection by Leishmania (L) infantum chagasi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aírton M C Júnior
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Teresina 64049550, Brasil
| | | | | | - Luana C L Gomes
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Teresina 64049550, Brasil
| | - Andrezza B S da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Teresina 64049550, Brasil
| | | | - Ingrid M de Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Teresina 64049550, Brasil
| | | | - Márcia Dos Santos Rizzo
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Teresina 64049550, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Benedito B da Silva
- Maternal Child Departament, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Teresina 64049550, Brasil
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9
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Petrella V, Aceto S, Musacchia F, Colonna V, Robinson M, Benes V, Cicotti G, Bongiorno G, Gradoni L, Volf P, Salvemini M. De novo assembly and sex-specific transcriptome profiling in the sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera, Phlebotominae), a major Old World vector of Leishmania infantum. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:847. [PMID: 26493315 PMCID: PMC4619268 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The phlebotomine sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) is a major Old World vector of the protozoan Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases in humans and dogs, a worldwide re-emerging diseases of great public health concern, affecting 101 countries. Despite the growing interest in the study of this sand fly species in the last years, the development of genomic resources has been limited so far. To increase the available sequence data for P. perniciosus and to start studying the molecular basis of the sexual differentiation in sand flies, we performed whole transcriptome Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of adult males and females and de novo transcriptome assembly. Results We assembled 55,393 high quality transcripts, of which 29,292 were unique, starting from adult whole body male and female pools. 11,736 transcripts had at least one functional annotation, including full-length low abundance salivary transcripts, 981 transcripts were classified as putative long non-coding RNAs and 244 transcripts encoded for putative novel proteins specific of the Phlebotominae sub-family. Differential expression analysis identified 8590 transcripts significantly biased between sexes. Among them, some show relaxation of selective constraints when compared to their orthologs of the New World sand fly species Lutzomyia longipalpis. Conclusions In this paper, we present a comprehensive transcriptome resource for the sand fly species P. perniciosus built from short-read RNA-seq and we provide insights into sex-specific gene expression at adult stage. Our analysis represents a first step towards the identification of sex-specific genes and pathways and a foundation for forthcoming investigations into this important vector species, including the study of the evolution of sex-biased genes and of the sexual differentiation in phlebotomine sand flies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2088-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Petrella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - S Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - F Musacchia
- Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", Naples, Italy
| | - V Colonna
- National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
| | - M Robinson
- Institute of Molecular Life Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - V Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Cicotti
- Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, ICAR-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - G Bongiorno
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Gradoni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Soil Metagenomes from Different Pristine Environments of Northwest Argentina. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/4/e00926-15. [PMID: 26272581 PMCID: PMC4536692 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00926-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study to use a high-throughput metagenomic shotgun approach to explore the biosynthetic potential of soil metagenomes from different pristine environments of northwest Argentina. Our data sets characterize these metagenomes and provide information on the possible effect these ecosystems have on their diversity and biosynthetic potential.
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Metatranscriptomic Analysis of Larval Guts from Field-Collected and Laboratory-Reared Spodoptera frugiperda from the South American Subtropical Region. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/4/e00777-15. [PMID: 26184938 PMCID: PMC4505126 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00777-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study to report a high-throughput approach integrating gene expression data from Spodoptera frugiperda guts and their associated metatranscriptomes. Our datasets provide information on the potential effects of environmental conditions on the expression profile of S. frugiperda larval guts, their associated metatranscriptome, and putative interactions between them.
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de Amorim CF, Santos Albano Amóra S, Kazimoto TA, de Lima Costa KF, Silva LF, de Sousa MLR, Freitas YBN, Alves ND, Feijó FMC. Knowledge of the population about visceral leishmaniasis transmission in endemic areas near the banks of the Mossoró River in northeastern Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:3343-57. [PMID: 25809514 PMCID: PMC4377968 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120303343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an anthropozoonosis with high prevalence and incidence in the Northeastern region of Brazil. This study aimed to determine whether people living near the Mossoró River in the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, have knowledge of VL and to characterize the environmental properties of this region. Questionnaires were administered to 478 residents in three neighborhoods near the Mossoró River, addressing the population's knowledge about VL and environmental characteristics. Most survey participants were female, with ages between 18 and 40 years, 53.8% had completed primary education, and 61.5% owned pet dogs (p<0.05). The majority (95.9%) showed little knowledge about the characteristics inherent to sandflies, and 85.3% were unaware of the environments preferred by this vector (p<0.05). Sewage from the homes of respondents was mainly dumped into the river (44.6%), and 76.6% of the respondents complained about the accumulation of garbage in the streets (p<0.05). The association between education and knowledge about the transmission of VL and preferred vector locations was statistically significant (p<0.05). The lack of knowledge in the population about VL and the residential environment indicates a risk of maintaining sand fly habitats and hence disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fernandes de Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Sthenia Santos Albano Amóra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Aparecida Kazimoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Kalídia Felipe de Lima Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Luanna Fernandes Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Maressa Laíse Reginaldo de Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Yannara Barbosa Nogueira Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Nilza Dutra Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Marlon Carneiro Feijó
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade-Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rua José Acrísio, 37, Abolição 1, 59619-250 Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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An overview on Leishmania vaccines: A narrative review article. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2015; 6:1-7. [PMID: 25992245 PMCID: PMC4405679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the major health problems and categorized as a class I disease (emerging and uncontrolled) by World Health Organization (WHO), causing highly significant morbidity and mortality. Indeed, more than 350 million individuals are at risk of Leishmania infection, and about 1.6 million new cases occur causing more than 50 thousands death annually. Because of the severe toxicity and drug resistance, present chemotherapy regimen against diverse forms of Leishmania infections is not totally worthwhile. However, sound immunity due to natural infection, implies that vigor cellular immunity against Leishmania parasites, via their live, attenuated or killed forms, can be developed in dogs and humans. Moreover, genetically conserved antigens (in most of Leishmania species), and components of sand fly saliva confer potential immunogenic molecules for Leishmania vaccination. Vaccines successes in animal studies and some clinical trials clearly justify more researches and investments illuminating opportunities in suitable vaccine designation.
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Shelomi M, Jasper WC, Atallah J, Kimsey LS, Johnson BR. Differential expression of endogenous plant cell wall degrading enzyme genes in the stick insect (Phasmatodea) midgut. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:917. [PMID: 25331961 PMCID: PMC4221708 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) are an exclusively leaf-feeding order of insects with no record of omnivory, unlike other "herbivorous" Polyneoptera. They represent an ideal system for investigating the adaptations necessary for obligate folivory, including plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). However, their physiology and internal anatomy is poorly understood, with limited genomic resources available. RESULTS We de novo assembled transcriptomes for the anterior and posterior midguts of six diverse Phasmatodea species, with RNA-Seq on one exemplar species, Peruphasma schultei. The latter's assembly yielded >100,000 transcripts, with over 4000 transcripts uniquely or more highly expressed in specific midgut sections. Two to three dozen PCWDE encoding gene families, including cellulases and pectinases, were differentially expressed in the anterior midgut. These genes were also found in genomic DNA from phasmid brain tissue, suggesting endogenous production. Sequence alignments revealed catalytic sites on most PCWDE transcripts. While most phasmid PCWDE genes showed homology with those of other insects, the pectinases were homologous to bacterial genes. CONCLUSIONS We identified a large and diverse PCWDE repertoire endogenous to the phasmids. If these expressed genes are translated into active enzymes, then phasmids can theoretically break plant cell walls into their monomer components independently of microbial symbionts. The differential gene expression between the two midgut sections provides the first molecular hints as to their function in living phasmids. Our work expands the resources available for industrial applications of animal-derived PCWDEs, and facilitates evolutionary analysis of lower Polyneopteran digestive enzymes, including the pectinases whose origin in Phasmatodea may have been a horizontal transfer event from bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Shelomi
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - W Cameron Jasper
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Joel Atallah
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Lynn S Kimsey
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Brian R Johnson
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Carvalho GMDL, Brazil RP, Ramos MCDNF, Serra e Meira PCL, Zenóbio APLDA, Botelho HA, Sanguinette CDC, Saraiva L, Andrade Filho JD. Ecological aspects of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a cave of the speleological province of Bambuí, Brazil. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77158. [PMID: 24130847 PMCID: PMC3793969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomines are invertebrate hosts of Leishmania genus species which are etiological agents of leishmaniases in humans and other mammals. Sandflies are often collected in entomological studies of caves both in the inner area and the adjacent environments. Caves are ecotypes clearly different from the external environment. Several caves have been opened to public visitation before any studies were performed and the places do not have scientific monitoring of the fauna, flora, geological and geographical characteristics. These events can lead to the loss of geological and biological information. Considering these aspects, this study aimed to describe the sand fly fauna, including the ecological features, in a limestone cave at the Speleological Province of Bambuí (Minas Gerais State, Brazil). A total of 8,354 specimens of sandflies belonging to 29 species were analyzed: Lutzomyia cavernicola (20%), Nyssomyia intermedia (15%), Martinsmyia oliveirai (13%), Evandromyia spelunca (12%), Evandromyia sallesi (11%), Migonemyia migonei (9%), Nyssomyia whitmani (9%), Sciopemyia sordellii (4%) and Lutzomyia longipalpis (2%). The others species represent 5% of the total. This manuscript presents data found on richness, diversity, evenness and seasonality, comparing the sand fly fauna trapped in the cave and its surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Mayr de Lima Carvalho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Peçanha Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Helbert Antônio Botelho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lara Saraiva
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Dilermando Andrade Filho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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