Spontaneous detachment of the leading head contributes to myosin VI backward steps

Processivity and Velocity for Motors Stepping on Periodic Tracks

Processive molecular motors enable cargo transportation by assembling into dimers capable of taking several consecutive steps along a cytoskeletal filament. In the well-accepted hand-over-hand stepping mechanism, the trailing motor detaches from the track and binds the filament again in the leading position. This requires fuel consumption in the form of ATP hydrolysis and coordination of the catalytic cycles between the leading and the trailing heads. Alternate stepping pathways also exist, including inchworm-like movements, backward steps, and foot stomps. Whether all the pathways are coupled to ATP hydrolysis remains to be determined. Here, to establish the principles governing the dynamics of processive movement, we present a theoretical framework that includes all of the alternative stepping mechanisms. Our theory bridges the gap between the elemental rates describing the biochemical and structural transitions in each head and the experimentally measurable quantities such as velocity, processivity, and probability of backward stepping. Our results, obtained under the assumption that the track is periodic and infinite, provide expressions that hold regardless of the topology of the network connecting the intermediate states, and are therefore capable of describing the function of any molecular motor. We apply the theory to myosin VI, a motor that takes frequent backward steps and moves forward with a combination of hand-over-hand and inchworm-like steps. Our model quantitatively reproduces various observables of myosin VI motility reported by four experimental groups. The theory is used to predict the gating mechanism, the pathway for backward stepping, and the energy consumption as a function of ATP concentration.

A programmable DNA origami nanospring that reveals force-induced adjacent binding of myosin VI heads

Mechanosensitive biological nanomachines such as motor proteins and ion channels regulate diverse cellular behaviour. Combined optical trapping with single-molecule fluorescence imaging provides a powerful methodology to clearly characterize the mechanoresponse, structural dynamics and stability of such nanomachines. However, this system requires complicated experimental geometry, preparation and optics, and is limited by low data-acquisition efficiency. Here we develop a programmable DNA origami nanospring that overcomes these issues. We apply our nanospring to human myosin VI, a mechanosensory motor protein, and demonstrate nanometre-precision single-molecule fluorescence imaging of the individual motor domains (heads) under force. We observe force-induced transitions of myosin VI heads from non-adjacent to adjacent binding, which correspond to adapted roles for low-load and high-load transport, respectively. Our technique extends single-molecule studies under force and clarifies the effect of force on biological processes.

Characterizing the mechanical response of molecular motors involves the use of methods such as optical trapping to apply force. Here the authors develop a DNA origami nanospring to apply progressive force to human myosin VI, and discover that it adopts different stepping modes when subjected to low load or high load.

Lever arm extension of myosin VI is unnecessary for the adjacent binding state

Myosin VI is a processive myosin that has a unique stepping motion, which includes three kinds of steps: a large forward step, a small forward step and a backward step. Recently, we proposed the parallel lever arms model to explain the adjacent binding state, which is necessary for the unique motion. In this model, both lever arms are directed the same direction. However, experimental evidence has not refuted the possibility that the adjacent binding state emerges from myosin VI folding its lever arm extension (LAE). To clarify this issue, we constructed a myosin VI/V chimera that replaces the myosin VI LAE with the IQ3-6 domains of the myosin V lever arm, which cannot fold, and performed single molecule imaging. Our chimera showed the same stepping patterns as myosin VI, indicating the LAE is not responsible for the adjacent binding state.

Thermal fluctuation statistics in a molecular motor described by a multidimensional master equation

We present a theoretical investigation of thermal fluctuation statistics in a molecular motor. Energy transfer in the motor is described using a multidimensional discrete master equation with nearest-neighbor hopping. In this theory, energy transfer leads to statistical correlations between thermal fluctuations in different degrees of freedom. For long times, the energy transfer is a multivariate diffusion process with constant drift and diffusion. The fluctuations and drift align in the strong-coupling limit enabling a one-dimensional description along the coupled coordinate. We derive formal expressions for the probability distribution and simulate single trajectories of the system in the near- and far-from-equilibrium limits both for strong and weak coupling. Our results show that the hopping statistics provide an opportunity to distinguish different operating regimes.