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Tao K, Tao L, Huang J, Duan H, Luo Y, Li L. Complete chloroplast genome structural characterization of two Aerides (Orchidaceae) species with a focus on phylogenetic position of Aerides flabellata. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:552. [PMID: 38825700 PMCID: PMC11145882 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disputed phylogenetic position of Aerides flabellata Rolfe ex Downie, due to morphological overlaps with related species, was investigated based on evidence of complete chloroplast (cp) genomes. The structural characterization of complete cp genomes of A. flabellata and A. rosea Lodd. ex Lindl. & Paxton were analyzed and compared with those of six related species in "Vanda-Aerides alliance" to provide genomic information on taxonomy and phylogeny. RESULTS The cp genomes of A. flabellata and A. rosea exhibited conserved quadripartite structures, 148,145 bp and 147,925 bp in length, with similar GC content (36.7 ~ 36.8%). Gene annotations revealed 110 single-copy genes, 18 duplicated in inverted regions, and ten with introns. Comparative analysis across related species confirmed stable sequence identity and higher variation in single-copy regions. However, there are notable differences in the IR regions between two Aerides Lour. species and the other six related species. The phylogenetic analysis based on CDS from complete cp genomes indicated that Aerides species except A. flabellata formed a monophyletic clade nested in the subtribe Aeridinae, being a sister group to Renanthera Lour., consistent with previous studies. Meanwhile, a separate clade consisted of A. flabellata and six Vanda R. Br. species was formed, as a sister taxon to Holcoglossum Schltr. CONCLUSIONS This research was the first report on the complete cp genomes of A. flabellata. The results provided insights into understanding of plastome evolution and phylogenetic relationships of Aerides. The phylogenetic analysis based on complete cp genomes showed that A. flabellata should be placed in Vanda rather than in Aerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Tao
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Lei Tao
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Jialin Huang
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan, 653100, China
| | - Hanning Duan
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China.
| | - Lu Li
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China.
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Ya JD, Wang WT, Liu YL, Jiang H, Han ZD, Zhang T, Huang H, Cai J, Li DZ. Five new and noteworthy species of Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae) from southwestern China based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. PHYTOKEYS 2023; 235:211-236. [PMID: 38033625 PMCID: PMC10682981 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.235.111230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Five new orchid species from southwestern China's Yunnan Province and the Tibetan Autonomous Region, Neottialihengiae, Neottiachawalongensis, Papilionanthemotuoensis, Gastrochiluslihengiae, and Gastrochilusbernhardtianus, are described and illustrated. To confirm their identities, and to resolve phylogenetic relationships, we sequenced the complete plastomes of these taxa with their congeneric species, adding new plastomes of three Neottia species, two Papilionanthe species and nine Gastrochilus species. Combined with published plastid sequences, our well-resolved phylogeny supported the alliance of N.lihengiae with the the N.grandiflora + N.pinetorum clade. Neottiachawalongensis is now sister to N.alternifolia, while P.motuoensis is closely related to P.subulata + P.teres. Conversely, phylogenetic analyses based on complete plastomes and plastid sequences showed inconsistent relationships among taxa in the genus Gastrochilus, but the two new species, G.lihengiae and G.bernhardtianus were supported by all datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Dong Ya
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Wan-Ting Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun-Long Liu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Yunnan Laboratory for Conservation of Rare, Endangered & Endemic Forest Plants, Public Key Labotatory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Zhou-Dong Han
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Hua Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
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Zhang GQ, Chen GZ, Chen LJ, Zhai JW, Huang J, Wu XY, Li MH, Peng DH, Rao WH, Liu ZJ, Lan SR. Phylogenetic incongruence in Cymbidium orchids. PLANT DIVERSITY 2021; 43:452-461. [PMID: 35024514 PMCID: PMC8720702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cymbidium, which includes approximately 80 species, is one of the most ornamental and cultivated orchid genera. However, a lack of markers and sparse sampling have posed great challenges to resolving the phylogenetic relationships within the genus. In the present study, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships by utilizing one nuclear DNA (nrITS) and seven plastid genes (rbcL, trnS, trnG, matK, trnL, psbA, and atpI) from 70 species (varieties) in Cymbidium. We also examined the occurrence of phylogenetic conflict between nuclear (nrITS) and plastid loci and investigated how phylogenetic conflict bears on taxonomic classification within the genus. We found that phylogenetic conflict and low support values may be explained by hybridization and a lack of informative characteristics. Our results do not support previous classification of the subgenera and sections within Cymbidium. Discordance between gene trees and network analysis indicate that reticulate evolution occurred in the genus Cymbidium. Overall, our study indicates that Cymbidium has undergone a complex evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Forestry College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China
| | - Jun-Wen Zhai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China
| | - Ming-He Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dong-Hui Peng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wen-Hui Rao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518114, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Si-Ren Lan
- Forestry College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Thant MT, Sritularak B, Chatsumpun N, Mekboonsonglarp W, Punpreuk Y, Likhitwitayawuid K. Three Novel Biphenanthrene Derivatives and a New Phenylpropanoid Ester from Aerides multiflora and Their α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:385. [PMID: 33671404 PMCID: PMC7922108 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation on the whole plants of Aerides multiflora revealed the presence of three new biphenanthrene derivatives named aerimultins A-C (1-3) and a new natural phenylpropanoid ester dihydrosinapyl dihydroferulate (4), together with six known compounds (5-10). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by analysis of their spectroscopic data. All of the isolates were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Aerimultin C (3) showed the most potent activity. The other compounds, except for compound 4, also exhibited stronger activity than the positive control acarbose. Compound 3 showed non-competitive inhibition of the enzyme as determined from a Lineweaver-Burk plot. This study is the first phytochemical and biological investigation of A. multiflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Thazin Thant
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.T.T.); (K.L.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Pharmacy, Yangon 11031, Myanmar
| | - Boonchoo Sritularak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.T.T.); (K.L.)
- Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nutputsorn Chatsumpun
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Wanwimon Mekboonsonglarp
- Scientific and Technological Research Equipment Centre, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Yanyong Punpreuk
- Department of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Kittisak Likhitwitayawuid
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.T.T.); (K.L.)
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Chen JL, Tu XD, Liu DK, Zhang S, Li MH. The complete plastid genome of Holcoglossum singchianum (Orchidaceae, Vandeae). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2020; 5:390-391. [PMID: 33366570 PMCID: PMC7748776 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1704185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The complete plastid genome of Holcoglossum singchianum was determined and analyzed in this work. The plastome was 147,715 bp in length with 84,094 bp of the large single-copy (LSC) region, 12,073 bp of the small single-copy (SSC) region and 25,774 bp of the inverted repeat (IRs) regions. The genome contained 120 genes, 74 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of 20 Aeridinae plastomes suggested three groups of Holcoglossum were divided, and H. singchianum was sister to H. lingulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Liao Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Xiong-De Tu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Ding-Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources at College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Ming-He Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China.,Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources at College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
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Chen YB, Xie M, Guo ST, Zheng XY, Li H. Complete plastid genome of Holcoglossum tsii (Orchidaceae, Aeridinae) and phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2020; 5:281-282. [PMID: 33366520 PMCID: PMC7748626 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1700838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete plastid genome of Holcoglossum tsii was determined and analyzed in this work. The plastome was 146,897 bp in length with 83,366 bp of the large single-copy (LSC) region, 11,957 bp of the small single-copy (SSC) region, and 25,787 bp of the invert repeats (IR) regions. The genome contained 127 genes, 74 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis suggested H. tsii is sister to H. rupestre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bin Chen
- Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ming Xie
- Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Ting Guo
- Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Heng Li
- Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China
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Zhang GQ, Li MH, Su YY, Chen LJ, Lan SR, Liu ZJ. A new myco-heterotrophic genus, Yunorchis, and the molecular phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Calypsoeae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) inferred from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123382. [PMID: 25902264 PMCID: PMC4406536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a new holomycotrophic orchid that is related to the myco-heterotrophic Calypsoeae. Because chloroplast genes are primarily lacking or are highly divergent, key morphological characters are either reduced or lost from many myco-heterotrophs, and the phylogenetic relationships of weakly supported paraphyletic Calypsoeae within Epidendroideae have been poorly understood in previous molecular systematic studies. Using chloroplast rbcL, psaB, and matK and nuclear Xdh and ITS sequences, we determined the circumscription and systematic positions of the new orchid and the tribe. The results indicate that the epidendroid taxa include most of the clades that are successively sister to the grade of clades representing previously recognized tribes. Calypsoeae comprising four well-supported clades with 12 genera (except for the previous temporarily placed Wullschlaegelia) is supported as a monophyletic and sister clade to Epidendreae (excluding Coeliinae). The new orchid is nested in Calypsoeae and is a sister to Dactylostalix and/or Calypso. This new holomycotrophic orchid presents a subumbel inflorescence that grows underground, and flower with a long pedicel reputing the ground to open and two fragments at the base of the hook, which are obviously morphologically different from those of Calypsoeae. To accommodate this species in the current generic circumscription, a new genus Yunorchis was created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ming-He Li
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yong-Yu Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Si-Ren Lan
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zou LH, Huang JX, Zhang GQ, Liu ZJ, Zhuang XY. A molecular phylogeny of Aeridinae (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) inferred from multiple nuclear and chloroplast regions. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 85:247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cakova V, Urbain A, Antheaume C, Rimlinger N, Wehrung P, Bonté F, Lobstein A. Identification of phenanthrene derivatives in Aerides rosea (Orchidaceae) using the combined systems HPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS and HPLC-DAD-MS-SPE-UV-NMR. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2015; 26:34-39. [PMID: 25130411 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In our continued efforts to contribute to the general knowledge on the chemical diversity of orchids, we have decided to focus our investigations on the Aeridinae subtribe. Following our previous phytochemical study of Vanda coerulea, which has led to the identification of phenanthrene derivatives, a closely related species, Aerides rosea Lodd. ex Lindl. & Paxton, was chosen for investigation. OBJECTIVE To identify new secondary metabolites, and to avoid isolation of those already known, by means of the combined systems HPLC-DAD(diode-array detector) with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) and HPLC-DAD-MS-SPE(solid-phase extraction)-UV-NMR. METHODS A dereplication strategy was developed using a HPLC-DAD-HRMS/MS targeted method and applied to fractions from A. rosea stem extract. Characterisation of unknown minor compounds was then performed using the combined HPLC-DAD-MS-SPE-UV-NMR system. RESULTS The dereplication method allowed the characterisation of four compounds (gigantol, imbricatin, methoxycoelonin and coelonin), previously isolated from Vanda coerulea stem extract. The analyses of two fractions permitted the identification of five additional minor constituents including one phenanthropyran, two phenanthrene and two dihydrophenanthrene derivatives. The full set of NMR data of each compound was obtained from microgram quantities. CONCLUSION Nine secondary metabolites were characterised in A. rosea stems, utilising HPLC systems combined with high-resolution analytical systems. Two of them are newly described phenanthrene derivatives: aerosanthrene (5-methoxyphenanthrene-2,3,7-triol) and aerosin (3-methoxy-9,10-dihydro-2,5,7-phenanthrenetriol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Cakova
- University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Bioactive Natural Products, 74, route du Rhin, CS60024, 67400, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; LVMH recherche, 185 avenue de Verdun, 45800, Saint Jean de Braye, France
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