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de Lope-Planelles A, González-Novo R, Madrazo E, Peralta-Carrero G, Cruz Rodríguez MP, Zamora-Carreras H, Torrano V, López-Menéndez H, Roda-Navarro P, Monroy F, Redondo-Muñoz J. Mechanical stress confers nuclear and functional changes in derived leukemia cells from persistent confined migration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:316. [PMID: 37801090 PMCID: PMC10558412 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear deformability plays a critical role in cell migration. During this process, the remodeling of internal components of the nucleus has a direct impact on DNA damage and cell behavior; however, how persistent migration promotes nuclear changes leading to phenotypical and functional consequences remains poorly understood. Here, we described that the persistent migration through physical barriers was sufficient to promote permanent modifications in migratory-altered cells. We found that derived cells from confined migration showed changes in lamin B1 localization, cell morphology and transcription. Further analysis confirmed that migratory-altered cells showed functional differences in DNA repair, cell response to chemotherapy and cell migration in vivo homing experiments. Experimental modulation of actin polymerization affected the redistribution of lamin B1, and the basal levels of DNA damage in migratory-altered cells. Finally, since major nuclear changes were present in migratory-altered cells, we applied a multidisciplinary biochemical and biophysical approach to identify that confined conditions promoted a different biomechanical response of the nucleus in migratory-altered cells. Our observations suggest that mechanical compression during persistent cell migration has a role in stable nuclear and genomic alterations that might handle the genetic instability and cellular heterogeneity in aging diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana de Lope-Planelles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel González-Novo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Madrazo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gracia Peralta-Carrero
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar Cruz Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Zamora-Carreras
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Torrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Horacio López-Menéndez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Translational Biophysics, Hospital Doce de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University Complutense de Madrid and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (Imas12) Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Monroy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Translational Biophysics, Hospital Doce de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Redondo-Muñoz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Magalhaes YT, Boell VK, Cardella GD, Forti FL. Downregulation of the Rho GTPase pathway abrogates resistance to ionizing radiation in wild-type p53 glioblastoma by suppressing DNA repair mechanisms. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:283. [PMID: 37085490 PMCID: PMC10121706 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common aggressive brain tumor, is characterized by rapid cellular infiltration and is routinely treated with ionizing radiation (IR), but therapeutic resistance inevitably recurs. The actin cytoskeleton of glioblastoma cells provides their high invasiveness, but it remains unclear whether Rho GTPases modulate DNA damage repair and therapeutic sensitivity. Here, we irradiated glioblastoma cells with different p53 status and explored the effects of Rho pathway inhibition to elucidate how actin cytoskeleton disruption affects the DNA damage response and repair pathways. p53-wild-type and p53-mutant cells were subjected to Rho GTPase pathway modulation by treatment with C3 toxin; knockdown of mDia-1, PFN1 and MYPT1; or treatment with F-actin polymerization inhibitors. Rho inhibition increased the sensitivity of glioma cells to IR by increasing the number of DNA double-strand breaks and delaying DNA repair by nonhomologous end-joining in p53-wild-type cells. p53 knockdown reversed this phenotype by reducing p21 expression and Rho signaling activity, whereas reactivation of p53 in p53-mutant cells by treatment with PRIMA-1 reversed these effects. The interdependence between p53 and Rho is based on nuclear p53 translocation facilitated by G-actin and enhanced by IR. Isolated IR-resistant p53-wild-type cells showed an altered morphology and increased stress fiber formation: inhibition of Rho or actin polymerization decreased cell viability in a p53-dependent manner and reversed the resistance phenotype. p53 silencing reversed the Rho inhibition-induced sensitization of IR-resistant cells. Rho inhibition also impaired the repair of IR-damaged DNA in 3D spheroid models. Rho GTPase activity and actin cytoskeleton dynamics are sensitive targets for the reversal of acquired resistance in GBM tumors with wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Thamires Magalhaes
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viktor Kalbermatter Boell
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Duo Cardella
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Luis Forti
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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3
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Li J, Dai F, Kou X, Wu B, Xu J, He S. β-Actin: An Emerging Biomarker in Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:683-696. [PMID: 35556192 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
At present, the diagnosis of ischemic stroke mainly depends on neuroimaging technology, but it still has many limitations. Therefore, it is very important to find new biomarkers of ischemic stroke. Recently, β-actin has attracted extensive attention as a biomarker of a variety of cancers. Although several recent studies have been investigating its role in ischemic stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases, the understanding of this emerging biomarker in neurology is still limited. We examined human and preclinical studies to gain a comprehensive understanding of the literature on the subject. Most relevant literatures focus on preclinical research, and pay more attention to the role of β-actin in the process of cerebral ischemia, but some recent literatures reported that in human studies, serum β-actin increased significantly in the early stage of acute cerebral ischemia. This review will investigate the basic biology of β-actin, pay attention to the potential role of serum β-actin as an early diagnostic blood biomarker of ischemic stroke, and explore its potential mechanism in ischemic stroke and new strategies for stroke treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Li
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fangyu Dai
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuelian Kou
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Songbin He
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Bamburg JR, Minamide LS, Wiggan O, Tahtamouni LH, Kuhn TB. Cofilin and Actin Dynamics: Multiple Modes of Regulation and Their Impacts in Neuronal Development and Degeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102726. [PMID: 34685706 PMCID: PMC8534876 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin family are ubiquitous among eukaryotes and are essential regulators of actin dynamics and function. Mammalian neurons express cofilin-1 as the major isoform, but ADF and cofilin-2 are also expressed. All isoforms bind preferentially and cooperatively along ADP-subunits in F-actin, affecting the filament helical rotation, and when either alone or when enhanced by other proteins, promotes filament severing and subunit turnover. Although self-regulating cofilin-mediated actin dynamics can drive motility without post-translational regulation, cells utilize many mechanisms to locally control cofilin, including cooperation/competition with other proteins. Newly identified post-translational modifications function with or are independent from the well-established phosphorylation of serine 3 and provide unexplored avenues for isoform specific regulation. Cofilin modulates actin transport and function in the nucleus as well as actin organization associated with mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. Under neuronal stress conditions, cofilin-saturated F-actin fragments can undergo oxidative cross-linking and bundle together to form cofilin-actin rods. Rods form in abundance within neurons around brain ischemic lesions and can be rapidly induced in neurites of most hippocampal and cortical neurons through energy depletion or glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. In ~20% of rodent hippocampal neurons, rods form more slowly in a receptor-mediated process triggered by factors intimately connected to disease-related dementias, e.g., amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s disease. This rod-inducing pathway requires a cellular prion protein, NADPH oxidase, and G-protein coupled receptors, e.g., CXCR4 and CCR5. Here, we will review many aspects of cofilin regulation and its contribution to synaptic loss and pathology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.S.M.); (O.W.); (L.H.T.); (T.B.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-988-9120; Fax: +1-970-491-0494
| | - Laurie S. Minamide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.S.M.); (O.W.); (L.H.T.); (T.B.K.)
| | - O’Neil Wiggan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.S.M.); (O.W.); (L.H.T.); (T.B.K.)
| | - Lubna H. Tahtamouni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.S.M.); (O.W.); (L.H.T.); (T.B.K.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Thomas B. Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.S.M.); (O.W.); (L.H.T.); (T.B.K.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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5
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Ren W, Zhao W, Cao L, Huang J. Involvement of the Actin Machinery in Programmed Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:634849. [PMID: 33634110 PMCID: PMC7900405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.634849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) depicts a genetically encoded and an orderly mode of cellular mortality. When triggered by internal or external stimuli, cells initiate PCDs through evolutionary conserved regulatory mechanisms. Actin, as a multifunctional cytoskeleton protein that forms microfilament, its integrity and dynamics are essential for a variety of cellular processes (e.g., morphogenesis, membrane blebbing and intracellular transport). Decades of work have broadened our knowledge about different types of PCDs and their distinguished signaling pathways. However, an ever-increasing pool of evidences indicate that the delicate relationship between PCDs and the actin cytoskeleton is beginning to be elucidated. The purpose of this article is to review the current understanding of the relationships between different PCDs and the actin machinery (actin, actin-binding proteins and proteins involved in different actin signaling pathways), in the hope that this attempt can shed light on ensuing studies and the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weida Ren
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingbo Cao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Huang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Vikramdeo KS, Saha P, Dutta S, Kumar N, Roy Chowdhury A, Kumar S, Tyagi RK, Ghosh I, Datta K. Hyaluronan-binding protein 1 (HABP1) overexpression triggers induction of senescence in fibroblasts cells. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1312-1330. [PMID: 32068317 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan-binding protein 1 (HABP1), a multi-compartmental, multi-functional protein has a wide range of functions, which can be attributed to its ability to associate with a variety of cellular ligands. Earlier we have reported that HABP1 overexpression in rat normal fibroblasts (F-HABP07) shows chronic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of autophagy, and apoptosis. However, a significant proportion of cells remained viable after the majority went through apoptosis from 60 to 72 h. In this study, an attempt has been made to delineate the cellular events in the declined population of surviving cells. It has been elucidated here that, these cells at later time points of growth, that is, 72 and 84 h, not only appeared to shrink but also are devoid of autophagic vacuoles and displayed polyploidy. F-HABP07 cells exhibited an altered cytoskeletal structure from their parental cell line F111, assumed to be caused upon inhibition of actin polymerization and decrease in IQ motif-containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1), a key protein associated with maintenance of cytoskeletal integrity. Enhanced expression and nuclear localization of AKT observed in F-HABP07 cells appears to be contributing toward the maintenance of high ROS levels in these cells and also potentially modulating the IQGAP1 activity. These observations, in fact have been considered to result in sustained DNA damage, which then leads to increased expression of p53 and activation of p21 and carry out the cellular events responsible for senescence. Subsequent assessment of the presence of positive β-gal staining and enhanced expression of p16INK4a in F-HABP07, confirmed that HABP1 overexpressing fibroblasts undergo senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwar Somesh Vikramdeo
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Paramita Saha
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shubhra Dutta
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Anindya Roy Chowdhury
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tyagi
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ilora Ghosh
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kasturi Datta
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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8
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Qi W, Li J, Pei X, Ke Y, Bu Q, Ni X. β-Actin facilitates etoposide-induced p53 nuclear import. J Biosci 2020; 45:34. [PMID: 32098913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a tumor suppressor, p53 preserves genomic integrity in eukaryotes. However, limited evidence is available for the p53 shuttling between the cytoplasm and nucleus. Previous studies have shown that β-actin polymerization negatively regulates p53 nuclear import through its interaction with p53. In this study, we found that DNA damage induces both β-actin and p53 accumulation in the nucleus. β-actin knockdown impaired the nuclear transport of p53. Additionally, β-actin could interact with p53 which was enhanced in response to genotoxic stress. Furthermore, N terminal deletion mutants of p53 shows reduced levels of association with β-actin. We further identified Ser15, Thr18 and Ser20 of p53 are critical to the β-actin: p53 interaction, which upon mutation into alanine abrogates the binding. Taken together, this study reveals that β-actin regulates the nuclear import of p53 through protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Qi
- Department of Bioscience, Changchun Normal University, 677 Changji Northroad, Changchun 130032, Jilin, China
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9
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Pranatharthi A, Thomas P, Udayashankar AH, Bhavani C, Suresh SB, Krishna S, Thatte J, Srikantia N, Ross CR, Srivastava S. RhoC regulates radioresistance via crosstalk of ROCK2 with the DNA repair machinery in cervical cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:392. [PMID: 31488179 PMCID: PMC6729006 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Radioresistance remains a challenge to the successful treatment of various tumors. Intrinsic factors like alterations in signaling pathways regulate response to radiation. RhoC, which has been shown to modulate several tumor phenotypes has been investigated in this report for its role in radioresistance. In vitro and clinical sample-based studies have been performed to understand its contribution to radiation response in cervical cancer and this is the first report to establish the role of RhoC and its effector ROCK2 in cervical cancer radiation response. Methods Biochemical, transcriptomic and immunological approaches including flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to understand the role of RhoC and ROCK2. RhoC variants, siRNA and chemical inhibitors were used to alter the function of RhoC and ROCK2. Transcriptomic profiling was performed to understand the gene expression pattern of the cells. Live sorting using an intracellular antigen has been developed to isolate the cells for transcriptomic studies. Results Enhanced expression of RhoC conferred radioprotection on the tumor cells while inhibition of RhoC resulted in sensitization of cells to radiation. The RhoC overexpressing cells had a better DNA repair machinery as observed using transcriptomic analysis. Similarly, overexpression of ROCK2, protected tumor cells against radiation while its inhibition increased radiosensitivity in vitro. Further investigations revealed that ROCK2 inhibition abolished the radioresistance phenotype, conferred by RhoC on SiHa cells, confirming that it is a downstream effector of RhoC in this context. Additionally, transcriptional analysis of the live sorted ROCK2 high and ROCK2 low expressing SiHa cells revealed an upregulation of the DNA repair pathway proteins. Consequently, inhibition of ROCK2 resulted in reduced expression of pH2Ax and MRN complex proteins, critical to repair of double strand breaks. Clinical sample-based studies also demonstrated that ROCK2 inhibition sensitizes tumor cells to irradiation. Conclusions Our data primarily indicates that RhoC and ROCK2 signaling is important for the radioresistance phenotype in cervical cancer tumor cells and is regulated via association of ROCK2 with the proteins of DNA repair pathway involving pH2Ax, MRE11 and RAD50 proteins, partly offering insights into the mechanism of radioresistance in tumor cells. These findings highlight RhoC-ROCK2 signaling involvement in DNA repair and urge the need for development of these molecules as targets to alleviate the non-responsiveness of cervical cancer tumor cells to irradiation treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1385-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Pranatharthi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, 560065, India.,Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560041, India.,Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Department of Medicine, St. John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Pavana Thomas
- School of Integrative Health Sciences, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, 560064, India.,Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), St. John's Research Institute (SJRI), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Avinash H Udayashankar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Chandra Bhavani
- Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), St. John's Research Institute (SJRI), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Srinag Bangalore Suresh
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560041, India.,Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Department of Medicine, St. John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Sudhir Krishna
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Jayashree Thatte
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Nirmala Srikantia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Cecil R Ross
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560041, India.,Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Department of Medicine, St. John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Sweta Srivastava
- Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, St. John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India. .,School of Integrative Health Sciences, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, 560064, India.
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10
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Ermakov A, Daks A, Fedorova O, Shuvalov O, Barlev NA. Ca 2+ -depended signaling pathways regulate self-renewal and pluripotency of stem cells. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1086-1096. [PMID: 29851182 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ -mediated signaling is widely spread in nature and plays critical role in the individual development of various organisms ranging from microorganisms to mammals. In vertebrates, Ca2+ is involved in important developmental events: fertilization, body plan establishment, and organogenesis. The two later events are defined by embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ESCs are capable of self-renewal and are pluripotent by nature, that is, can give rise to all types of cells that make up the body. Given the paramount importance of Ca2+ signalization in the development, it is therefore not surprising this process also plays role in the biology of stem cells. In this review, we scrutinize the published experimental data on the role of Ca2+ ions in embryonic stem cells self-renewal and pluripotency. In line with this, we also discuss possible mechanisms of p53 inhibition as a major hindrance to self-renewal of ESCs. Finally, we argue about the role of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of heteromeric transmembrane receptors, and GPCR-mediated signalization in stem cells, and propose the role for the GPCR-G-protein-PLC-Ca2+ -downstream signaling pathway in the regulation of pluripotency of both mouse and human ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Oleg Shuvalov
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia
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11
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Barabutis N, Dimitropoulou C, Gregory B, Catravas JD. Wild-type p53 enhances endothelial barrier function by mediating RAC1 signalling and RhoA inhibition. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:1792-1804. [PMID: 29363851 PMCID: PMC5824363 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the major cause of endothelial barrier hyper‐permeability, associated with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. This study reports that p53 “orchestrates” the defence of vascular endothelium against LPS, by mediating the opposing actions of Rac1 and RhoA in pulmonary tissues. Human lung microvascular endothelial cells treated with HSP90 inhibitors activated both Rac1‐ and P21‐activated kinase, which is an essential element of vascular barrier function. 17AAG increased the phosphorylation of both LIMK and cofilin, in contrast to LPS which counteracted those effects. Mouse lung microvascular endothelial cells exposed to LPS exhibited decreased expression of phospho‐cofilin. 17AAG treatment resulted in reduced levels of active cofilin. Silencing of cofilin pyridoxal phosphate phosphatase (PDXP) blocked the LPS‐induced hyper‐permeability, and P53 inhibition reversed the 17AAG‐induced PDXP down‐regulation. P190RHOGAP suppression enhanced the LPS‐triggered barrier dysfunction in endothelial monolayers. 17AAG treatment resulted in P190RHOGAP induction and blocked the LPS‐induced pMLC2 up‐regulation in wild‐type mice. Pulmonary endothelial cells from “super p53” mice, which carry additional p53‐tg alleles, exhibited a lower response to LPS than the controls. Collectively, our findings help elucidate the mechanisms by which p53 operates to enhance barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios Barabutis
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | | | - Betsy Gregory
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - John D Catravas
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,School of Medical Diagnostic & Translational Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
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12
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Liu T, Wang F, LePochat P, Woo JAA, Bukhari MZ, Hong KW, Trotter C, Kang DE. Cofilin-mediated Neuronal Apoptosis via p53 Translocation and PLD1 Regulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11532. [PMID: 28912445 PMCID: PMC5599510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation is an early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), leading to mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction, tau accumulation, and eventual neuronal death. While the p53 apoptotic pathway has clearly been associated with Aβ deposits and neuronal apoptosis, the critical upstream factors contributing to p53 activation in AD are not well understood. We have previously shown that cofilin activation plays a pivotal role in Aβ-induced mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction. In this study, we show that activated cofilin (S3A) preferentially forms a complex with p53 and promotes its mitochondrial and nuclear localization, resulting in transcription of p53-responsive genes and promotion of apoptosis. Conversely, reduction of endogenous cofilin by knockdown or genetic deficiency inhibits mitochondrial and nuclear translocation of p53 in cultured cells and in APP/PS1 mice. This cofilin-p53 pro-apoptotic pathway is subject to negative regulation by PLD1 thorough cofilin inactivation and inhibition of cofilin/p53 complex formation. Finally, activated cofilin is unable to induce apoptosis in cells genetically lacking p53. These findings taken together indicate that cofilin coopts and requires the nuclear and mitochondrial pro-apoptotic p53 program to induce and execute apoptosis, while PLD1 functions in a regulatory multi-brake capacity in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Department of Molecular of Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Department of Molecular of Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Patrick LePochat
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Department of Molecular of Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Jung-A A Woo
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Department of Molecular of Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Mohammed Zaheen Bukhari
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Department of Molecular of Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Kyung Woo Hong
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Department of Molecular of Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Courtney Trotter
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Department of Molecular of Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - David E Kang
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Department of Molecular of Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA. .,James A. Haley Veteran's Administration Hospital, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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13
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G-actin guides p53 nuclear transport: potential contribution of monomeric actin in altered localization of mutant p53. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32626. [PMID: 27601274 PMCID: PMC5013524 DOI: 10.1038/srep32626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 preserves genomic integrity by restricting anomaly at the gene level. Till date, limited information is available for cytosol to nuclear shuttling of p53; except microtubule-based trafficking route, which utilizes minus-end directed motor dynein. The present study suggests that monomeric actin (G-actin) guides p53 traffic towards the nucleus. Histidine-tag pull-down assay using purified p53(1–393)-His and G-actin confirms direct physical association between p53 and monomeric G-actin. Co-immunoprecipitation data supports the same. Confocal imaging explores intense perinuclear colocalization between p53 and G-actin. To address atomistic details of the complex, constraint-based docked model of p53:G-actin complex was generated based on crystal structures. MD simulation reveals that p53 DNA-binding domain arrests very well the G-actin protein. Docking benchmark studies have been carried out for a known crystal structure, 1YCS (complex between p53DBD and BP2), which validates the docking protocol we adopted. Co-immunoprecipitation study using “hot-spot” p53 mutants suggested reduced G-actin association with cancer-associated p53 conformational mutants (R175H and R249S). Considering these findings, we hypothesized that point mutation in p53 structure, which diminishes p53:G-actin complexation results in mutant p53 altered subcellular localization. Our model suggests p53Arg249 form polar-contact with Arg357 of G-actin, which upon mutation, destabilizes p53:G-actin interaction and results in cytoplasmic retention of p53R249S.
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14
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Simulated microgravity inhibits osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via depolymerizing F-actin to impede TAZ nuclear translocation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30322. [PMID: 27444891 PMCID: PMC4957213 DOI: 10.1038/srep30322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgravity induces observed bone loss in space flight, and reduced osteogenesis of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) partly contributes to this phenomenon. Abnormal regulation or functioning of the actin cytoskeleton induced by microgravity may cause the inhibited osteogenesis of BMSCs, but the underlying mechanism remains obscure. In this study, we demonstrated that actin cytoskeletal changes regulate nuclear aggregation of the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), which is indispensable for osteogenesis of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Moreover, we utilized a clinostat to model simulated microgravity (SMG) and demonstrated that SMG obviously depolymerized F-actin and hindered TAZ nuclear translocation. Interestingly, stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton induced by Jasplakinolide (Jasp) significantly rescued TAZ nuclear translocation and recovered the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in SMG, independently of large tumor suppressor 1(LATS1, an upstream kinase of TAZ). Furthermore, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) also significantly recovered the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in SMG through the F-actin-TAZ pathway. Taken together, we propose that the depolymerized actin cytoskeleton inhibits osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs through impeding nuclear aggregation of TAZ, which provides a novel connection between F-actin cytoskeleton and osteogenesis of BMSCs and has important implications in bone loss caused by microgravity.
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15
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Nuclear deformability and telomere dynamics are regulated by cell geometric constraints. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:E32-40. [PMID: 26699462 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513189113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Forces generated by the cytoskeleton can be transmitted to the nucleus and chromatin via physical links on the nuclear envelope and the lamin meshwork. Although the role of these active forces in modulating prestressed nuclear morphology has been well studied, the effect on nuclear and chromatin dynamics remains to be explored. To understand the regulation of nuclear deformability by these active forces, we created different cytoskeletal states in mouse fibroblasts using micropatterned substrates. We observed that constrained and isotropic cells, which lack long actin stress fibers, have more deformable nuclei than elongated and polarized cells. This nuclear deformability altered in response to actin, myosin, formin perturbations, or a transcriptional down-regulation of lamin A/C levels in the constrained and isotropic geometry. Furthermore, to probe the effect of active cytoskeletal forces on chromatin dynamics, we tracked the spatiotemporal dynamics of heterochromatin foci and telomeres. We observed increased dynamics and decreased correlation of the heterochromatin foci and telomere trajectories in constrained and isotropic cell geometry. The observed enhanced dynamics upon treatment with actin depolymerizing reagents in elongated and polarized geometry were regained once the reagent was washed off, suggesting an inherent structural memory in chromatin organization. We conclude that active forces from the cytoskeleton and rigidity from lamin A/C nucleoskeleton can together regulate nuclear and chromatin dynamics. Because chromatin remodeling is a necessary step in transcription control and its memory, genome integrity, and cellular deformability during migration, our results highlight the importance of cell geometric constraints as critical regulators in cell behavior.
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16
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SMIFH2 has effects on Formins and p53 that perturb the cell cytoskeleton. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9802. [PMID: 25925024 PMCID: PMC5386218 DOI: 10.1038/srep09802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Formin proteins are key regulators of the cytoskeleton involved in developmental and homeostatic programs, and human disease. For these reasons, small molecules interfering with Formins' activity have gained increasing attention. Among them, small molecule inhibitor of Formin Homology 2 domains (SMIFH2) is often used as a pharmacological Formin blocker. Although SMIFH2 inhibits actin polymerization by Formins and affects the actin cytoskeleton, its cellular mechanism of action and target specificity remain unclear. Here we show that SMIFH2 induces remodelling of actin filaments, microtubules and the Golgi complex as a result of its effects on Formins and p53. We found that SMIFH2 triggers alternated depolymerization-repolymerization cycles of actin and tubulin, increases cell migration, causes scattering of the Golgi complex, and also cytotoxicity at high dose. Moreover, SMIFH2 reduces expression and activity of p53 through a post-transcriptional, proteasome-independent mechanism that influences remodelling of the cytoskeleton. As the action of SMIFH2 may go beyond Formin inhibition, only short-term and low-dose SMIFH2 treatments minimize confounding effects induced by loss of p53 and cytotoxicity.
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17
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Chang CY, Leu JD, Lee YJ. The actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin signaling pathway and DNA damage responses in cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4095-120. [PMID: 25689427 PMCID: PMC4346946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16024095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin protein family is essential for actin dynamics, cell division, chemotaxis and tumor metastasis. Cofilin-1 (CFL-1) is a primary non-muscle isoform of the ADF/cofilin protein family accelerating the actin filamental turnover in vitro and in vivo. In response to environmental stimulation, CFL-1 enters the nucleus to regulate the actin dynamics. Although the purpose of this cytoplasm-nucleus transition remains unclear, it is speculated that the interaction between CFL-1 and DNA may influence various biological responses, including DNA damage repair. In this review, we will discuss the possible involvement of CFL-1 in DNA damage responses (DDR) induced by ionizing radiation (IR), and the implications for cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Der Leu
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Taipei City Hospital RenAi Branch, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jang Lee
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center (BMIRC), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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18
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Strozynski J, Heim J, Bunbanjerdsuk S, Wiesmann N, Zografidou L, Becker SK, Meierl AM, Gouveris H, Lüddens H, Grus F, Brieger J. Proteomic identification of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K as irradiation responsive protein related to migration. J Proteomics 2014; 113:154-61. [PMID: 25281771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Irradiation resistance is a major obstacle of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) therapy, limiting treatment success and patient survival. The aim of our experiments was to identify irradiation-regulated proteins as potential drug targets. Two established HNSCC cell lines (HNSCCUM-01T and HNSCCUM-02T) were treated with a single 8Gy (Gray) fraction of irradiation. Changes in cellular protein expression were studied after 24h by means of 2D-electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry. Ninety-four differentially expressed proteins were identified. The expression levels of four proteins were regulated similarly in both cell lines after irradiation treatment, i.e., GRP78, PRDX, ACTC, and the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK), suggesting a relevant role during irradiation response. hnRNPK as a p53 interacting protein was verified by Western blotting and immunocytochemical staining as well as functionally analyzed. Knock-down by the use of siRNA resulted in only slightly reduced viability, however, migratory activity was strongly reduced. Combined application of siRNA against hnRNPK and irradiation reduced migration almost completely. We conclude that hnRNPK is potentially implicated in the radiogenic response of HNSCC. The inhibition of hnRNPK might reduce the metastasizing potential of HNSCC especially in combination with irradiation and suggest that this molecule should be further evaluated in this context. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE We showed completely impaired migration of irradiated hnRNPK-knock-out HNSCC cells, suggesting this molecule as a potential drug target in combined treatment schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Strozynski
- Molecular Tumor Biology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Heim
- Molecular Tumor Biology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sacarin Bunbanjerdsuk
- Molecular Tumor Biology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Wiesmann
- Molecular Tumor Biology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lea Zografidou
- Molecular Tumor Biology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simone Katharina Becker
- Molecular Tumor Biology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Meierl
- Molecular Tumor Biology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Haralampos Gouveris
- Molecular Tumor Biology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Lüddens
- Molecular Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Mainz, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brieger
- Molecular Tumor Biology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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19
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Panni S, Salvioli S, Santonico E, Langone F, Storino F, Altilia S, Franceschi C, Cesareni G, Castagnoli L. The adapter protein CD2AP binds to p53 protein in the cytoplasm and can discriminate its polymorphic variants P72R. J Biochem 2014; 157:101-11. [PMID: 25261582 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich motifs are widely distributed in eukaryotic proteomes and are usually involved in the assembly of functional complexes through interaction with specific binding modules. The tumour-suppressor p53 protein presents a proline-rich region that is crucial for regulating apoptosis by connecting the p53 with a complex protein network. In humans, a common polymorphism determines the identity of residue 72, either proline or arginine, and affects the features of the motifs present in the polyproline domain. The two isoforms have different biochemical properties and markedly influence cancer onset and progression. In this article, we analyse the binding of the p53 proline-rich region with a pool of selected polyproline binding domains (i.e. SH3 and WW), and we present the first demonstration that the purified SH3 domains of the CD2AP/Cin85 protein family are able to directly bind the p53 protein, and to discriminate between the two polymorphic variants P72R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Panni
- Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy
| | - Elena Santonico
- Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy
| | - Francesca Langone
- Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy
| | - Francesca Storino
- Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy
| | - Serena Altilia
- Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy
| | - Gianni Cesareni
- Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy
| | - Luisa Castagnoli
- Department DiBEST, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy; DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; CIG, Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00100, Italy; and Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00100, Italy
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