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Liang L, Ge K, Zhang F, Ge Y. The suppressive effect of co-inhibiting PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression on H22 hepatomas in mice. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:58. [PMID: 30564277 PMCID: PMC6295075 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We investigated the suppressive effect of siRNA-mediated co-inhibition of PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression on H22 hepatomas in mice. Methods Murine H22 cells were cultured in vivo in ICR mice. An allograft tumor model was also established in another ICR mouse group. The tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, single PD-1 siRNA, single CTLA-4 siRNA, and double PD-1 + CTLA-4 siRNAs. The survival time and physiological condition of the mice were observed after the injection of the siRNAs and placebo. The volume and weight of the solid tumor were measured to assess the inhibition of the tumor. To assess the effects of siRNAs on mouse immune function, the protein levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 in the blood and PD-L1 in the tumor and liver were determined using ELISA, and the mRNA levels of IFN-γ, PD-L1, PD-1, CTLA-4, IL-6 and Survivin in the tumor, liver and spleen were determined using quantitative RT-PCR. The ratios of Bax and Bcl-2 protein were determined via western blot to analyze the effect of siRNAs on tumor cell apoptosis. Results The anti-tumor effect appeared in all groups with siRNA-mediated inhibition. The tumor growth suppression was stronger in the group with double inhibition. The weight and volume of the tumors were significantly lower and the survival rate improved in the three siRNA groups. IFN-γ levels increased but IL-10 levels decreased in the blood of the siRNA group mice compared with the results for the control group. In the tumor and spleen tissue, the IFN-γ levels significantly increased, but in the liver tissue they significantly decreased in the three siRNA groups. The results of quantitative RT-PCR showed that the mRNAs for PD-1 and CTLA-4 were downregulated in spleen tissue in the three siRNA groups, while the PD-L1 mRNA and protein levels increased significantly in the tumor, but decreased in the liver. Survivin and IL-6 mRNA levels decreased in the tumor. Western blot results showed that ratio of Bax and Bcl-2 had significantly increased. These results indicated that downregulating PD-1 and CTLA-4 could increase the body’s immune response and promote apoptosis of tumor cells. Conclusion Co-inhibiting the expressions of PD-1 and CTLA-4 can effectively suppress the growth of H22 hepatoma and promote the apoptosis of tumor cells in mice. Blocking PD-1 and CTLA-4 can improve the vitality of T cells, and improve the immune environment and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Liang
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021 Shandong China.,2Central Laboratory, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, 256610 Shandong China
| | - Keli Ge
- 3Integrative Medicine Research Center, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021 Shandong China
| | - Fengying Zhang
- 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heze Medical College, Heze, 274000 Shandong China
| | - Yinlin Ge
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021 Shandong China
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Cruz-Saavedra L, Muñoz M, León C, Patarroyo MA, Arevalo G, Pavia P, Vallejo G, Carranza JC, Ramírez JD. Purification of Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes by ion exchange chromatography in sepharose-DEAE, a novel methodology for host-pathogen interaction studies. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 142:27-32. [PMID: 28865682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Metacyclic trypomastigotes are essential for the understanding of the biology of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease. However, obtaining these biological stages in axenic medium is difficult. Techniques based on charge and density of the parasite during different stages have been implemented, without showing a high efficiency in the purification of metacyclic trypomastigotes. So far, there is no protocol implemented where sepharose-DEAE is used as a resin. Therefore, herein we tested its ability to purify metacyclic trypomastigotes in Liver Infusion Triptose (LIT) medium cultures. A simple, easy-to-execute and effective protocol based on ion exchange chromatography on Sepharose-DEAE resin for the purification of T. cruzi trypomastigotes is described. T. cruzi strains from the Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) I and II were used. The strains were harvested in LIT medium at a concentration of 1×107epimastigotes/mL. We calculated the time of trypomastigotes increment (TTI). Based on the data obtained, Ion exchange chromatography was performed with DEAE-sepharose resin. To verify the purity and viability of the trypomastigotes, a culture was carried out in LIT medium with subsequent verification with giemsa staining. To evaluate if the technique affected the infectivity of trypomastigotes, in vitro assays were performed in Vero cells and in vivo in ICR-CD1 mice. The technique allowed the purification of metacyclic trypomastigotes of other stages of T. cruzi in a percentage of 100%, a greater recovery was observed in cultures of 12days. There were differences regarding the recovery of metacyclic trypomastigotes for both DTUs, being DTU TcI the one that recovered a greater amount of these forms. The technique did not affect parasite infectivity in vitro or/and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissa Cruz-Saavedra
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cielo León
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad del Rosadio, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Arevalo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad del Rosadio, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paula Pavia
- Unidad de Investigación Cientifica, Subdirección de Docencia e Investigación, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical-LIPT, Universidad del Tolima, Ibague, Colombia
| | - Julio César Carranza
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical-LIPT, Universidad del Tolima, Ibague, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Bogotá, Colombia.
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Hong ZW, Yang YC, Pan T, Tzeng HF, Fu HW. Differential effects of DEAE negative mode chromatography and gel-filtration chromatography on the charge status of Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173632. [PMID: 28328957 PMCID: PMC5362085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) is involved in H. pylori-associated gastric inflammation. HP-NAP is also a vaccine candidate, a possible drug target, and a potential diagnostic marker for H. pylori-associated diseases. Previously, we purified recombinant HP-NAP by one-step diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) negative mode chromatography by collecting the unbound fraction at pH 8.0 at 4°C. It remains unclear why HP-NAP does not bind to DEAE resins at the pH above its isoelectric point during the purification. To investigate how pH affects the surface net charge of HP-NAP and its binding to DEAE resins during the purification, recombinant HP-NAP expressed in Escherichia coli was subjected to DEAE negative mode chromatography at pH ranging from 7.0 to 9.0 at 25°C and the surface charge of purified HP-NAP was determined by capillary electrophoresis. A minimal amount of HP-NAP was detected in the elution fraction of DEAE Sepharose resin at pH 8.5, whereas recombinant HP-NAP was detected in the elution fraction of DEAE Sephadex resin only at pH 7.0 and 8.0. The purified recombinant HP-NAP obtained from the unbound fractions was not able to bind to DEAE resins at pH 7.0 to 9.0. In addition, the surface charge of the purified HP-NAP was neutral at pH 7.0 to 8.0 and was either neutral or slightly negative at pH 8.5 and 9.0. However, recombinant HP-NAP purified from gel-filtration chromatography was able to bind to DEAE Sepharose resin at pH 7.0 to 9.0 and DEAE Sephadex resin at pH 7.0. At pH 8.5 and 9.0, only the negatively charged species of HP-NAP were found. Thus, recombinant HP-NAP with different charge status can be differentially purified by DEAE negative mode chromatography and gel-filtration chromatography. Furthermore, the charge distribution on the surface of HP-NAP, the presence of impure proteins, and the overall net charge of the resins all affect the binding of HP-NAP to DEAE resins during the negative purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chi Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Timothy Pan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huey-Fen Tzeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HWF); (HFT)
| | - Hua-Wen Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HWF); (HFT)
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Aslam B, Basit M, Nisar MA, Khurshid M, Rasool MH. Proteomics: Technologies and Their Applications. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:182-196. [PMID: 28087761 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics involves the applications of technologies for the identification and quantification of overall proteins present content of a cell, tissue or an organism. It supplements the other "omics" technologies such as genomic and transcriptomics to expound the identity of proteins of an organism, and to cognize the structure and functions of a particular protein. Proteomics-based technologies are utilized in various capacities for different research settings such as detection of various diagnostic markers, candidates for vaccine production, understanding pathogenicity mechanisms, alteration of expression patterns in response to different signals and interpretation of functional protein pathways in different diseases. Proteomics is practically intricate because it includes the analysis and categorization of overall protein signatures of a genome. Mass spectrometry with LC-MS-MS and MALDI-TOF/TOF being widely used equipment is the central among current proteomics. However, utilization of proteomics facilities including the software for equipment, databases and the requirement of skilled personnel substantially increase the costs, therefore limit their wider use especially in the developing world. Furthermore, the proteome is highly dynamic because of complex regulatory systems that control the expression levels of proteins. This review efforts to describe the various proteomics approaches, the recent developments and their application in research and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Aslam
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Basit
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif Nisar
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan .,College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Kuo TY, Hong ZW, Tsai CC, Yang YC, Fu HW. One-step Negative Chromatographic Purification of Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-activating Protein Overexpressed in Escherichia coli in Batch Mode. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27404433 DOI: 10.3791/54043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) is a major virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). It plays a critical role in H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation by activating several innate leukocytes including neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells. The immunogenic and immunomodulatory properties of HP-NAP make it a potential diagnostic and vaccine candidate for H. pylori and a new drug candidate for cancer therapy. In order to obtain substantial quantities of purified HP-NAP used for its clinical applications, an efficient method to purify this protein with high yield and purity needs to be established. In this protocol, we have described a method for one-step negative chromatographic purification of recombinant HP-NAP overexpressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) by using diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) ion-exchange resins (e.g., Sephadex) in batch mode. Recombinant HP-NAP constitutes nearly 70% of the total protein in E. coli and is almost fully recovered in the soluble fraction upon cell lysis at pH 9.0. Under the optimal condition at pH 8.0, the majority of HP-NAP is recovered in the unbound fraction while the endogenous proteins from E. coli are efficiently removed by the resin. This purification method using negative mode batch chromatography with DEAE ion-exchange resins yields functional HP-NAP from E. coli in its native form with high yield and purity. The purified HP-NAP could be further utilized for the prevention, treatment, and prognosis of H. pylori-associated diseases as well as cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Kuo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University
| | - Zhi-Wei Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University
| | - Chung-Che Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University
| | - Yu-Chi Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University
| | - Hua-Wen Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University; Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University;
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Tsai CC, Kuo TY, Hong ZW, Yeh YC, Shih KS, Du SY, Fu HW. Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein induces release of histamine and interleukin-6 through G protein-mediated MAPKs and PI3K/Akt pathways in HMC-1 cells. Virulence 2015; 6:755-65. [PMID: 26375619 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1043505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) activates several innate leukocytes including neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells. It has been reported that HP-NAP induces degranulation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion of rat peritoneal mast cells. However, the molecular mechanism is not very clear. Here, we show that HP-NAP activates human mast cell line-1 (HMC-1) cells to secrete histamine and IL-6. The secretion depends on pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive heterotrimeric G proteins but not on Toll-like receptor 2. Moreover, HP-NAP induces PTX-sensitive G protein-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and Akt in HMC-1 cells. Inhibition of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) suppresses HP-NAP-induced release of histamine and IL-6 from HMC-1 cells. Thus, the activation of HMC-1 cells by HP-NAP is through Gi-linked G protein-coupled receptor-mediated MAPKs and PI3K/Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Che Tsai
- a Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Kuo
- a Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Wei Hong
- a Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Yeh
- a Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Shun Shih
- a Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yi Du
- a Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Hua-Wen Fu
- a Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu , Taiwan.,b Department of Life Science ; National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu , Taiwan
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Lu J, Song Q, Ji Z, Liu X, Wang T, Kang Q. Fermentation optimization of maltose-binding protein fused to neutrophil-activating protein from Escherichia coli TB1. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Yang YC, Kuo TY, Hong ZW, Chang HW, Chen CC, Tsai TL, Fu HW. High yield purification of Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein overexpressed in Escherichia coli. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:23. [PMID: 25880121 PMCID: PMC4425898 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) is involved in H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation. Due to its immunogenic and immunomodulatory properties, HP-NAP has been used for developing vaccines against H. pylori infection and new drugs for cancer therapy. RESULTS Here, we provide a simple process for high-yield production of HP-NAP by applying one-step negative chromatography to purify recombinant HP-NAP expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). In our E. coli expression system, recombinant HP-NAP constitutes nearly 70% of the total protein. Overexpressed recombinant HP-NAP is almost completely soluble upon cell lysis at pH 9.5. Under the optimal condition at pH 8.0, recombinant HP-NAP with purity higher than 95% can be obtained from E. coli by collecting the unbound fraction using diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) Sephadex resin in batch mode. The overall yield of HP-NAP from a 50-ml E. coli culture is ~19 mg. The purified HP-NAP folds into a multimer with a secondary structure of α-helix and is able to trigger the production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Purification of recombinant HP-NAP overexpressed in E. coli using DEAE Sephadex negative mode batch chromatography is an efficient method for high-yield production of highly pure HP-NAP in its native state. The purified HP-NAP is useful for various clinical applications including vaccine development, diagnosis, and new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Ting-Yu Kuo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Han-Wen Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, 30055, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Chung-Chu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, 30055, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Te-Lung Tsai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, 30055, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Hua-Wen Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Fu HW. Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein: From molecular pathogenesis to clinical applications. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5294-5301. [PMID: 24833859 PMCID: PMC4017044 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) was originally identified as a virulence factor of H. pylori for its ability to activate neutrophils to generate respiratory burst by releasing reactive oxygen species. Later on, HP-NAP was also found to be involved in the protection of H. pylori from DNA damage, supporting the survival of H. pylori under oxidative stress. This protein is highly conserved and expressed by virtually all clinical isolates of H. pylori. The majority of patients infected with H. pylori produced antibodies specific for HP-NAP, suggesting its important role in immunity. In addition to acting as a pathogenic factor by activating the innate immunity through a wide range of human leukocytes, including neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells, HP-NAP also mediates adaptive immunity through the induction of T helper cell type I responses. The pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of HP-NAP not only make it play an important role in disease pathogenesis but also make it a potential candidate for clinical use. Even though there is no convincing evidence to link HP-NAP to a disease outcome, recent findings supporting the pathogenic role of HP-NAP will be reviewed. In addition, the potential clinical applications of HP-NAP in vaccine development, clinical diagnosis, and drug development will be discussed.
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