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Chang L, Che G, Yang Q, Lai S, Teng J, Duan J, Liu T, Liu F. Leishmania donovani visceral leishmaniasis diagnosed by metagenomics next-generation sequencing in an infant with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case report. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1197149. [PMID: 37435524 PMCID: PMC10332309 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1197149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected vector-borne tropical disease caused by Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) and Leishmania infantum (L. infantum). Due to the very small dimensions of the protozoa impounded within blood cells and reticuloendothelial structure, diagnosing VL remains challenging. Case presentation Herein, we reported a case of VL in a 17-month-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The patient was admitted to West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, due to repeated fever after chemotherapy. After admission, chemotherapy-related bone marrow suppression and infection were suspected based on clinical symptoms and laboratory test results. However, there was no growth in the conventional peripheral blood culture, and the patient was unresponsive to routine antibiotics. Metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of peripheral blood identified 196123 L. donovani reads, followed by Leishmania spp amastigotes using cytomorphology examination of the bone marrow specimen. The patient was given pentavalent antimonials as parasite-resistant therapy for 10 days. After the initial treatment, 356 L. donovani reads were still found in peripheral blood by mNGS. Subsequently, the anti-leishmanial drug amphotericin B was administrated as rescue therapy, and the patient was discharged after a clinical cure. Conclusion Our results indicated that leishmaniasis still exists in China. Unbiased mNGS provided a clinically actionable diagnosis of a specific infectious disease from an uncommon pathogen that eluded conventional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guanglu Che
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuxia Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuyu Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Teng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Sánchez-Juanes F, Calvo Sánchez N, Belhassen García M, Vieira Lista C, Román RM, Álamo Sanz R, Muro Álvarez A, Muñoz Bellido JL. Applications of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry to the Identification of Parasites and Arthropod Vectors of Human Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2300. [PMID: 36422371 PMCID: PMC9695109 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod vectors and parasites are identified morphologically or, more recently, by molecular methods. Both methods are time consuming and require expertise and, in the case of molecular methods, specific devices. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) identification of bacteria has meant a major change in clinical microbiology laboratories because of its simplicity, speed and specificity, and its capacity to identify microorganisms, in some cases, directly from the sample (urine cultures, blood cultures). Recently, MALDI-TOF MS has been shown as useful for the identification of some parasites. On the other hand, the identification of vector arthropods and the control of their populations is essential for the control of diseases transmitted by arthropods, and in this aspect, it is crucial to have fast, simple and reliable methods for their identification. Ticks are blood-sucking arthropods with a worldwide distribution, that behave as efficient vectors of a wide group of human and animal pathogens, including bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and even helminths. They are capable of parasitizing numerous species of mammals, birds and reptiles. They constitute the second group of vectors of human diseases, after mosquitoes. MALDI-TOF MS has been shown as useful for the identification of different tick species, such as Ixodes, Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma. Some studies even suggest the possibility of being able to determine, through MALDI-TOF MS, if the arthropod is a carrier of certain microorganisms. Regarding mosquitoes, the main group of vector arthropods, the possibility of using MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of different species of Aedes and Anopheles has also been demonstrated. In this review, we address the possibilities of this technology for the identification of parasites and arthropod vectors, its characteristics, advantages and possible limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sánchez-Juanes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Noelia Calvo Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Moncef Belhassen García
- Department of Medicine-Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Vieira Lista
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raul Manzano Román
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rufino Álamo Sanz
- Public Health Information Service, Consejería de Sanidad, Junta de Castilla y León, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Muñoz Bellido
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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3
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Cantanhêde LM, Mattos CB, Cruz AK, Ikenohuchi YJ, Fernandes FG, Medeiros EHRT, da Silva-Júnior CF, Cupolillo E, Ferreira GEM, Ferreira RDGM. Overcoming the Negligence in Laboratory Diagnosis of Mucosal Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091116. [PMID: 34578149 PMCID: PMC8465713 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The northern region of Brazil, which has the largest number of cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) in the country, is also the region that has the highest diversity of species of vectors and Leishmania parasites. In this region, cases of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), a clinical form of TL, exceed the national average of cases, reaching up to 12% of the total annual TL notifications. ML is associated with multiple factors, such as the parasite species and the viral endosymbiont Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1). Being a chronic parasitological disease, laboratory diagnosis of ML poses a challenge for health services. Here, we evaluated more than 700 clinical samples from patients with clinical suspicion of TL, including patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis, comparing the results of parasitological tests—direct parasitological examination by microscopy (DP) and conventional PCR (cPCR) targeting of both kDNA and hsp70. The DP was performed by collecting material from lesions through biopsies (mucosal lesions) or scarification (cutaneous lesions); for PCR, a cervical brush was used for sample collection. Blood samples were tested employing standardized real-time PCR (qPCR) protocol targeting the HSP70 gene. PCR tests showed higher sensitivity than DP for both CL and ML samples. Considering ML samples only (N = 89), DP showed a sensitivity of 49.4% (N = 44) against 98.8% (N = 88) for kDNA PCR. The qPCR hsp70 for blood samples from patients with ML (N = 14) resulted in superior sensitivity (50%; N = 7) compared to DP (21.4%; N = 3) for samples from the same patients. Our results reinforced the need to implement a molecular test for the diagnosis of ML, in addition to proposing methods less invasive for collecting material from TL patients. Sample collection using a cervical brush in lesions observed in CL and ML patients is easy to perform and less invasive, compared to scarification and biopsies. Blood samples could be a good source for qPCR diagnosis for ML patients. Thus, we propose here a standardized method for collection and for performing of molecular diagnosis of clinical samples from suspicious ML patients that can be applied in reference services for improving ML diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Motta Cantanhêde
- Laboratory of Genetic Epidemiology, FIOCRUZ, Porto Velho 76812245, Rondonia, Brazil
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Karoline Cruz
- Laboratory of Genetic Epidemiology, FIOCRUZ, Porto Velho 76812245, Rondonia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Successful combined therapy with Glucantime™ and pentoxifylline for the nasal mucosal lesion recently developed in a leishmaniasis patient having untreated cutaneous lesion for seven decades. Parasitol Int 2021; 85:102422. [PMID: 34280531 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a worldwide problem and has been neglected in a wide range of fields, from diagnosis to treatment. This report describes a case of mucosal leishmaniasis, which may developped after seven decades of an inadequately treated cutaneous lesion. A female patient, 79 years old, from the non-endemic area for leishmaniasis in northern Paraná, presenting mucosal lesion in the nose and throat, reported an "angry ulcer" treated inappropriately as a child when she lived in an endemic region of the state of São Paulo. Indirect immunofluorescence and direct parasite screening were positive. Polymerase chain reaction detected a parasite belonging to the subgenus Leishmania (Viannia) sp. Due to patients limitations, such as low weight and advanced age, the therapeutic model adopted was the combined small doses of Glucantime™ to pentoxifylline, which ensured treatment success.
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5
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Montalvo AM, Alba A, Fraga J, Marzoa A, Torres C, Muskus C. Improving the sensitivity of an hsp20-based PCR for genus detection of Leishmania parasites in cutaneous clinical samples: a proof of concept. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:345-349. [PMID: 31776667 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of medical importance widely distributed around the world. Several methods are available for diagnosis but molecular approaches are highly recommended. To improve the sensitivity of an existing hsp20 gene based-PCR protocol to detect Leishmania parasites, primers were redesigned to amplify a shorter fragment using a new PCR variant (PCR-hsp20S). In this study, we aimed at characterizing the performance of the new method on cutaneous clinical samples and compare it with the former PCR-hsp20. The analytical sensitivity of the PCR-hsp20S was evaluated using DNA dilutions (100-0.1 pg) from Leishmania donovani and resulted in the detection of 10 fg of parasitic DNA, the equivalent to 0.05 parasite genome. For the diagnostic evaluation, a panel of 127 human clinical samples was used to calculate the parameters of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values of the PCR-hsp20S. Diagnostic sensitivity was 94% (CI, 89.1-99.7%) and the specificity of 100% (CI, 98.6-100%). The same panel was also evaluated with the PCR-hsp20 to calculate the agreement between both molecular assays and to compare their performances. While both hsp20-based PCRs showed a good agreement coefficient (kappa index = 0.6), the performance of the novel variant, PCR-hsp20S, was significantly higher in terms of sensitivity (P = 0.0001) allowing the accurate detection of a higher number of Leishmania-positive clinical samples. We endorse the use of the PCR-hsp20S over the former protocol for the detection of Leishmania parasites from cutaneous clinical samples. In addition, as an improved sensitivity was achieved with the new method merely through the amplification of a shorter gene fragment, this investigation constitutes an experimental proof of this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Montalvo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí (IPK), Havana, Cuba.
| | - Annia Alba
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí (IPK), Havana, Cuba
| | - Jorge Fraga
- Department of Science and Innovation, IPK, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Cecia Torres
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí (IPK), Havana, Cuba
| | - Carlos Muskus
- PECET (Program of Study and Control of Tropical Diseases), University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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6
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Conter CC, Mota CA, Dos Santos BA, de Souza Braga L, de Souza Terron M, Navasconi TR, Fernandes ACBS, Demarchi IG, de Castro KRR, Aristides SMA, Lonardoni MVC, Teixeira JJV, Silveira TGV. PCR primers designed for new world Leishmania: A systematic review. Exp Parasitol 2019; 207:107773. [PMID: 31605671 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the primers that were designed to detect New World Leishmania were systematically reviewed to report the characteristics of each target, detection limit, specificity of the primers designed and diagnostic sensibility. The papers identified in the databases PubMed and Web of Science involved 50 studies. Minicircle is the most applied target in molecular research for diagnosis, due to its high sensitivity in detecting Leishmania in different clinical samples, a characteristic that can be partially attributed to the higher number of copies of the minicircle per cell. The other molecular targets shown in this review were less sensitive to diagnostic use because of the lower number of copies of the target gene per cell, but more specific for identification of the subgenus and/or species. The choice of the best target is an important step towards the result of the research. The target allows the design of primers that are specific to the genus, subgenus or a particular species and also imparts sensitivity to the method for diagnosis. The findings of this systematic review provide the advantages and disadvantages of the main molecular targets and primers designed for New World Leishmania, offering information so that the researcher can choose the PCR system best suited to their research need. This is a timely and extremely thorough review of the primers designed for New World Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cella Conter
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves Mota
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Laís de Souza Braga
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Taísa Rocha Navasconi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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7
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New primers for the detection Leishmania species by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:501-511. [PMID: 29280072 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus, which is divided into subgenus Viannia and Leishmania. In humans, the course of infection largely depends on the host-parasite relationship and primarily of the infective species. The objective of the present study was to design specific primers to the identification of Leishmania species using multiplex PCR. Four primers were designed, based on the GenBank sequences of the kDNA minicircle, amplifying 127 bp for subgenus Viannia, 100 bp for L. amazonensis, and 60 bp for Leishmania donovani complex and L. major. None of the primers amplified Trypanosoma cruzi or L. mexicana. The limit of detection of multiplex PCR was 2 × 10-5 parasites for L. braziliensis, 2 x 10-3 parasites for L. amazonensis, and 1.4 × 10-3 parasites for L. infantum. The high sensitivity of multiplex PCR was confirmed by the detection of parasites in different biological samples, including lesion scrapings, spleen imprinting of a hamster, sandflies, and blood. The multiplex PCR that was developed herein presented good performance with regard to detecting and identifying the parasite in different biological samples and may thus be useful for diagnosis, decision making with regard to the proper therapeutic approach, and determining the geographic distribution of Leishmania species.
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Caldart ET, Freire RL, Ferreira FP, Ruffolo BB, Sbeghen MR, Mareze M, Garcia JL, Mitsuka-Breganó R, Navarro IT. Leishmania in synanthropic rodents (Rattus rattus): new evidence for the urbanization of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 26:17-27. [PMID: 28177041 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to detect parasites from Leishmania genus, to determine the prevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies, to identify circulating species of the parasite, and to determine epidemiological variables associated with infection in rats caught in urban area of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Animal capture was carried out from May to December 2006, serological and molecular methods were performed. DNA was extracted from total blood, and nested-PCR, targeting SSu rRNA from Leishmania genus, was performed in triplicate. The positive samples were sequenced twice by Sanger method to species determination. In total, 181 rodents were captured, all were identified as Rattus rattus and none showed clinical alterations. Forty-one of the 176 (23.3%) animals were positive for Leishmania by ELISA and 6/181 (3.3%) were positive by IFAT. Nine of 127 tested animals (7.1%) were positive by PCR; seven were identified as L. (L.) amazonensis, one as L. (L.) infantum. Four rats were positive using more than one test. This was the first description of synanthropic rodents naturally infected by L. (L.) amazonensis (in the world) and by L. (L.) infantum (in South Brazil). Regarding L. (L.) amazonensis, this finding provides new evidence of the urbanization of this etiological agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloiza Teles Caldart
- Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil.,Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Roberta Lemos Freire
- Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Pinto Ferreira
- Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Bruno Bergamo Ruffolo
- Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Mônica Raquel Sbeghen
- Laboratório de Imunologia Animal, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Marcelle Mareze
- Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Regina Mitsuka-Breganó
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Italmar Teodorico Navarro
- Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
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Muñoz EB, Santander S, Rojas-Silva P, Cardenas PA, Fornasini M, Cifuentes SC, Salvador D, Baldeón ME. Diagnostic Efficacy of Molecular Techniques for Detection and Identification of Leishmania Species in Human Whole Blood and Skin Samples from Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:803-805. [PMID: 27481055 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microscopic examination is the standard method for diagnosis of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis despite its low sensitivity. This study compared the diagnosis efficacy of microscopic examination versus polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and DNA sequencing using whole blood and skin lesion samples from patients with suspected leishmaniasis. The presence of Leishmania was determined by microscopy and amplification of 18S ribosomal RNA gene from blood and skin samples of 22 patients. Twenty individuals were positive for leishmaniasis. Microscopic analysis identified 85%, whereas PCR identified 100% of positive cases from skin and 90% from blood. Cytochrome b gene (cyt-b) amplification and sequencing identified Leishmania guyanensis, Leishmania shawi, and Leishmania naiffi from skin and blood samples. This study demonstrated the usefulness of whole blood and molecular techniques for the diagnosis and species identification of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika B Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Stephanie Santander
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Rojas-Silva
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paul A Cardenas
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Marco Fornasini
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sara C Cifuentes
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Manuel E Baldeón
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.
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Dos Santos BA, Reinhold-Castro KR, Cristóvão EC, Silveira TGV, Teodoro U. Sand flies on Paraná River Islands and natural infection of Nyssomyia neivai by Leishmania in southern Brazil. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2016; 41:186-189. [PMID: 27232142 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Andreo Dos Santos
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná state, Brazil.
| | | | - Edilson Colhera Cristóvão
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Rico, Núcleo de Entomologia, Porto Rico, Paraná state, Brazil
| | | | - Ueslei Teodoro
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná state, Brazil
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11
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Polymerase Chain Reaction Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis: A Species-Specific Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 26843051 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3360-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania which are transmitted to humans through bites of infected sand flies. The variable clinical manifestations and the evolution of the disease are determined by the infecting species. Recognition at a species level is of utmost importance since this greatly impacts therapy decision making as well as predicts outcome for the disease. This chapter describes the application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the detection of Leishmania parasites across the disease spectrum, including protocols for sample collection and transportation, genomic material extraction, and target amplification methods with special emphasis on PCR amplification of the cytochrome b gene for Leishmania spp. species identification.
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12
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Mans DRA, Kent AD, Hu RV, Lai A. Fat EJ, Schoone GJ, Adams ER, Rood EJ, Alba S, Sabajo LOA, Lai A Fat RF, de Vries HJC, Schallig HDFH. Monitoring the response of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis to treatment with pentamidine isethionate by quantitative real-time PCR, and identification ofLeishmaniaparasites not responding to therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015; 41:610-5. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. R. A. Mans
- Anton de Kom University of Suriname; Paramaribo Suriname
| | - A. D. Kent
- Anton de Kom University of Suriname; Paramaribo Suriname
| | - R. V. Hu
- Dermatological Service; Ministry of Health; Paramaribo Suriname
| | - E. J. Lai A. Fat
- Department of Dermatology; Academic Hospital Paramaribo; Paramaribo Suriname
| | | | - E. R. Adams
- Royal Tropical Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - E. J. Rood
- Royal Tropical Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - S. Alba
- Royal Tropical Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - L. O. A. Sabajo
- Dermatological Service; Ministry of Health; Paramaribo Suriname
| | - R. F. Lai A Fat
- Department of Dermatology; Academic Hospital Paramaribo; Paramaribo Suriname
| | - H. J. C. de Vries
- Department of Dermatology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam (CINIMA); University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- STI Outpatient Clinic; Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam); Amsterdam The Netherlands
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13
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease with clinical presentations that vary from asymptomatic infection to cutaneous, mucocutaneous or visceral disease. Recent epidemiological studies have shown an increased prevalence in Europe largely caused by an increase in international travel, difficulty eradicating leishmanial infection in AIDS patients, and the use of immunosuppressive medications. Clinical diagnosis may be challenging, and parasitological diagnosis entails the use of invasive procedures which may be unrevealing in the immunosuppressed. A number of less invasive tests for the detection of anti-leishmanial antibodies or leishmanial antigen are available but their sensitivity and specificity may vary with the infective species and results have to be interpreted in light of the clinical presentation. The availability of polymerase chain reaction assays amplifying leishmanial genetic material has been a major step forward in improving the diagnosis of leishmanial disease and the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Torpiano
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Mater Dei Hospital, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, MSD 2090, Malta
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14
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de Paiva-Cavalcanti M, de Morais RCS, Pessoa-E-Silva R, Trajano-Silva LAM, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque SDC, Tavares DDHC, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA, Silva RDFE, Pereira VRA. Leishmaniases diagnosis: an update on the use of immunological and molecular tools. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:31. [PMID: 26097678 PMCID: PMC4474361 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are caused by obligate intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. They cause a spectrum of diseases, most notably visceral (VL), cutaneous (CL), and mucosal (ML) leishmaniasis, which affect millions of people around the world, each year. Despite scientific advances, leishmaniases cases are expanding, constituting an important public health problem. Immunological and molecular diagnostic tools have been increasingly applied for the early detection of these parasitic infections, since the existence of limitations in clinical and parasitological examinations may provide false results, thus interfering in epidemiological research and diseases control. Although there is a great diversity of available immunological assays, important common deficiencies persist, which explains the current exploration of the molecular biology in research fields, especially the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its variants, such as real-time quantitative PCR. However, in the last years, significant results have also been reached inside of immunological context (especially by Flow Cytometry), for humans and dogs, demonstrated by research works of the New and Old worlds. In spite of their potential to clarify and minimize the present global situation of the diseases, the implementation of molecular or immunological innovative reference assays for VL and CL at health services is still a challenge due to several reasons, including lack of standardization among laboratories and structural concerns. In this article we bring classical and current information about technological advances for the immunological and molecular leishmaniases diagnosis, their features, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena de Paiva-Cavalcanti
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Rayana Carla Silva de Morais
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Rômulo Pessoa-E-Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafael de Freitas E Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil ; Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), St. Capitão Pedro Rodrigues, 105, 55920-000 São José, Garanhuns, PE Brazil
| | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil
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15
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Gomes CM, Mazin SC, Santos ERD, Cesetti MV, Bächtold GAB, Cordeiro JHDF, Theodoro FCET, Damasco FDS, Carranza SAV, Santos ADO, Roselino AM, Sampaio RNR. Accuracy of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:157-65. [PMID: 25946238 PMCID: PMC4489445 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) is hampered by the absence of a
gold standard. An accurate diagnosis is essential because of the high toxicity of the
medications for the disease. This study aimed to assess the ability of polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) to identify MCL and to compare these results with clinical
research recently published by the authors. A systematic literature review based on
the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA
Statement was performed using comprehensive search criteria and communication with
the authors. A meta-analysis considering the estimates of the univariate and
bivariate models was performed. Specificity near 100% was common among the papers.
The primary reason for accuracy differences was sensitivity. The meta-analysis, which
was only possible for PCR samples of lesion fragments, revealed a sensitivity of 71%
[95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.59; 0.81] and a specificity of 93% (95% CI = 0.83;
0.98) in the bivariate model. The search for measures that could increase the
sensitivity of PCR should be encouraged. The quality of the collected material and
the optimisation of the amplification of genetic material should be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Maria Roselino
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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16
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Singh S. Changing trends in the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of Leishmania-HIV co-infection in India. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 29:103-12. [PMID: 25449244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the HIV epidemic, several countries have reported co-infections of Leishmania with HIV. Co-infection with these two pathogens results in rapid disease progression, more severe disease, and a poor response to treatment. A systematic review of the literature from India is presented herein. Since the first case of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and HIV was published from India in 1999, a number of cases of HIV-Leishmania co-infection have been reported, but the proportion has been low (0.029-0.4%), as also reported in other countries where these two diseases are co-endemic. More than 89 cases of VL-HIV and 10 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)-HIV have been published since 1999. Of these latter 10 cases, five had simple CL and five cases manifested with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). In addition, one case of post-kala-azar mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in a patient with full-blown AIDS has also been reported. In two cases, it could not be ascertained whether they were cases of DCL or post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis from the description. Although the first case of VL-HIV co-infection was reported from the sub-Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, most cases have been reported from the VL endemic state of Bihar. HIV-Leishmania is not alarmingly high in India. Most cases were found to have occurred during 1997-2007. After that, the number of new cases decreased. This is most probably due to the low prevalence of HIV in VL and CL endemic regions and to the free supply of highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarman Singh
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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17
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains an important neglected tropical infection that affects children more than adults. Geographical variation exists in the distribution of the various Leishmania species. Although the majority of the disease burden is found in poor countries, leishmaniasis is also endemic in several countries within Southern Europe. Transmission is mediated by the sandfly and may follow an anthroponotic or zoonotic cycle that also varies by region. The expression of leishmaniasis depends on a complex interaction between the type of infecting species and the host immune response. Infection may be asymptomatic or may manifest as cutaneous disease that is pleiomorphic in presentation, muco-cutaneous disease or the visceral form that may be lethal if untreated. Molecular techniques aid diagnosis especially in cases where amastigotes are not visualised. The efficacy of treatment varies with the type of infecting species and resistance patterns. Preventive measures aimed at avoiding sandfly bites are effective in reducing acquisition of leishmaniasis and should be promoted for travellers visiting endemic regions. The persistent lack of a vaccine against human leishmaniasis is a result of the poor investment in this neglected parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pace
- Department of Paediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Tal-Qroqq, Msida MSD 2090, Malta.
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18
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Neitzke-Abreu HC, Venazzi MS, de Lima Scodro RB, Zanzarini PD, da Silva Fernandes ACB, Aristides SMA, Silveira TGV, Lonardoni MVC. Cutaneous leishmaniasis with atypical clinical manifestations: Case report. IDCases 2014; 1:60-2. [PMID: 26955529 PMCID: PMC4762788 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report alerts to the existence of atypical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). A woman with nodular cutaneous lesions over a neck with papules and pustules located deep in the hypodermis that formed plaques with subcutaneous induration and satellite papules was confirmed to have CL. After confirmation, the patient was treated with remission of the lesions, scarring and thickening of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paulo Donizeti Zanzarini
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Mara Alessi Aristides
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Thaís Gomes Verzignassi Silveira
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Maria Valdrinez Campana Lonardoni
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Corresponding author at: Avenida Colombo 5790, Maringá, CEP: 87020-900, Brazil. Tel.: +55 44 3011 4878; fax: +55 44 3011 4860.
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