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Meyer-Wolfarth F, Oldenburg E, Meiners T, Muñoz K, Schrader S. Effects of temperature and soil fauna on the reduction and leaching of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone from Fusarium graminearum-infected maize stubbles. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:249-263. [PMID: 34173210 PMCID: PMC8318931 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A microcosm study was conducted at two different temperatures under laboratory conditions to investigate the regulatory capacity and the interactive performance of two soil fauna species (Aporrectodea caliginosa, earthworms, and Proisotoma minuta, collembolans) on the reduction of Fusarium toxins in contaminated maize stubbles. Single and mixed species treatments were exposed to artificially infected maize stubbles highly contaminated with the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) (10,462 µg kg−1) and zearalenone (ZEN) (2,780 µg kg−1) at 17 °C and 25 °C for time periods of 3 and 6 weeks. Immediately after the respective end of incubation, the microcosms were heavily watered to determine the leaching potential of DON and ZEN from contaminated maize stubbles. Maize residues, soil, and eluted water (percolate) samples were analysed for mycotoxin content using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The biomass of introduced earthworms and number of collembolans were monitored to get information about their adaptability to the experimental conditions. While the decline of ZEN was temperature-dependent, but not influenced by faunal activities, a reduction of DON due to faunal impact was observed by trend. In the leaching experiment, 67–82% of the DON content in the residual maize stubbles leached from the plant material by irrigation and was detected in the soil (1.9–3.4 µg kg−1) and in the percolate (12–295 µg L−1). In the case of ZEN, 27–50% of the mycotoxin leached from the residual maize stubbles due to watering but was only occasionally detected in traces in the soil and not found in the percolate. The results clearly reveal a leaching potential of both DON and ZEN, respectively, but a mobilisation with water was only observed for DON. Temperature confirmed to be a key factor, affecting the fate of the mycotoxins in the soil by driving the interaction between different soil fauna members as well as functional and trophic levels within the soil food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Meyer-Wolfarth
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany. .,Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute (TI) - Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Biodiversity , Bundesallee 65, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Oldenburg
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Torsten Meiners
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Straße 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherine Muñoz
- University Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Fortstr. 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrader
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute (TI) - Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Biodiversity , Bundesallee 65, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
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Ferlian O, Eisenhauer N, Aguirrebengoa M, Camara M, Ramirez-Rojas I, Santos F, Tanalgo K, Thakur MP. Invasive earthworms erode soil biodiversity: A meta-analysis. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:162-172. [PMID: 28833091 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biological invasions pose a serious threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning across ecosystems. Invasions by ecosystem engineers, in particular, have been shown to have dramatic effects in recipient ecosystems. For instance, invasion by earthworms, a below-ground invertebrate ecosystem engineer, in previously earthworm-free ecosystems alters the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil. Studies have shown that such alterations in the soil can have far-reaching impacts on soil organisms, which form a major portion of terrestrial biodiversity. Here, we present the first quantitative synthesis of earthworm invasion effects on soil micro-organisms and soil invertebrates based on 430 observations from 30 independent studies. Our meta-analysis shows a significant decline of the diversity and density of soil invertebrates in response to earthworm invasion with anecic and endogeic earthworms causing the strongest effects. Earthworm invasion effects on soil micro-organisms were context-dependent, such as depending on functional group richness of invasive earthworms and soil depth. Microbial biomass and diversity increased in mineral soil layers, with a weak negative effect in organic soil layers, indicating that the mixing of soil layers by earthworms (bioturbation) may homogenize microbial communities across soil layers. Our meta-analysis provides a compelling evidence for negative effects of a common invasive below-ground ecosystem engineer on below-ground biodiversity of recipient ecosystems, which could potentially alter the ecosystem functions and services linked to soil biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Mariama Camara
- WASCAL GRP Climate Change and Biodiversity, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Irene Ramirez-Rojas
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence on Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Fábio Santos
- CIBIO - Center for Investigation of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Krizler Tanalgo
- Landscape Ecology Group, Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Madhav P Thakur
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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