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Silva R, Clarke AR. The "sequential cues hypothesis": a conceptual model to explain host location and ranking by polyphagous herbivores. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:1136-1147. [PMID: 31448531 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Successfully locating a host plant is crucial for an insect herbivore to feed and/or oviposit. However, locating a host within a complex environment that may contain an array of different plant species is a difficult task. This is particularly the case for polyphagous herbivores, which must locate a host within environments that may simultaneously contain multiple suitable and unsuitable hosts. Here we review the mechanisms of host selection used by polyphagous herbivores, as well as exploring how prior experience may modify a generalist's response to host cues. We show that recent research demonstrates that polyphagous herbivores have the capacity to detect both common cues from multiple host species, as well as specific cues from individual host species. This creates a paradox in that generalists invariably rank hosts when given a choice, a finding at odds with the "neural limitations" hypothesis that says generalist insect herbivores should not have the neural capacity to identify cues specific to every possible host. To explain this paradox we propose a model, akin to parasitoid host location, that postulates that generalist herbivores use different cues sequentially in host location. We propose that initially common host cues, associated with all potential hosts, are used to place the herbivore within the host habitat and that, in the absence of any other host cues, these cues are sufficient in themselves to lead to host location. As such they are true "generalist" cues. However, once within the host habitat, we propose that the presence of a smaller group of cues may lead to further host searching and the location of preferred hosts: these are "specialist" cues. This model explains the current conflict in the literature where generalists can respond to both common and specific host-plant cues, while also exhibiting specialist and generalist host use behavior under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Silva
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony R Clarke
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Agathokleous E, WaiLi Y, Ntatsi G, Konno K, Saitanis CJ, Kitao M, Koike T. Effects of ozone and ammonium sulfate on cauliflower: Emphasis on the interaction between plants and insect herbivores. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:995-1007. [PMID: 31096429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] deposition and elevated ozone (O3) concentrations may negatively affect plants and trophic interactions. This study aimed to evaluate for the first time the interactive effects of high (NH4)2SO4 load and elevated O3 levels on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) under field conditions. Cauliflower seedlings were treated with 0 (AS0) or 50 (AS50) kg ha-1 (NH4)2SO4 and exposed to ambient (AOZ, ≈20 ppb) or elevated (EOZ, ≈55 ppb) O3 for about one month, in a Free Air O3 Concentration Enrichment (FACE) system. The oligophagous diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella Linnaeus, 1758) showed a clear preference towards the seedlings treated with AS50, which intensively grazed. Plant-herbivore interactions were driven by (NH4)2SO4 availability, rather than O3, via increased nitrogen content in the leaves. Further laboratory bioassays were followed to confirm the validity of these observations using polyphagous Eri silkmoth larvae (Samia ricini) as a biological model in a standardized experimental setup. Choice assays, where larvae could select leaves among leaf samples from the different experimental conditions, and no-choice assays, where larvae could graze leaves from just one experimental condition, were conducted. In the choice assay, the larvae preferred AS50-treated leaves, in agreement with the field observations with diamondback moth. In the no-choice assay, larval body mass growth was inhibited when fed with leaves treated with EOZ and/or AS50. Larvae fed with AS50-treated leaves displayed increased mortality. These observations coincide with higher NO3 and Zn content in AS50-treated leaves. This study shows that plant-herbivore interactions can be driven by (NH4)2SO4 availability, independently of O3, and suggests that high N deposition may have severe health implications in animals consuming such plant tissues. Key message: Plant-herbivore interactions are driven by high (NH4)2SO4 availability, independently of O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita ku Kita 9 Nishi 9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Yu WaiLi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita ku Kita 9 Nishi 9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan; Pathein University, Pathein, Ayeyarwady, Myanmar
| | - Georgia Ntatsi
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization, ELGO - DEMETER, PO Box 60458, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kotaro Konno
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Costas J Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita ku Kita 9 Nishi 9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
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Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus Induces Changes in Host Plant Volatiles that Attract Vector Thrips Species. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:681-689. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Silva R, Walter GH, Wilson LJ, Furlong MJ. Effects of single and dual species herbivory on the behavioral responses of three thrips species to cotton seedlings. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:684-698. [PMID: 27029603 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the olfactory responses of 3 thrips species [Frankliniella schultzei Trybom, F. occidentalis Pergrande and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] to cotton seedlings [Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvales: Malvaceae)] simultaneously damaged by different combinations of herbivores. Cotton seedlings were damaged by foliar feeding Tetranychus urticae Koch (Trombidiforms: Tetranychidae), Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) or root feeding Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Thrips responses to plants simultaneously damaged by 2 species of herbivore were additive and equivalent to the sum of the responses of thrips to plants damaged by single herbivore species feeding alone. For example, F. occidentalis was attracted to T. urticae damaged plants but more attracted to undamaged plants than to plants damaged by H. armigera. Plants simultaneously damaged by low densities of T. urticae and H. armigera repelled F. occidentalis but as T. urticae density increased relative to H. armigera density, F. occidentalis attraction to coinfested plants increased proportionally. Thrips tabaci did not discriminate between undamaged plants and plants damaged by H. armigera but were attracted to plants damaged by T. urticae alone or simultaneously damaged by T. urticae and H. armigera. Olfactometer assays showed that simultaneous feeding by 2 herbivores on a plant can affect predator-prey interactions. Attraction of F. occidentalis to plants damaged by its T. urticae prey was reduced when the plant was simultaneously damaged by H. armigera, T. molitor, or A. gossypii and F. schultzei was more attracted to plants simultaneously damaged by T. urticae and H. armigera than to plants damaged by T. urticae alone. We conclude that plant responses to feeding by 1 species of herbivore are affected by responses to feeding by other herbivores. These plant-mediated interactions between herbivore complexes affect the behavioral responses of thrips which vary between species and are highly context dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Gimme H Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lewis J Wilson
- Cotton Research Unit, CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Predator–prey interaction between greenhead ants and processionary caterpillars is mediated by chemical defence. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Silva R, Walter GH, Wilson LJ, Furlong MJ. Effect of the postfeeding interval on olfactory responses of thrips to herbivore-induced cotton plants. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:881-892. [PMID: 26172119 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the responses of 3 thrips species, Frankliniella schultzei Trybom, F. occidentalis Pergrande, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to herbivore-damaged and undamaged cotton seedlings (Gossypium hirsutum L. [Malvales: Malvaceae]) at a range of time intervals following damage by adult Tetranychus urticae (Koch), adult T. ludeni (Zacher) (Acari: Tetranychidae) or Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in olfactometer assays. The intensity/frequency of the response of thrips to herbivore-induced plants decreased with time and ultimately disappeared in all cases; however, the rate at which the response declined was related to the herbivore species that inflicted the damage. All 3 species of thrips were attracted to plants damaged by T. urticae for longer than they were to plants damaged by T. ludeni. The duration for which damaged plants remained attractive was also affected by the degree of damage inflicted on cotton seedlings. For example, F. schultzei was attracted to plants damaged by a higher density of two-spotted spider mites (100/plant) for much longer than to plants damaged by a lower density of these mites (50/plant). The results reinforce previous studies that demonstrate that arrangement of variables influences the responses of thrips to their herbivore-induced cotton host plants. Results also show that these responses are variable in time following herbivore damage to cotton plants, which further demonstrates how difficult it is to generalize about the functional significance of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Gimme H Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lewis J Wilson
- Cotton Research Unit, CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Kmiec K, Kot I, Golan K, Górska-Drabik E, Lagowska B, Rubinowska K, Michalek W. Physiological Response of Orchids to Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Infestation. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:2489-2494. [PMID: 27780838 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The harmfulness of mealybugs resulting from sucking plant sap, secreting honeydew, and transmitting plant viruses can give them the status of serious pests. This study documents the influence of Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) and Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) infestation on alterations in selected physiological parameters of Phalaenopsis x hybridum 'Innocence'. The condition of the cytoplasmic membranes was expressed as the value of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. We have determined changes in the activities of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase and measured the following chlorophyll fluorescence parameters: maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield (Y), photochemical quenching (qP), and nonphotochemical quenching (qN). The strongest physiological response of orchids was recorded in the initial period of mealybugs infestation. Prolonged insect feeding suppressed lipid peroxidation, peroxidase and catalase activity, as well as photosynthesis photochemistry. The pattern of changes was dependent on mealybug species. This indicated the complexity of the processes responsible for plant tolerance. Data generated in this study have provided a better understanding of the impact of two mealybug species infestation on Phalaenopsis and should be useful in developing pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kmiec
- Department of Entomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczynskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland (; ; ; ; )
| | - I Kot
- Department of Entomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczynskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland (; ; ; ; )
| | - K Golan
- Department of Entomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczynskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland (; ; ; ; )
| | - E Górska-Drabik
- Department of Entomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczynskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland (; ; ; ; )
| | - B Lagowska
- Department of Entomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczynskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland (; ; ; ; )
| | - K Rubinowska
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - W Michalek
- Department of General Ecology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczynskiego 58, 20-069 Lublin, Poland
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Holland EP, Gormley AM, Pech RP. Species- and site-specific impacts of an invasive herbivore on tree survival in mixed forests. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1954-66. [PMID: 27066221 PMCID: PMC4767877 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive herbivores are often managed to limit their negative impact on plant populations, but herbivore density - plant damage relationships are notoriously spatially and temporally variable. Site and species characteristics (both plant and herbivore) must be considered when assessing the potential for herbivore damage, making it difficult to set thresholds for efficient management. Using the invasive brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula in New Zealand as a case study, we parameterized a generic model to predict annual probability of browse-induced mortality of five tree species at 12 sites. We compared predicted and observed tree mortality for each species + site combination to establish herbivore abundance - tree mortality thresholds for each site on a single and combined tree species basis. Model results indicated it is likely that possum browse was the primary cause of all tree mortality at nine of the 12 species-site combinations, allowing us to estimate site-specific thresholds below which possum population numbers should be reduced and maintained to keep tree mortality under a predetermined level, for example 0.5% per year. The browse model can be used to set site- and species-specific management action thresholds, and can be adapted easily for other plant or herbivore species. Results for multiple plant or herbivore species at a single site can be combined to create conservative, site-wide management strategies, and used to: determine which sites will be affected most by changes in herbivore abundance; quantify thresholds for herbivore management; and justify expenditure on herbivore control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Penelope Holland
- Landcare Research PO Box 69040 Lincoln 7640 New Zealand; Department of Biology University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | | | - Roger P Pech
- Landcare Research PO Box 69040 Lincoln 7640 New Zealand
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Miyazaki J, Stiller WN, Truong TT, Xu Q, Hocart CH, Wilson LJ, Wilson IW. Jasmonic acid is associated with resistance to twospotted spider mites in diploid cotton (Gossypium arboreum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:748-757. [PMID: 32481029 DOI: 10.1071/fp13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) is capable of dramatically reducing the yield of cotton crops and is often difficult and expensive to control. This study investigated and compared two important plant hormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), as constitutive and/or induced defence response components in a mite susceptible commercial cotton cultivar, Sicot 71 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and a resistant diploid cotton BM13H (Gossypium arboreum L.). Foliar application of JA and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) reduced the mite population and leaf damage but application of other potential elicitors, SA and methyl salicylate (MeSA) did not. The concentrations of JA and SA in leaf tissues of induced and non-induced Sicot 71 and BM13H were quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The JA content was constitutively higher in BM13H than Sicot 71 and also highly induced by mite infestation in BM13H but not in Sicot 71. However, SA was not significantly induced in either BM13H or Sicot 71. The expression levels of JA related genes, LOX, AOS and OPR were measured by quantitative PCR and elevated expression levels of JA related genes were detected in mite-infested BM13H. Therefore, JA and MeJA were implicated as key biochemical components in both the constitutive and induced defence responses of BM13H to spider mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Miyazaki
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia
| | | | - Thy T Truong
- Research School of Biology, Mass Spectrometry Facility, The Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Qian Xu
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Charles H Hocart
- Research School of Biology, Mass Spectrometry Facility, The Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Lewis J Wilson
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia
| | - Iain W Wilson
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
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