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Rumman M, Dhawan J. PTPRU, a quiescence-induced receptor tyrosine phosphatase negatively regulates osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 636:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Myogenic Precursor Cells Show Faster Activation and Enhanced Differentiation in a Male Mouse Model Selected for Advanced Endurance Exercise Performance. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061001. [PMID: 35326452 PMCID: PMC8947336 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells (SATC), the most abundant skeletal muscle stem cells, play a main role in muscle plasticity, including the adaptive response following physical activity. Thus, we investigated how long-term phenotype selection of male mice for high running performance (Dummerstorf high Treadmill Performance; DUhTP) affects abundance, creatine kinase activity, myogenic marker expression (Pax7, MyoD), and functionality (growth kinetics, differentiation) of SATC and their progeny. SATC were isolated from sedentary male DUhTP and control (Dummerstorf Control; DUC) mice at days 12, 43, and 73 of life and after voluntary wheel running for three weeks (day 73). Marked line differences occur at days 43 and 73 (after activity). At both ages, analysis of SATC growth via xCELLigence system revealed faster activation accompanied by a higher proliferation rate and lower proportion of Pax7+ cells in DUhTP mice, indicating reduced reserve cell formation and faster transition into differentiation. Cultures from sedentary DUhTP mice contain an elevated proportion of actively proliferating Pax7+/MyoD+ cells and have a higher fusion index leading to the formation of more large and very large myotubes at day 43. This robust hypertrophic response occurs without any functional load in the donor mice. Thus, our selection model seems to recruit myogenic precursor cells/SATC with a lower activation threshold that respond more rapidly to external stimuli and are more primed for differentiation at the expense of more primitive cells.
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Gudagudi KB, Myburgh KH. Methods to Mimic In Vivo Muscle Cell Biology in Primary Human Myoblasts Using Quiescence as a Guidepost in Regenerative Medicine Research. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:176-189. [PMID: 33635139 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine research and testing of new therapeutics for muscle-related human diseases call for a deeper understanding of how human myoblasts gain and maintain quiescence in vitro versus in vivo. The more closely we can experimentally simulate the in vivo environment, the more relevance in vitro research on myoblasts will have. In this context, isolation of satellite cells from muscle tissue causes activation while myoblasts remain activated in culture, thus not simulating quiescence as in their in vivo niche. Cells synchronized for cell cycle present a good starting point for experimental intervention. In the past, myoblast quiescence has been induced using suspension culture (SuCu) and, recently, by knockout serum replacement (KOSR)-supplemented culture media. We assessed the proportion of cells in G0 and molecular regulators after combining the two quiescence-inducing approaches. Quiescence was induced in primary human myoblasts (PHMs) in vitro using KOSR-treatment for 10 days or suspension in viscous media for 2 days (SuCu), or suspension combined with KOSR-treatment for 2 days (blended method, SuCu-KOSR). Quiescence and synchronization were achieved with all three protocols (G0/G1 cell cycle arrest >90% cells). Fold-change of cell cycle controller p21 mRNA for KOSR and SuCu was 3.23 ± 0.30 and 2.86 ± 0.15, respectively. Since this was already a significant change (p < 0.05), no further change was gained with the blended method. But SuCu-KOSR significantly decreased Ki67 (p = 0.0019). Myogenic regulatory factors, Myf5 and MyoD gene expression in PHMs were much more suppressed (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.0034, respectively) in SuCu-KOSR, compared to SuCu alone. In conclusion, a homogenous pool of quiescent primary myoblasts synchronized in the G0 cell cycle phase was achieved with cells from three different donors regardless of the experimental protocol. Myogenic dedifferentiation at the level of Myogenic Regulatory Factors was greater when exposed to the blend of suspension and serum-free culture. We suggest that this blended new protocol can be considered in future biomedical research if differentiation is detected too early during myoblast expansion. This shall also inform new ways to bridge the in vitro and in vivo divides in regenerative medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirankumar B Gudagudi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kathryn H Myburgh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Mankhong S, Kim S, Moon S, Kwak HB, Park DH, Kang JH. Experimental Models of Sarcopenia: Bridging Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Strategy. Cells 2020; 9:E1385. [PMID: 32498474 PMCID: PMC7348939 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia has been defined as a progressive decline of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and functions in elderly people. It is accompanied by physical frailty, functional disability, falls, hospitalization, and mortality, and is becoming a major geriatric disorder owing to the increasing life expectancy and growing older population worldwide. Experimental models are critical to understand the pathophysiology of sarcopenia and develop therapeutic strategies. Although its etiologies remain to be further elucidated, several mechanisms of sarcopenia have been identified, including cellular senescence, proteostasis imbalance, oxidative stress, and "inflammaging." In this article, we address three main aspects. First, we describe the fundamental aging mechanisms. Next, we discuss both in vitro and in vivo experimental models based on molecular mechanisms that have the potential to elucidate the biochemical processes integral to sarcopenia. The use of appropriate models to reflect sarcopenia and/or its underlying pathways will enable researchers to understand sarcopenia and develop novel therapeutic strategies for sarcopenia. Lastly, we discuss the possible molecular targets and the current status of drug candidates for sarcopenia treatment. In conclusion, the development of experimental models for sarcopenia is essential to discover molecular targets that are valuable as biochemical biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakulrat Mankhong
- Department of Pharmacology, Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.M.); (S.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.M.); (S.K.); (S.M.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (H.-B.K.); (D.-H.P.)
- Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sohee Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.M.); (S.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (H.-B.K.); (D.-H.P.)
- Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Park
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (H.-B.K.); (D.-H.P.)
- Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.M.); (S.K.); (S.M.)
- Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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Low birth weight influences the postnatal abundance and characteristics of satellite cell subpopulations in pigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6149. [PMID: 32273524 PMCID: PMC7145795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) can cause lifelong impairments in muscle development and growth. Satellite cells (SC) and their progeny are crucial contributors to myogenic processes. This study provides new data on LBW in piglets combining insights on energy metabolism, muscle capillarization and differences in SC presence and function. To this aim, muscle tissues as well as isolated myogenic cells of 4-day-old German Landrace piglets were analyzed. For the first time two heterogeneous SC subpopulations, which contribute differently to muscle development, were isolated from LBW pigs by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. The muscles of LBW piglets showed a reduced DNA, RNA, and protein content as well as lower activity of the muscle specific enzymes CK, ICDH, and LDH compared to their normal birth weight siblings. We assume that deficits in energy metabolism and capillarization are associated with reduced bioavailability of SC, possibly leading to early exhaustion of the SC reserve cell pool and the cells’ premature differentiation.
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Gudagudi KB, d’Entrèves NP, Woudberg NJ, Steyn PJ, Myburgh KH. In vitro induction of quiescence in isolated primary human myoblasts. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:189-202. [PMID: 31993891 PMCID: PMC7192999 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle stem cells, satellite cells, remain in an inactive or quiescent state in vivo under physiological conditions. Progression through the cell cycle, including activation of quiescent cells, is a tightly regulated process. Studies employing in vitro culture of satellite cells, primary human myoblasts (PHMs), necessitate isolation myoblasts from muscle biopsies. Further studies utilizing these cells should endeavour to represent their native in vivo characteristics as closely as possible, also considering variability between individual donors. This study demonstrates the approach of utilizing KnockOut™ Serum Replacement (KOSR)-supplemented culture media as a quiescence-induction media for 10 days in PHMs isolated and expanded from three different donors. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that treatment resulted in an increase in G1 phase and decreased S phase proportions in all donors (p < 0.005). The proportions of cells in G1 and G2 phases differed in proliferating myoblasts when comparing donors (p < 0.05 to p < 0.005), but following KOSR treatment, the proportion of cells in G1 (p = 0.558), S (p = 0.606) and G2 phases (p = 0.884) were equivalent between donors. When cultured in the quiescence-induction media, expression of CD34 and Myf5 remained constant above > 98% over time from day 0 to day 10. In contrast activation (CD56), proliferation (Ki67) and myogenic marker MyoD decreased, indicated de-differentiation. Induction of quiescence was accompanied in all three clones by fold change in p21 mRNA greater than 3.5 and up to tenfold. After induction of quiescence, differentiation into myotubes was not affected. In conclusion, we describe a method to induce quiescence in PHMs from different donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirankumar B. Gudagudi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Niccolò Passerin d’Entrèves
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Nicholas J. Woudberg
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Paul J. Steyn
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Kathryn H. Myburgh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
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Shima A, Itou A, Takeuchi S. Cell fibers promote proliferation of co-cultured cells on a dish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:288. [PMID: 31937888 PMCID: PMC6959263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a co-culture method using cell fiber technology. Cell fibers are cell-laden hydrogel microfibers, in which cells are cultured three-dimensionally and allowed to reach more mature state than the conventional two-dimensional cell culture. Cells in the cell fibers are encapsulated by alginate shell. Only cellular secretome is released into the surrounding environment through the shell while the cells were retained by the fiber. With their high handleability and retrievability, we propose to use the cell fibers for co-culture to ensure steady supply of cellular secretome. We cultured mouse C2C12 myoblasts with mouse 3T3 fibroblasts encapsulated in the cell fibers for two days. The number of C2C12 cells increased proportionally to the number of co-cultured 3T3 fibers, suggesting that the secretome of 3T3 fibers promoted survival and proliferation of C2C12 cells. We believe that cell fiber technology is a useful tool for co-culturing cells, and it will contribute to both basic cell biology and tissue engineering with its unique features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Shima
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akane Itou
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Induction of quiescence (G0) in bone marrow stromal stem cells enhances their stem cell characteristics. Stem Cell Res 2018; 30:69-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Miersch C, Stange K, Röntgen M. Separation of functionally divergent muscle precursor cell populations from porcine juvenile muscles by discontinuous Percoll density gradient centrifugation. BMC Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29523096 PMCID: PMC5845299 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Satellite cells (SC) and their descendants, muscle precursor cells (MPC), play a key role in postnatal muscle development, regeneration, and plasticity. Several studies have provided evidence that SC and MPC represent a heterogeneous population differing in their biochemical and functional properties. The identification and characterization of functionally divergent SC subpopulations should help to reveal the precise involvement of SC/MPC in these myogenic processes. The aim of the present work was therefore to separate SC subpopulations by using Percoll gradients and to characterize their myogenic marker profiles and their functional properties (adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation). RESULTS SC/MPC from muscles of 4-day-old piglets were isolated by trypsin digestion and enriched by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. A mixed myogenic cell population was obtained from the 40/70% interface (termed: mixed P40/70) of a 25/40/70% Percoll gradient. Thereafter, by using a more stepped 25/40/50/70% Percoll gradient, mixed P40/70 was divided into subpopulation 40/50 (SP40/50) collected from the 40/50% interface and subpopulation 50/70 (SP50/70) collected from the 50/70% interface. All three isolated populations proliferated and showed a myogenic phenotype characterized by the ability to express myogenic markers (Pax7, MyoD1, Desmin, and MyoG) and to differentiate into myotubes. However, compared with mixed P40/70, SP40/50 and SP50/70 exhibited distinct functional behavior. Growth kinetic curves over 90 h obtained by the xCELLigence system and proliferation assays revealed that SP40/50 and mixed P40/70 constituted a fast adhering and fast proliferating phenotype. In contrast, SP50/70 showed considerably slower adhesion and proliferation. The fast-proliferating SP40/50 showed the highest myogenic differentiation potential with higher fusion rates and the formation of more middle-sized and large myotubes. CONCLUSIONS The described Percoll density gradient centrifugation represents a useful tool for subdividing pig SC/MPC populations with divergent myogenic functions. The physiological role of SC subpopulations during myogenesis and the interaction of these populations can now be analyzed to a greater extent, shedding light on postnatal growth variations in pigs and probably in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Miersch
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Growth and Development Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Katja Stange
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Growth and Development Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Monika Röntgen
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Growth and Development Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Abstract
Cellular quiescence is a reversible mode of cell cycle exit that allows cells and organisms to withstand unfavorable stress conditions. The factors that underlie the entry, exit, and maintenance of the quiescent state are crucial for understanding normal tissue development and function as well as pathological conditions such as chronic wound healing and cancer. In vitro models of quiescence have been used to understand the factors that contribute to quiescence under well-controlled experimental conditions. Here, we describe an in vitro model of quiescence that is based on neonatal human dermal fibroblasts. The fibroblasts are induced into quiescence by antiproliferative signals, contact inhibition, and serum-starvation (mitogen withdrawal). We describe the isolation of fibroblasts from skin, methods for inducing quiescence in isolated fibroblasts, and approaches to manipulate the fibroblasts in proliferating and quiescent states to determine critical regulators of quiescence.
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Distinguishing States of Arrest: Genome-Wide Descriptions of Cellular Quiescence Using ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1686:215-239. [PMID: 29030824 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7371-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative potential in adult stem cells is closely associated with the establishment of-and exit from-a temporary state of quiescence. Emerging evidence not only provides a rationale for the link between lineage determination programs and cell cycle regulation but also highlights the understanding of quiescence as an actively maintained cellular program, encompassing networks and mechanisms beyond mitotic inactivity or metabolic restriction. Interrogating the quiescent genome and transcriptome using deep-sequencing technologies offers an unprecedented view of the global mechanisms governing this reversibly arrested cellular state and its importance for cell identity. While many efforts have identified and isolated pure target stem cell populations from a variety of adult tissues, there is a growing appreciation that their isolation from the stem cell niche in vivo leads to activation and loss of hallmarks of quiescence. Thus, in vitro models that recapitulate the dynamic reversibly arrested stem cell state in culture and lend themselves to comparison with the activated or differentiated state are useful templates for genome-wide analysis of the quiescence network.In this chapter, we describe the methods that can be adopted for whole genome epigenomic and transcriptomic analysis of cells derived from one such established culture model where mouse myoblasts are triggered to enter or exit quiescence as homogeneous populations. The ability to synchronize myoblasts in G0 permits insights into the genome in "deep quiescence." The culture methods for generating large populations of quiescent myoblasts in either 2D or 3D culture formats are described in detail in a previous chapter in this series (Arora et al. Methods Mol Biol 1556:283-302, 2017). Among the attractive features of this model are that genes isolated from quiescent myoblasts in culture mark satellite cells in vivo (Sachidanandan et al., J Cell Sci 115:2701-2712, 2002) providing a validation of its approximation of the molecular state of true stem cells. Here, we provide our working protocols for ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analysis, focusing on those experimental elements that require standardization for optimal analysis of chromatin and RNA from quiescent myoblasts, and permitting useful and revealing comparisons with proliferating myoblasts or differentiated myotubes.
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Hansen LK, Schrøder HD, Lund L, Rajagopal K, Maduri V, Sellathurai J. The effect of low intensity shockwave treatment (Li-SWT) on human myoblasts and mouse skeletal muscle. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:557. [PMID: 29284454 PMCID: PMC5747105 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transplanting myogenic cells and scaffolds for tissue engineering in skeletal muscle have shown inconsistent results. One of the limiting factors is neovascularization at the recipient site. Low intensity shockwave therapy (Li-SWT) has been linked to increased tissue regeneration and vascularization, both integral to survival and integration of transplanted cells. This study was conducted to demonstrate the response of myoblasts and skeletal muscle to Li-SWT. Method Primary isolated human myoblasts and explants were treated with low intensity shockwaves and subsequently cell viability, proliferation and differentiation were tested. Cardiotoxin induced injury was created in tibialis anterior muscles of 28 mice, and two days later, the lesions were treated with 500 impulses of Li-SWT on one of the legs. The treatment was repeated every third day of the period and ended on day 14 after cardiotoxin injection.. The animals were followed up and documented up to 21 days after cardiotoxin injury. Results Li-SWT had no significant effect on cell death, proliferation, differentiation and migration, the explants however showed decreased adhesion. In the animal experiments, qPCR studies revealed a significantly increased expression of apoptotic, angiogenic and myogenic genes; expression of Bax, Bcl2, Casp3, eNOS, Pax7, Myf5 and Met was increased in the early phase of regeneration in the Li-SWT treated hind limbs. Furthermore, a late accumulative angiogenic effect was demonstrated in the Li-SWT treated limbs by a significantly increased expression of Angpt1, eNOS, iNOS, Vegfa, and Pecam1. Conclusion Treatment was associated with an early upregulation in expression of selected apoptotic, pro-inflammatory, angiogenic and satellite cell activating genes after muscle injury. It also showed a late incremental effect on expression of pro-angiogenic genes. However, we found no changes in the number of PAX7 positive cells or blood vessel density in Li-SWT treated and control muscle. Furthermore, Li-SWT in the selected doses did not decrease survival, proliferation or differentiation of myoblasts in vitro. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12891-017-1879-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise K Hansen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik D Schrøder
- Department of Clinical Pathology, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Lund
- Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Urology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Karthikeyan Rajagopal
- Paediatric Orthopaedic Unit and Center for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical Centre, Vellore, India
| | - Vrisha Maduri
- Paediatric Orthopaedic Unit and Center for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical Centre, Vellore, India
| | - Jeeva Sellathurai
- Department of Clinical Pathology, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. .,Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Jepsen MS, Sellathurai J, Conti A, Schrøder HD, Lund L. Treatment of Vesicovaginal Fistulas With Autologous Cell Injections—A Randomized Study in an Animal Model. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2017. [PMCID: PMC5762034 DOI: 10.1177/1533034617691615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Materials and Methods: Results: Conclusion:
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne S. Jepsen
- Department of Urology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jeeva Sellathurai
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Conti
- Department of Urology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical and Specialist Sciences, Urology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Henrik D. Schrøder
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Lars Lund
- Department of Urology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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14
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Hejbøl EK, Sellathurai J, Nair PD, Schrøder HD. Injectable scaffold materials differ in their cell instructive effects on primary human myoblasts. J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417717677. [PMID: 28717506 PMCID: PMC5502935 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417717677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolds are materials used for delivery of cells for regeneration of tissues. They support three-dimensional organization and improve cell survival. For the repair of small skeletal muscles, injections of small volumes of cells are attractive, and injectable scaffolds for delivery of cells offer a minimally invasive technique. In this study, we examined in vitro the cell instructive effects of three types of injectable scaffolds, fibrin, alginate, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based microparticles on primary human myoblasts. The myoblast morphology and progression in the myogenic program differed, depending on the type of scaffold material. In alginate gel, the cells obtained a round morphology, they ceased to proliferate, and entered quiescence. In the fibrin gels, differentiation was promoted, and myotubes were observed within a few days in culture, while poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based microparticles supported prolonged proliferation. Myoblasts released from the alginate and fibrin gels were studied, and cells released from these scaffolds had retained the ability to proliferate and differentiate. Thus, the study shows that human myogenic cells combined with injectable scaffold materials are guided into different states depending on the choice of scaffold. This opens for in vivo experiments, including testing of the significance of the cell state on regeneration potential of primary human myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kildall Hejbøl
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jeeva Sellathurai
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Prabha Damodaran Nair
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Henrik Daa Schrøder
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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15
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Monge C, DiStasio N, Rossi T, Sébastien M, Sakai H, Kalman B, Boudou T, Tajbakhsh S, Marty I, Bigot A, Mouly V, Picart C. Quiescence of human muscle stem cells is favored by culture on natural biopolymeric films. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:104. [PMID: 28464938 PMCID: PMC5414338 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0556-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Satellite cells are quiescent resident muscle stem cells that present an important potential to regenerate damaged tissue. However, this potential is diminished once they are removed from their niche environment in vivo, prohibiting the long-term study and genetic investigation of these cells. This study therefore aimed to provide a novel biomaterial platform for the in-vitro culture of human satellite cells that maintains their stem-like quiescent state, an important step for cell therapeutic studies. Methods Human muscle satellite cells were isolated from two donors and cultured on soft biopolymeric films of controlled stiffness. Cell adhesive phenotype, maintenance of satellite cell quiescence and capacity for gene manipulation were investigated using FACS, western blotting, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. Results About 85% of satellite cells cultured in vitro on soft biopolymer films for 3 days maintained expression of the quiescence marker Pax7, as compared with 60% on stiffer films and 50% on tissue culture plastic. The soft biopolymeric films allowed satellite cell culture for up to 6 days without renewing the media. These cells retained their stem-like properties, as evidenced by the expression of stem cell markers and reduced expression of differentiated markers. In addition, 95% of cells grown on these soft biopolymeric films were in the G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle, as opposed to those grown on plastic that became activated and began to proliferate and differentiate. Conclusions Our study identifies a new biomaterial made of a biopolymer thin film for the maintenance of the quiescence state of muscle satellite cells. These cells could be activated at any point simply by replating them onto a plastic culture dish. Furthermore, these cells could be genetically manipulated by viral transduction, showing that this biomaterial may be further used for therapeutic strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0556-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Monge
- CNRS, UMR 5628, LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016, Grenoble, France. .,Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016, Grenoble, France.
| | - Nicholas DiStasio
- CNRS, UMR 5628, LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016, Grenoble, France.,Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Rossi
- CNRS, UMR 5628, LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016, Grenoble, France.,Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016, Grenoble, France
| | - Muriel Sébastien
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, F-3800, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, U1216, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Hiroshi Sakai
- Stem Cells & Development, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, 75015, France.,CNRS, UMR 3738; Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Benoit Kalman
- CNRS, UMR 5628, LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016, Grenoble, France.,Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Boudou
- CNRS, UMR 5628, LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016, Grenoble, France.,Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016, Grenoble, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells & Development, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, 75015, France.,CNRS, UMR 3738; Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Isabelle Marty
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, F-3800, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, U1216, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Bigot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, 47 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, 47 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- CNRS, UMR 5628, LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016, Grenoble, France. .,Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016, Grenoble, France.
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Arora R, Rumman M, Venugopal N, Gala H, Dhawan J. Mimicking Muscle Stem Cell Quiescence in Culture: Methods for Synchronization in Reversible Arrest. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1556:283-302. [PMID: 28247356 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6771-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the view that in adult stem cells, the defining stem cell features of potency and self-renewal are associated with the quiescent state. Thus, uncovering the molecular logic of this reversibly arrested state underlies not only a fundamental understanding of adult tissue dynamics but also hopes for therapeutic regeneration and rejuvenation of damaged or aging tissue. A key question concerns how adult stem cells use quiescence to establish or reinforce the property of self-renewal. Since self-renewal is largely studied by assays that measure proliferation, the concept of self-renewal programs imposed during non-proliferating conditions is counterintuitive. However, there is increasing evidence generated by deconstructing the quiescent state that highlights how programs characteristic of this particular cell cycle exit may enhance stem cell capabilities, through both cell-intrinsic and extrinsic programs.Toward this end, culture models that recapitulate key aspects of stem cell quiescence are useful for molecular analysis to explore attributes and regulation of the quiescent state. In this chapter, we review the different methods used to generate homogeneous populations of quiescent muscle cells, largely by manipulating culture conditions that feed into core signaling programs that regulate the cell cycle. We also provide detailed protocols developed or refined in our lab over the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reety Arora
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohammed Rumman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Nisha Venugopal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hardik Gala
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
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Sellathurai J, Nielsen J, Hejbøl EK, Jørgensen LH, Dhawan J, Nielsen MFB, Schrøder HD. Low Oxygen Tension Enhances Expression of Myogenic Genes When Human Myoblasts Are Activated from G0 Arrest. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158860. [PMID: 27442119 PMCID: PMC4956100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Most cell culture studies have been performed at atmospheric oxygen tension of 21%, however the physiological oxygen tension is much lower and is a factor that may affect skeletal muscle myoblasts. In this study we have compared activation of G0 arrested myoblasts in 21% O2 and in 1% O2 in order to see how oxygen tension affects activation and proliferation of human myoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human myoblasts were isolated from skeletal muscle tissue and G0 arrested in vitro followed by reactivation at 21% O2 and 1% O2. The effect was assesses by Real-time RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found an increase in proliferation rate of myoblasts when activated at a low oxygen tension (1% O2) compared to 21% O2. In addition, the gene expression studies showed up regulation of the myogenesis related genes PAX3, PAX7, MYOD, MYOG (myogenin), MET, NCAM, DES (desmin), MEF2A, MEF2C and CDH15 (M-cadherin), however, the fraction of DES and MYOD positive cells was not increased by low oxygen tension, indicating that 1% O2 may not have a functional effect on the myogenic response. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in the TGFβ, Notch and Wnt signaling pathways were also up regulated in low oxygen tension. The differences in gene expression were most pronounced at day one after activation from G0-arrest, thus the initial activation of myoblasts seemed most sensitive to changes in oxygen tension. Protein expression of HES1 and β-catenin indicated that notch signaling may be induced in 21% O2, while the canonical Wnt signaling may be induced in 1% O2 during activation and proliferation of myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva Sellathurai
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail: (JS); (HDS)
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eva Kildall Hejbøl
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Louise Helskov Jørgensen
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Henrik Daa Schrøder
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail: (JS); (HDS)
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18
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Skeletal Muscle Remodelling as a Function of Disease Progression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5930621. [PMID: 27195289 PMCID: PMC4852332 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5930621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muscle weakness is considered the pivotal sign of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Knowledge about the skeletal muscle degeneration/regeneration process and the myogenic potential is limited in ALS patients. Therefore, we investigate these processes in a time course perspective by analysing skeletal muscle biopsies from ALS patients collected before and after a 12-week period of normal daily activities and compare these with healthy age-matched control tissue. We do this by evaluating mRNA and protein (immunohistochemical) markers of regeneration, neurodegeneration, myogenesis, cell cycle regulation, and inflammation. Our results show morphological changes indicative of active denervation and reinnervation and an increase in small atrophic fibres. We demonstrate differences between ALS and controls in pathways controlling skeletal muscle homeostasis, cytoskeletal and regenerative markers, neurodegenerative factors, myogenic factors, cell cycle determinants, and inflammatory markers. Our results on Pax7 and MyoD protein expression suggest that proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle stem cells are affected in ALS patients, and the myogenic processes cannot overcome the denervation-induced wasting.
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19
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Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Satellite Cell Activation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 900:1-25. [PMID: 27003394 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27511-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Satellite cells are the "currency" for the muscle growth that is critical to meat production in many species, as well as to phenotypic distinctions in development at the level of species or taxa, and for human muscle growth, function and regeneration. Careful research on the activation and behaviour of satellite cells, the stem cells in skeletal muscle, including cross-species comparisons, has potential to reveal the mechanisms underlying pathological conditions in animals and humans, and to anticipate implications of development, evolution and environmental change on muscle function and animal performance.
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20
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Cheedipudi S, Puri D, Saleh A, Gala HP, Rumman M, Pillai MS, Sreenivas P, Arora R, Sellathurai J, Schrøder HD, Mishra RK, Dhawan J. A fine balance: epigenetic control of cellular quiescence by the tumor suppressor PRDM2/RIZ at a bivalent domain in the cyclin a gene. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:6236-56. [PMID: 26040698 PMCID: PMC4513853 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cell quiescence is critical to ensure regeneration while minimizing tumorigenesis. Epigenetic regulation contributes to cell cycle control and differentiation, but few regulators of the chromatin state in quiescent cells are known. Here we report that the tumor suppressor PRDM2/RIZ, an H3K9 methyltransferase, is enriched in quiescent muscle stem cells invivo and controls reversible quiescence in cultured myoblasts. We find that PRDM2 associates with >4400 promoters in G0 myoblasts, 55% of which are also marked with H3K9me2 and enriched for myogenic, cell cycle and developmental regulators. Knockdown of PRDM2 alters histone methylation at key promoters such as Myogenin and CyclinA2 (CCNA2), and subverts the quiescence program via global de-repression of myogenesis, and hyper-repression of the cell cycle. Further, PRDM2 acts upstream of the repressive PRC2 complex in G0. We identify a novel G0-specific bivalent chromatin domain in the CCNA2 locus. PRDM2 protein interacts with the PRC2 protein EZH2 and regulates its association with the bivalent domain in the CCNA2 gene. Our results suggest that induction of PRDM2 in G0 ensures that two antagonistic programs—myogenesis and the cell cycle—while stalled, are poised for reactivation. Together, these results indicate that epigenetic regulation by PRDM2 preserves key functions of the quiescent state, with implications for stem cell self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Cheedipudi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Deepika Puri
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg D-79108, Germany
| | - Amena Saleh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Manipal University, Manipal 576104 India
| | - Hardik P Gala
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Mohammed Rumman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Manipal University, Manipal 576104 India
| | - Malini S Pillai
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Prethish Sreenivas
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Reety Arora
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Jeeva Sellathurai
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000 C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Daa Schrøder
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000 C, Denmark
| | - Rakesh K Mishra
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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21
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Schindler AJ, Sherwood DR. Should I stay or should I go? Identification of novel nutritionally regulated developmental checkpoints in C. elegans. WORM 2014; 3:e979658. [PMID: 26430552 DOI: 10.4161/21624054.2014.979658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
After embryogenesis, developing organisms typically secure their own nutrients to enable further growth. The fitness of an organism depends on developing when food is abundant and slowing or stopping development during periods of scarcity. Although several key pathways that link nutrition with development have been identified, a mechanistic understanding of how these pathways coordinate growth with nutritional conditions is lacking. We took advantage of the stereotyped development and experimental accessibility of C. elegans to study nutritional control of late larval development. We discovered that C. elegans larval development is punctuated by precisely time checkpoints that globally arrest growth when nutritional conditions are unfavorable. Arrest at the checkpoints is regulated by insulin- and insulin-like signaling and steroid hormone signaling. These pathways are conserved in mammals, suggesting that similar mechanisms could regulate growth and development in humans. We highlight several implications of our research, including quiescence of diverse cellular behaviors as an adaptive response to unfavorable growth conditions, the existence of oscillatory checkpoints that coordinate development across tissues, and the connections between systemic and cell-autonomous regulators of nutritional response. Together, our findings describe a fascinating developmental strategy in C. elegans that we expect will not only provide insight into nutritional regulation of development, but also into poorly understood cellular processes such as quiescence and aging.
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