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Reappraisal of evolving methods in non-invasive prenatal screening: Discovery, biology and clinical utility. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13923. [PMID: 36879971 PMCID: PMC9984859 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive prenatal screening (NIPS) offers an opportunity to screen or determine features associated with the fetus. Earlier, prenatal testing was done with cytogenetic procedures like karyotyping or fluorescence in-situ hybridization, which necessitated invasive methods such as fetal blood sampling, chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. Over the last two decades, there has been a paradigm shift away from invasive prenatal diagnostic methods to non-invasive ones. NIPS tests heavily rely on cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA). This DNA is released into the maternal circulation by placenta. Like cffDNA, fetal cells such as nucleated red blood cells, placental trophoblasts, leukocytes, and exosomes or fetal RNA circulating in maternal plasma, have enormous potential in non-invasive prenatal testing, but their use is still limited due to a number of limitations. Non-invasive approaches currently use circulating fetal DNA to assess the fetal genetic milieu. Methods with an acceptable detection rate and specificity such as sequencing, methylation, or PCR, have recently gained popularity in NIPS. Now that NIPS has established clinical significance in prenatal screening and diagnosis, it is critical to gain insights into and comprehend the genesis of NIPS de novo. The current review reappraises the development and emergence of non-invasive prenatal screen/test approaches, as well as their clinical application, with a focus, on the scope, benefits, and limitations.
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Pei J, Zhao S, Yin M, Wu F, Li J, Zhang G, Wu X, Bao P, Xiong L, Song W, Ba Y, Yan P, Song R, Guo X. Differential proteomics of placentas reveals metabolic disturbance and oxidative damage participate yak spontaneous miscarriage during late pregnancy. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:248. [PMID: 35761325 PMCID: PMC9235108 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High spontaneous miscarriage rate in yak, especially during late pregnancy, have caused a great economic loss to herdsmen living in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. However, the mechanism underlying spontaneous miscarriage is still poorly understood. In the present study, placenta protein markers were identified to elucidate the pathological reasons for yak spontaneous miscarriage through isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomic technology and bioinformatic approaches. Results Subsequently, a total of 415 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between aborted and normal placentas. The up-regulated DEPs in the aborted placentas were significantly associated with “spinocerebellar ataxia”, “sphingolipid signalling”, “relaxin signalling”, “protein export”, “protein digestion and absorption” and “aldosterone synthesis and secretion” pathway. While the down-regulated DEPs in the aborted placentas mainly participated in “valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation”, “PPAR signalling”, “peroxisome”, “oxidative phosphorylation”, “galactose metabolism”, “fatty acid degradation”, “cysteine and methionine metabolism” and “citrate cycle” pathway. Conclusions The results implied that the identified DEPs could be considered as placental protein markers for yak miscarriage during late pregnancy, and biomacromolecule metabolic abnormality and oxidative damage might be responsible for the high spontaneous miscarriage rate in yak. These findings provide an important theoretical basis for deciphering the pathologic mechanism of late spontaneous miscarriage in yak. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03354-w.
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ECM proteins involved in cell migration and vessel formation compromise bovine cloned placentation. Theriogenology 2022; 188:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gash KK, Yang M, Fan Z, Regouski M, Rutigliano HM, Polejaeva IA. Assessment of microchimerism following somatic cell nuclear transfer and natural pregnancies in goats. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3786-3794. [PMID: 31353395 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microchimerism is defined as the presence of a small population of cells or DNA in 1 organism originated from a genetically different organism. It is well established that this phenomenon occurs in humans and mice as cells are exchanged between mother and fetus during gestation. Currently, no information is available about the presence of maternal microchimerism in goats, and the only published study is limited to an evaluation of fetal and fetal-fetal microchimerism in blood samples following natural breeding. In order to determine whether bidirectional fetal-maternal cell or DNA trafficking occurs in goats, we assessed: 1) fetal microchimerism in surrogates that gave birth to somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-derived transgenic offspring (n = 4), 2) maternal microchimerism following natural breeding of SCNT-derived transgenic does with a nontransgenic buck (n = 4), and 3) fetal-fetal microchimerism in nontransgenic twins of transgenic offspring (n = 3). Neomycin-resistance gene (NEO) gene was selected as the marker to detect the presence of the αMHC-TGF-β1-Neo transgene in kidney, liver, lung, lymph node, and spleen. We found no detectable maternal or fetal-fetal microchimerism in the investigated tissues of nontransgenic offspring. However, fetal microchimerism was detected in lymph node tissue of one of the surrogate dams carrying a SCNT pregnancy. These results indicate occurrence of cell trafficking from fetus to mother during SCNT pregnancies. The findings of this study have direct implications on the use and disposal of nontransgenic surrogates and nontransgenic offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten K Gash
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Misha Regouski
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Heloisa M Rutigliano
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Irina A Polejaeva
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT
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Barreto RSN, Romagnolli P, Cereta AD, Coimbra-Campos LMC, Birbrair A, Miglino MA. Pericytes in the Placenta: Role in Placental Development and Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1122:125-151. [PMID: 30937867 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11093-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is the most variable organ, in terms of structure, among the species. Besides it, all placental types have the same function: production of viable offspring, independent of pregnancy length, litter number, or invasion level. The angiogenesis is a central mechanism for placental functionality, due to proper maternal-fetal communication and exchanges. Much is known about the vasculature structure, but little is known about vasculature development and cellular interactions. Pericytes are perivascular cells that were described to control vasculature stability and permeability. Nowadays there are several new functions discovered, such as lymphocyte modulation and activation, macrophage-like phagocytic properties, tissue regenerative and repair processes, and also the ability to modulate stem cells, majorly the hematopoietic. In parallel, placental tissues are known to be a particularly immune microenvironment and a rich stem cell niche. The pericyte function plethora could be similar in the placental microenvironment and could have a central role in placental development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S N Barreto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Romagnolli
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Daronco Cereta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leda M C Coimbra-Campos
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Stojsin-Carter A, Costa NN, De Morais R, De Bem TH, Costa MP, Carter TF, Gillis DJ, Neal MS, Ohashi OM, Miranda MS, Meirelles FV, Favetta LA, King WA. Fetal sex alters maternal anti-Mullerian hormone during pregnancy in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 186:85-92. [PMID: 28969874 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is expressed by both male and female fetuses during mammalian development, with males expressing AMH earlier and at significantly higher concentration. The aim of the current study was to explore the potential impact of pregnancy and fetal sex on maternal AMH and to determine if plasma (Pl) AMH or placenta intercotyledonary membrane and cotyledonary AMH receptor 2 (AMHR2) mRNA expression differ in pregnant cows carrying male vs. female fetuses. AMH levels in blood were measured using a bovine optimized ELISA kit. Cows pregnant with a male fetus were observed to have a significantly greater difference in Pl AMH between day 35 and 135 of gestation. Average fetal AMH level between 54 and 220days of gestation was also observed to be significantly higher in male vs. female fetuses. Intercotyledonary membranes and cotyledons were found to express AMHR2 between days 38 and 80 of gestation at similar levels in both fetal sexes. These findings support the hypothesis that fetal sex alters maternal Pl AMH during pregnancy in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Stojsin-Carter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nathalia N Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 1, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo De Morais
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 1, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Tiago H De Bem
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Avenida Duque Caxias Norte 225 - Jardim Elite, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-000, Brazil
| | - Mayra P Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 1, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Timothy F Carter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Daniel J Gillis
- School of Computer Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael S Neal
- ONE Fertility, 3210 Harvester Rd, Burlington, ON, L7N 3T1, Canada
| | - Otavio M Ohashi
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 1, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Moyses S Miranda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 1, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Flavio V Meirelles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Avenida Duque Caxias Norte 225 - Jardim Elite, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-000, Brazil
| | - Laura A Favetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - W Allan King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Xu H, Pausch H, Venhoranta H, Rutkowska K, Wurmser C, Rieblinger B, Flisikowska T, Frishman D, Zwierzchowski L, Fries R, Andersson M, Kind A, Schnieke A, Flisikowski K. Maternal placenta modulates a deleterious fetal mutation†. Biol Reprod 2017; 97:249-257. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Lipták N, Hoffmann OI, Kerekes A, Iski G, Ernszt D, Kvell K, Hiripi L, Bősze Z. Monitoring of Venus transgenic cell migration during pregnancy in non-transgenic rabbits. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:291-299. [PMID: 27832434 PMCID: PMC5350230 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell transfer between mother and fetus were demonstrated previously in several species which possess haemochorial placenta (e.g. in humans, mice, rats, etc.). Here we report the assessment of fetal and maternal microchimerism in non-transgenic (non-TG) New Zealand white rabbits which were pregnant with transgenic (TG) fetuses and in non-TG newborns of TG does. The TG construct, including the Venus fluorophore cDNA driven by a ubiquitous cytomegalovirus enhancer, chicken ß-actin promoter (CAGGS), was previously integrated into the rabbit genome by Sleeping Beauty transposon system. Three different methods [fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR)] were employed to search for TG cells and gene products in blood and other tissues of non-TG rabbits. Venus positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were not detected in the blood of non-TG littermates or non-TG does by flow cytometry. Tissue samples (liver, kidney, skeletal and heart muscle) also proved to be Venus negative examined with fluorescence microscopy, while histology sections and PBMCs of TG rabbits showed robust Venus protein expression. In case of genomic DNA (gDNA) sourced from tissue samples of non-TG rabbits, CAGGS promoter-specific fragments could not be amplified by QPCR. Our data showed the lack of detectable cell transfer between TG and non-TG rabbits during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lipták
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - O I Hoffmann
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - A Kerekes
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - G Iski
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - D Ernszt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - K Kvell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - L Hiripi
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Z Bősze
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
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9
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Huckle WR. Cell- and Tissue-Based Models for Study of Placental Development. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 145:29-37. [PMID: 28110753 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research into the molecular mechanisms by which the placenta forms and functions have sought to improve prevention, diagnosis, and management of disorders of this vital tissue. This research has included development of experimental models intended to replicate behavior of the native placenta in both health and disease. Animal models devised in rodents, sheep, cattle, or other domestic animal species have the advantage of being biologically "complete," but all differ to some degree in developmental timing and anatomical details compared to the human, suggesting subtle differences in molecular mechanism. Consequently, investigators have resorted to simplified systems, characterizing the mechanisms of placental development by using explants of maternal and fetal tissue, primary cell cultures, and immortalized or choriocarcinoma-derived cell lines. Such studies have advanced our understanding of mechanisms by which trophoblasts and associated tissues invade the endometrium, produce chorionic gonadotropin, manage immune tolerance of the fetus, or elaborate proteins that may contribute to placental dysfunction. More recently, use of three-dimensional spheroid cultures, computational modeling of placental tissue dynamics and blood flow, and bioengineering of tissue constructs have been undertaken, aimed to recapitulate the types of interactions that occur among diverse uterine and placental cell types in utero. New technologies and biological paradigms, stemming in part from the ongoing Human Placenta Project, promise to expand the array of available tools, increasing the likelihood that the years ahead will see significant improvements in the ability to prevent, diagnose, and treat life-threatening disorders of placental formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Huckle
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
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10
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da Anunciação ARA, Mess AM, Orechio D, Aguiar BA, Favaron PO, Miglino MA. Extracellular matrix in epitheliochorial, endotheliochorial and haemochorial placentation and its potential application for regenerative medicine. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52:3-15. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ARA da Anunciação
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - AM Mess
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - D Orechio
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - BA Aguiar
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - PO Favaron
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - MA Miglino
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
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11
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Vascularization and VEGF expression altered in bovine yolk sacs from IVF and NT technologies. Theriogenology 2016; 87:290-297. [PMID: 27729111 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive technologies are widely used in cattle, although many are associated with high-embryonic mortality, especially during early gestation, when the yolk sac undergoes macroscopic changes in structure. We hypothesized that vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are affected, thereby affecting embryonic and placental differentiation. To test this, we studied yolk sac development and gene expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor system (VEGF-A, VEGFR-1/Flt-1, VEGFR-2/KDR). Samples from Days 25 to 40/41 of pregnancy from control cattle (n = 8) and from pregnancies established with IVF, (n = 7) or somatic cell nuclear transfer/clones (n = 5) were examined by histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Yolk sacs in IVF- and nuclear transfer-derived pregnancies were immature. Development of villi was sparse in IVF yolk sacs, whereas vascularization was barely formed in clones and was associated, in part, with thin or interrupted endothelium. Transcript levels of the genes characterized exceed minimum detection limits for all groups, except in the mentioned clone with interrupted endothelium. Levels of mRNA for VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 were significantly higher in IVF yolk sacs. Clones had substantial individual variation in gene expression (both upregulation and downregulation). Our data confirmed the broad range in expression of VEGF genes. Furthermore, overexpression in IVF yolk sacs may compensate for an immature yolk sac structure, whereas in clones, patchy expression may cause structural alterations of blood vessels. In conclusion, we inferred that disturbances of yolk sac vasculature contributed to increased early embryonic mortality of bovine pregnancies established with reproductive technologies.
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Wallace RM, Pohler KG, Smith MF, Green JA. Placental PAGs: gene origins, expression patterns, and use as markers of pregnancy. Reproduction 2015; 149:R115-26. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are abundantly expressed products of the placenta of species within the Cetartiodactyla order (even-toed ungulates). They are restricted to this order and they are particularly numerous in the Bovidae. The PAGs exhibit a range of temporal and spatial expression patterns by the placental trophoblasts and probably represent a group of related proteins that perform a range of distinct functions in the epitheliochorial and synepitheliochorial placental forms. This review presents an overview of the origins of the PAGs, a summary of PAG expression patterns, and their use as markers of pregnancy status. Speculations about their putative role(s) in pregnancy are also presented.
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13
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Vascular alterations underlie developmental problems manifested in cloned cattle before or after birth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0106663. [PMID: 25584533 PMCID: PMC4293144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although assisted reproductive techniques are commonly applied in humans and animals, they are frequently associated with major developmental deficits and reduced viability. To explore abnormalities associated with cloning or nuclear transfer (NT) as the most invasive of these methods, we used a bovine model to characterize abnormalities. Detailed necropsy examinations were done on 13 calves that died soon after birth; in addition, we included data from embryos and fetuses (produced by NT) that terminated prematurely. Bovine clones that survived until the neonatal period differed quantitatively and qualitatively from in-vivo-derived cattle. Although alterations affected a variety of organs (e.g. heart, lung and liver), there was a clear association with abberant vascular developmental during the early intrauterine phase. Therefore, we concluded that vascular problems were key alterations induced by cloning (presumably via epigenetic modifications).
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Placental Evolution within the Supraordinal Clades of Eutheria with the Perspective of Alternative Animal Models for Human Placentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/639274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Here a survey of placental evolution is conducted. Placentation is a key factor for the evolution of placental mammals that had evolved an astonishing diversity. As a temporary organ that does not allow easy access, it is still not well understood. The lack of data also is a restriction for better understanding of placental development, structure, and function in the human. Animal models are essential, because experimental access to the human placenta is naturally restricted. However, there is not a single ideal model that is entirely similar to humans. It is particularly important to establish other models than the mouse, which is characterised by a short gestation period and poorly developed neonates that may provide insights only for early human pregnancy. In conclusion, current evolutionary studies have contributed essentially to providing a pool of experimental models for recent and future approaches that may also meet the requirements of a long gestation period and advanced developmental status of the newborn in the human. Suitability and limitations of taxa as alternative animal models are discussed. However, further investigations especially in wildlife taxa should be conducted in order to learn more about the full evolutionary plasticity of the placenta system.
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Garrels W, Holler S, Taylor U, Herrmann D, Niemann H, Ivics Z, Kues WA. Assessment of fetal cell chimerism in transgenic pig lines generated by Sleeping beauty transposition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96673. [PMID: 24811124 PMCID: PMC4014516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cells migrate between mother and fetus during pregnancy and persist in the respective host for long-term after birth. Fetal microchimerism occurs also in twins sharing a common placenta or chorion. Whether microchimerism occurs in multiparous mammals such as the domestic pig, where fetuses have separate placentas and chorions, is not well understood. Here, we assessed cell chimerism in litters of wild-type sows inseminated with semen of transposon transgenic boars. Segregation of three independent monomeric transposons ensured an excess of transgenic over non-transgenic offspring in every litter. Transgenic siblings (n = 35) showed robust ubiquitous expression of the reporter transposon encoding a fluorescent protein, and provided an unique resource to assess a potential cell trafficking to non-transgenic littermates (n = 7) or mothers (n = 4). Sensitive flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and real-time PCR provided no evidence for microchimerism in porcine littermates, or piglets and their mothers in both blood and solid organs. These data indicate that the epitheliochorial structure of the porcine placenta effectively prevents cellular exchange during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Garrels
- Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Stephanie Holler
- Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Ulrike Taylor
- Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Doris Herrmann
- Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Mariensee, Germany
| | | | - Wilfried A Kues
- Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Mariensee, Germany
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