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Mafi A, Hedayati N, Milasi YE, Kahkesh S, Daviran M, Farahani N, Hashemi M, Nabavi N, Alimohammadi M, Rahimzadeh P, Taheriazam A. The function and mechanism of circRNAs in 5-fluorouracil resistance in tumors: Biological mechanisms and future potential. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155457. [PMID: 39018926 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a well-known chemotherapy drug extensively used in the treatment of breast cancer. It works by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inducing cell death through direct incorporation into DNA and RNA via thymidylate synthase (TS). Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel family of endogenous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with limited protein-coding potential, contribute to 5-FU resistance. Their identification and targeting are crucial for enhancing chemosensitivity. CircRNAs can regulate tumor formation and invasion by adhering to microRNAs (miRNAs) and interacting with RNA-binding proteins, regulating transcription and translation. MiRNAs can influence enzymes responsible for 5-FU metabolism in cancer cells, affecting their sensitivity or resistance to the drug. In the context of 5-FU resistance, circRNAs can target miRNAs and regulate biological processes such as cell proliferation, cell death, glucose metabolism, hypoxia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and drug efflux. This review focuses on the function of circRNAs in 5-FU resistance, discussing the underlying molecular pathways and biological mechanisms. It also presents recent circRNA/miRNA-targeted cancer therapeutic strategies for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mafi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Neda Hedayati
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Eshaghi Milasi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Kahkesh
- Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Minoo Daviran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Najma Farahani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Independent Researcher, Victoria, British Columbia V8V 1P7, Canada
| | - Mina Alimohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Payman Rahimzadeh
- Surgical Research Society (SRS), Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Rashid M, Rashid R, Gadewal N, Carethers JM, Koi M, Brim H, Ashktorab H. High-throughput sequencing and in-silico analysis confirm pathogenicity of novel MSH3 variants in African American colorectal cancer. Neoplasia 2024; 49:100970. [PMID: 38281411 PMCID: PMC10840101 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2024.100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of DNA sequence integrity is critical to avoid accumulation of cancer-causing mutations. Inactivation of DNA Mismatch Repair (MMR) genes (e.g., MLH1 and MSH2) is common among many cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC) and is the driver of classic microsatellite instability (MSI) in tumors. Somatic MSH3 alterations have been linked to a specific form of MSI called elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats (EMAST) that is associated with patient poor prognosis and elevated among African American (AA) rectal cancer patients. Genetic variants of MSH3 and their pathogenicity vary among different populations, such as among AA, which are not well-represented in publicly available databases. Targeted exome sequencing of MSH3 among AA CRC samples followed by computational bioinformatic pipeline and molecular dynamic simulation analysis approach confirmed six identified MSH3 variants (c.G1237A, c.C2759T, c.G1397A, c.G2926A, c.C3028T, c.G3241A) that corresponded to MSH3 amino-acid changes (p.E413K; p.S466N; p.S920F; p.E976K; p.H1010Y; p.E1081K). All identified MSH3 variants were non-synonymous, novel, pathogenic, and show loss or gain of hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, hydrophobic bonding, and disulfide bonding and have a deleterious effect on the structure of MSH3 protein. Some variants were located within the ATPase site of MSH3, affecting ATP hydrolysis that is critical for MSH3's function. Other variants were in the MSH3-MSH2 interacting domain, important for MSH3's binding to MSH2. Overall, our data suggest that these variants among AA CRC patients affect the function of MSH3 making them pathogenic and likely contributing to the development or advancement of CRC among AA. Further clarifying functional studies will be necessary to fully understand the impact of these variants on MSH3 function and CRC development in AA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Rashid
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Rumaisa Rashid
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Nikhil Gadewal
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Facility, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, MH 410210, India
| | - John M Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Minoru Koi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hassan Brim
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Shah SB, Chang CY, Wang H, Wu X. MutSβ protects common fragile sites by facilitating homology-directed repair at DNA double-strand breaks with secondary structures. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:1120-1135. [PMID: 38038265 PMCID: PMC10853791 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Common fragile sites (CFSs) are regions prone to chromosomal rearrangements, thereby contributing to tumorigenesis. Under replication stress (RS), CFSs often harbor under-replicated DNA regions at the onset of mitosis, triggering homology-directed repair known as mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) to complete DNA replication. In this study, we identified an important role of DNA mismatch repair protein MutSβ (MSH2/MSH3) in facilitating MiDAS and maintaining CFS stability. Specifically, we demonstrated that MutSβ is required for the increased mitotic recombination induced by RS or FANCM loss at CFS-derived AT-rich and structure-prone sequences (CFS-ATs). We also found that MSH3 exhibits synthetic lethality with FANCM. Mechanistically, MutSβ is required for homologous recombination (HR) especially when DNA double-strand break (DSB) ends contain secondary structures. We also showed that upon RS, MutSβ is recruited to Flex1, a specific CFS-AT, in a PCNA-dependent but MUS81-independent manner. Furthermore, MutSβ interacts with RAD52 and promotes RAD52 recruitment to Flex1 following MUS81-dependent fork cleavage. RAD52, in turn, recruits XPF/ERCC1 to remove DNA secondary structures at DSB ends, enabling HR/break-induced replication (BIR) at CFS-ATs. We propose that the specific requirement of MutSβ in processing DNA secondary structures at CFS-ATs underlies its crucial role in promoting MiDAS and maintaining CFS integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yunkun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Sameer Bikram Shah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Medina-Rivera M, Phelps S, Sridharan M, Becker J, Lamb N, Kumar C, Sutton M, Bielinsky A, Balakrishnan L, Surtees J. Elevated MSH2 MSH3 expression interferes with DNA metabolism in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:12185-12206. [PMID: 37930834 PMCID: PMC10711559 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Msh2-Msh3 mismatch repair (MMR) complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae recognizes and directs repair of insertion/deletion loops (IDLs) up to ∼17 nucleotides. Msh2-Msh3 also recognizes and binds distinct looped and branched DNA structures with varying affinities, thereby contributing to genome stability outside post-replicative MMR through homologous recombination, double-strand break repair (DSBR) and the DNA damage response. In contrast, Msh2-Msh3 promotes genome instability through trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansions, presumably by binding structures that form from single-stranded (ss) TNR sequences. We previously demonstrated that Msh2-Msh3 binding to 5' ssDNA flap structures interfered with Rad27 (Fen1 in humans)-mediated Okazaki fragment maturation (OFM) in vitro. Here we demonstrate that elevated Msh2-Msh3 levels interfere with DNA replication and base excision repair in vivo. Elevated Msh2-Msh3 also induced a cell cycle arrest that was dependent on RAD9 and ELG1 and led to PCNA modification. These phenotypes also required Msh2-Msh3 ATPase activity and downstream MMR proteins, indicating an active mechanism that is not simply a result of Msh2-Msh3 DNA-binding activity. This study provides new mechanistic details regarding how excess Msh2-Msh3 can disrupt DNA replication and repair and highlights the role of Msh2-Msh3 protein abundance in Msh2-Msh3-mediated genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Medina-Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY, 14203, USA
| | - Samantha Phelps
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY, 14203, USA
| | - Madhumita Sridharan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jordan Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Natalie A Lamb
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY, 14203, USA
| | - Charanya Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY, 14203, USA
| | - Mark D Sutton
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY, 14203, USA
| | - Anja Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lata Balakrishnan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jennifer A Surtees
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY, 14203, USA
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Frerker B, Bock F, Cappel ML, Kriesen S, Klautke G, Hildebrandt G, Manda K. Radiosensitizing Effects of Irinotecan versus Oxaliplatin Alone and in Combination with 5-Fluorouracil on Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10385. [PMID: 37373535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, oxaliplatin and irinotecan are used in combination with 5-flourouracil (5-FU) for metastatic colorectal cancer. In this study it was tested whether oxaliplatin and irinotecan and their combinations with 5-FU have an enhanced effect when treated simultaneously with ionizing radiation. In addition, it should be compared whether one combination therapy is more effective than the other. Colorectal cancer cells (HT-29) were treated with irinotecan or oxaliplatin, both alone and in combination with 5-FU, and subsequently irradiated. The cell growth, metabolic activity and proliferation of cells were investigated, and the clonogenic survival was determined. Furthermore, the assessment of radiation-induced DNA damage and the influence of the drugs and their combinations on DNA damage repair was investigated. Treatment with irinotecan or oxaliplatin in combination with 5-FU inhibited proliferation and metabolic activity as well as clonogenic survival and the DNA damage repair capacity of the tumor cells. The comparison of oxaliplatin and irinotecan with simultaneous irradiation showed the same effect of both drugs. When oxaliplatin or irinotecan was combined with 5-FU, tumor cell survival was significantly lower than with monotherapy; however, there was no superiority of either combination regimen. Our results have shown that the combination of 5-FU and irinotecan is as effective as the combination of 5-FU with oxaliplatin. Therefore, our data support the use of FOLFIRI as a radiosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Frerker
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Marie-Louise Cappel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Kriesen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gunther Klautke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Chemnitz, Bürgerstrasse 2, 09113 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Katrin Manda
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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6
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Lamb NA, Bard JE, Loll-Krippleber R, Brown GW, Surtees JA. Complex mutation profiles in mismatch repair and ribonucleotide reductase mutants reveal novel repair substrate specificity of MutS homolog (MSH) complexes. Genetics 2022; 221:6605222. [PMID: 35686905 PMCID: PMC9339293 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining mutation signatures is standard for understanding the etiology of human tumors and informing cancer treatment. Multiple determinants of DNA replication fidelity prevent mutagenesis that leads to carcinogenesis, including the regulation of free deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools by ribonucleotide reductase and repair of replication errors by the mismatch repair system. We identified genetic interactions between rnr1 alleles that skew and/or elevate deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate levels and mismatch repair gene deletions. These defects indicate that the rnr1 alleles lead to increased mutation loads that are normally acted upon by mismatch repair. We then utilized a targeted deep-sequencing approach to determine mutational profiles associated with mismatch repair pathway defects. By combining rnr1 and msh mutations to alter and/or increase deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate levels and alter the mutational load, we uncovered previously unreported specificities of Msh2-Msh3 and Msh2-Msh6. Msh2-Msh3 is uniquely able to direct the repair of G/C single-base deletions in GC runs, while Msh2-Msh6 specifically directs the repair of substitutions that occur at G/C dinucleotides. We also identified broader sequence contexts that influence variant profiles in different genetic backgrounds. Finally, we observed that the mutation profiles in double mutants were not necessarily an additive relationship of mutation profiles in single mutants. Our results have implications for interpreting mutation signatures from human tumors, particularly when mismatch repair is defective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Lamb
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jonathan E Bard
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA,University at Buffalo Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Raphael Loll-Krippleber
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Grant W Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Surtees
- Corresponding author: Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Rm 4215, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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7
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Andonegui-Elguera S, Silva-Román G, Peña-Martínez E, Taniguchi-Ponciano K, Vela-Patiño S, Remba-Shapiro I, Gómez-Apo E, Espinosa-de-los-Monteros AL, Portocarrero-Ortiz LA, Guinto G, Moreno-Jimenez S, Chavez-Macias L, Saucedo R, Basurto-Acevedo L, Lopez-Felix B, Gonzalez-Torres C, Gaytan-Cervantes J, Ayala-Sumuano JT, Burak-Leipuner A, Marrero-Rodríguez D, Mercado M. The Genomic Landscape of Corticotroph Tumors: From Silent Adenomas to ACTH-Secreting Carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094861. [PMID: 35563252 PMCID: PMC9106092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotroph cells give rise to aggressive and rare pituitary neoplasms comprising ACTH-producing adenomas resulting in Cushing disease (CD), clinically silent ACTH adenomas (SCA), Crooke cell adenomas (CCA) and ACTH-producing carcinomas (CA). The molecular pathogenesis of these tumors is still poorly understood. To better understand the genomic landscape of all the lesions of the corticotroph lineage, we sequenced the whole exome of three SCA, one CCA, four ACTH-secreting PA causing CD, one corticotrophinoma occurring in a CD patient who developed Nelson syndrome after adrenalectomy and one patient with an ACTH-producing CA. The ACTH-producing CA was the lesion with the highest number of single nucleotide variants (SNV) in genes such as USP8, TP53, AURKA, EGFR, HSD3B1 and CDKN1A. The USP8 variant was found only in the ACTH-CA and in the corticotrophinoma occurring in a patient with Nelson syndrome. In CCA, SNV in TP53, EGFR, HSD3B1 and CDKN1A SNV were present. HSD3B1 and CDKN1A SNVs were present in all three SCA, whereas in two of these tumors SNV in TP53, AURKA and EGFR were found. None of the analyzed tumors showed SNV in USP48, BRAF, BRG1 or CABLES1. The amplification of 17q12 was found in all tumors, except for the ACTH-producing carcinoma. The four clinically functioning ACTH adenomas and the ACTH-CA shared the amplification of 10q11.22 and showed more copy-number variation (CNV) gains and single-nucleotide variations than the nonfunctioning tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Andonegui-Elguera
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (S.A.-E.); (G.S.-R.); (E.P.-M.); (K.T.-P.); (S.V.-P.); (I.R.-S.); (A.-L.E.-d.-l.-M.); (R.S.); (L.B.-A.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Gloria Silva-Román
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (S.A.-E.); (G.S.-R.); (E.P.-M.); (K.T.-P.); (S.V.-P.); (I.R.-S.); (A.-L.E.-d.-l.-M.); (R.S.); (L.B.-A.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Eduardo Peña-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (S.A.-E.); (G.S.-R.); (E.P.-M.); (K.T.-P.); (S.V.-P.); (I.R.-S.); (A.-L.E.-d.-l.-M.); (R.S.); (L.B.-A.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Keiko Taniguchi-Ponciano
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (S.A.-E.); (G.S.-R.); (E.P.-M.); (K.T.-P.); (S.V.-P.); (I.R.-S.); (A.-L.E.-d.-l.-M.); (R.S.); (L.B.-A.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Sandra Vela-Patiño
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (S.A.-E.); (G.S.-R.); (E.P.-M.); (K.T.-P.); (S.V.-P.); (I.R.-S.); (A.-L.E.-d.-l.-M.); (R.S.); (L.B.-A.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Ilan Remba-Shapiro
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (S.A.-E.); (G.S.-R.); (E.P.-M.); (K.T.-P.); (S.V.-P.); (I.R.-S.); (A.-L.E.-d.-l.-M.); (R.S.); (L.B.-A.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Erick Gómez-Apo
- Área de Neuropatología, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (E.G.-A.); (L.C.-M.)
| | - Ana-Laura Espinosa-de-los-Monteros
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (S.A.-E.); (G.S.-R.); (E.P.-M.); (K.T.-P.); (S.V.-P.); (I.R.-S.); (A.-L.E.-d.-l.-M.); (R.S.); (L.B.-A.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Lesly A. Portocarrero-Ortiz
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Manuel Velasco Suarez”, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (L.A.P.-O.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Gerardo Guinto
- Centro Neurológico, Centro Medico ABC, Ciudad de Mexico 01120, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Moreno-Jimenez
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Manuel Velasco Suarez”, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (L.A.P.-O.); (S.M.-J.)
- Centro Neurológico, Centro Medico ABC, Ciudad de Mexico 01120, Mexico;
| | - Laura Chavez-Macias
- Área de Neuropatología, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (E.G.-A.); (L.C.-M.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04360, Mexico
| | - Renata Saucedo
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (S.A.-E.); (G.S.-R.); (E.P.-M.); (K.T.-P.); (S.V.-P.); (I.R.-S.); (A.-L.E.-d.-l.-M.); (R.S.); (L.B.-A.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Lourdes Basurto-Acevedo
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (S.A.-E.); (G.S.-R.); (E.P.-M.); (K.T.-P.); (S.V.-P.); (I.R.-S.); (A.-L.E.-d.-l.-M.); (R.S.); (L.B.-A.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Blas Lopez-Felix
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico;
| | - Carolina Gonzalez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Secuenciacion, Division de Desarrollo de la Investigacion, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (C.G.-T.); (J.G.-C.)
| | - Javier Gaytan-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Secuenciacion, Division de Desarrollo de la Investigacion, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (C.G.-T.); (J.G.-C.)
| | | | - Andres Burak-Leipuner
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (S.A.-E.); (G.S.-R.); (E.P.-M.); (K.T.-P.); (S.V.-P.); (I.R.-S.); (A.-L.E.-d.-l.-M.); (R.S.); (L.B.-A.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Daniel Marrero-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (S.A.-E.); (G.S.-R.); (E.P.-M.); (K.T.-P.); (S.V.-P.); (I.R.-S.); (A.-L.E.-d.-l.-M.); (R.S.); (L.B.-A.); (A.B.-L.)
- Correspondence: (D.M.-R.); (M.M.); Tel.: +52-54401021 (D.M.-R.)
| | - Moisés Mercado
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (S.A.-E.); (G.S.-R.); (E.P.-M.); (K.T.-P.); (S.V.-P.); (I.R.-S.); (A.-L.E.-d.-l.-M.); (R.S.); (L.B.-A.); (A.B.-L.)
- Correspondence: (D.M.-R.); (M.M.); Tel.: +52-54401021 (D.M.-R.)
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8
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Chuvakova LN, Funikov SY, Rezvykh AP, Davletshin AI, Evgen'ev MB, Litvinova SA, Fedotova IB, Poletaeva II, Garbuz DG. Transcriptome of the Krushinsky-Molodkina Audiogenic Rat Strain and Identification of Possible Audiogenic Epilepsy-Associated Genes. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:738930. [PMID: 34803604 PMCID: PMC8600260 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.738930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Audiogenic epilepsy (AE), inherent to several rodent strains is widely studied as a model of generalized convulsive epilepsy. The molecular mechanisms that determine the manifestation of AE are not well understood. In the present work, we compared transcriptomes from the corpora quadrigemina in the midbrain zone, which are crucial for AE development, to identify genes associated with the AE phenotype. Three rat strains without sound exposure were compared: Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) strain (100% AE-prone); Wistar outbred rat strain (non-AE prone) and “0” strain (partially AE-prone), selected from F2 KM × Wistar hybrids for their lack of AE. The findings showed that the KM strain gene expression profile exhibited a number of characteristics that differed from those of the Wistar and “0” strain profiles. In particular, the KM rats showed increased expression of a number of genes involved in the positive regulation of the MAPK signaling cascade and genes involved in the positive regulation of apoptotic processes. Another characteristic of the KM strain which differed from that of the Wistar and “0” rats was a multi-fold increase in the expression level of the Ttr gene and a significant decrease in the expression of the Msh3 gene. Decreased expression of a number of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes and a few other genes was also identified in the KM strain. Our data confirm the complex multigenic nature of AE inheritance in rodents. A comparison with data obtained from other independently selected AE-prone rodent strains suggests some common causes for the formation of the audiogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov N Chuvakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei Yu Funikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander P Rezvykh
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Artem I Davletshin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael B Evgen'ev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - David G Garbuz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Notarstefano V, Sabbatini S, Pro C, Belloni A, Orilisi G, Rubini C, Byrne HJ, Vaccari L, Giorgini E. Exploiting fourier transform infrared and Raman microspectroscopies on cancer stem cells from oral squamous cells carcinoma: new evidence of acquired cisplatin chemoresistance. Analyst 2021; 145:8038-8049. [PMID: 33063801 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01623c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral Squamous Cells Carcinoma (OSCC) is characterised by the risk of recurrence and the onset of a refractoriness response to chemotherapy drugs. These phenomena have been recently related to a subpopulation of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), which have either an innate or acquired drug resistance, triggered by chemotherapy treatments. In this light, to precisely target chemotherapy regimens, it is essential to improve knowledge on CSCs, with a particular focus on their molecular features. In this work, a subpopulation of CSCs, isolated by tumour sphere formation from primary OSCC cells, were treated with cisplatin for 16, 24 and 48 hours and analysed by infrared absorption and Raman microspectroscopies. CSC spectral data were compared with those obtained in previous work, for primary OSCC cells treated under the same conditions. Routine viability/apoptosis cell-based assays evidenced in CSCs and primary OSCCs, a similar degree of sensitivity to the drug at 24 hours, while a reversion of the conventional monotonic time response exhibited by OSCCs was shown by CSCs at 48 hours. This peculiar time response was also supported by the analysis of IR and Raman data, which pinpointed alterations in the lipid composition and DNA conformation in CSCs. The results obtained suggest that CSCs, although sharing with OSCC cells a similar sensitivity to cisplatin, display the onset of a mechanism of chemoresistance and enrichment of resistant CSCs as a result of drug treatment, shedding new light on the severe issue of refractoriness of some patients to chemotherapy conventionally used for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Notarstefano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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10
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Köberle B, Schoch S. Platinum Complexes in Colorectal Cancer and Other Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092073. [PMID: 33922989 PMCID: PMC8123298 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cisplatin is successfully used for the treatment of various solid cancers. Unfortunately, it shows no activity in colorectal cancer. The resistance phenotype of colorectal cancer cells is mainly caused by alterations in p53-controlled DNA damage signaling and/or defects in the cellular mismatch repair pathway. Improvement of platinum-based chemotherapy in cisplatin-unresponsive cancers, such as colorectal cancer, might be achieved by newly designed cisplatin analogues, which retain activity in unresponsive tumor cells. Moreover, a combination of cisplatin with biochemical modulators of DNA damage signaling might sensitize cisplatin-resistant tumor cells to the drug, thus providing another strategy to improve cancer therapy. Abstract Cisplatin is one of the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of various solid neoplasms, including testicular, lung, ovarian, head and neck, and bladder cancers. Unfortunately, the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin against colorectal cancer is poor. Various mechanisms appear to contribute to cisplatin resistance in cancer cells, including reduced drug accumulation, enhanced drug detoxification, modulation of DNA repair mechanisms, and finally alterations in cisplatin DNA damage signaling preventing apoptosis in cancer cells. Regarding colorectal cancer, defects in mismatch repair and altered p53-mediated DNA damage signaling are the main factors controlling the resistance phenotype. In particular, p53 inactivation appears to be associated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis. To overcome resistance in cancers, several strategies can be envisaged. Improved cisplatin analogues, which retain activity in resistant cancer, might be applied. Targeting p53-mediated DNA damage signaling provides another therapeutic strategy to circumvent cisplatin resistance. This review provides an overview on the DNA repair pathways involved in the processing of cisplatin damage and will describe signal transduction from cisplatin DNA lesions, with special attention given to colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, examples for improved platinum compounds and biochemical modulators of cisplatin DNA damage signaling will be presented in the context of colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Köberle
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah Schoch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
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11
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de Castro E Gloria H, Jesuíno Nogueira L, Bencke Grudzinski P, da Costa Ghignatti PV, Guecheva TN, Motta Leguisamo N, Saffi J. Olaparib-mediated enhancement of 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity in mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:448. [PMID: 33888065 PMCID: PMC8063290 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The advances in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment include the identification of deficiencies in Mismatch Repair (MMR) pathway to predict the benefit of adjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin for stage II CRC and immunotherapy. Defective MMR contributes to chemoresistance in CRC. A growing body of evidence supports the role of Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, such as Olaparib, in the treatment of different subsets of cancer beyond the tumors with homologous recombination deficiencies. In this work we evaluated the effect of Olaparib on 5-FU cytotoxicity in MMR-deficient and proficient CRC cells and the mechanisms involved. Methods Human colon cancer cell lines, proficient (HT29) and deficient (HCT116) in MMR, were treated with 5-FU and Olaparib. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT and clonogenic assays, apoptosis induction and cell cycle progression by flow cytometry, DNA damage by comet assay. Adhesion and transwell migration assays were also performed. Results Our results showed enhancement of the 5-FU citotoxicity by Olaparib in MMR-deficient HCT116 colon cancer cells. Moreover, the combined treatment with Olaparib and 5-FU induced G2/M arrest, apoptosis and polyploidy in these cells. In MMR proficient HT29 cells, the Olaparib alone reduced clonogenic survival, induced DNA damage accumulation and decreased the adhesion and migration capacities. Conclusion Our results suggest benefits of Olaparib inclusion in CRC treatment, as combination with 5-FU for MMR deficient CRC and as monotherapy for MMR proficient CRC. Thus, combined therapy with Olaparib could be a strategy to overcome 5-FU chemotherapeutic resistance in MMR-deficient CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena de Castro E Gloria
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite st 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Jesuíno Nogueira
- Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/ University Foundation of Cardiology (ICFUC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bencke Grudzinski
- Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/ University Foundation of Cardiology (ICFUC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Temenouga Nikolova Guecheva
- Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/ University Foundation of Cardiology (ICFUC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalia Motta Leguisamo
- Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/ University Foundation of Cardiology (ICFUC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite st 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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12
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Young SJ, West SC. Coordinated roles of SLX4 and MutSβ in DNA repair and the maintenance of genome stability. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:157-177. [PMID: 33596761 PMCID: PMC7610648 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1881433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SLX4 provides a molecular scaffold for the assembly of multiple protein complexes required for the maintenance of genome stability. It is involved in the repair of DNA crosslinks, the resolution of recombination intermediates, the response to replication stress and the maintenance of telomere length. To carry out these diverse functions, SLX4 interacts with three structure-selective endonucleases, MUS81-EME1, SLX1 and XPF-ERCC1, as well as the telomere binding proteins TRF2, RTEL1 and SLX4IP. Recently, SLX4 was shown to interact with MutSβ, a heterodimeric protein involved in DNA mismatch repair, trinucleotide repeat instability, crosslink repair and recombination. Importantly, MutSβ promotes the pathogenic expansion of CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeats, which is causative of myotonic dystrophy and Huntington's disease. The colocalization and specific interaction of MutSβ with SLX4, together with their apparently overlapping functions, are suggestive of a common role in reactions that promote DNA maintenance and genome stability. This review will focus on the role of SLX4 in DNA repair, the interplay between MutSβ and SLX4, and detail how they cooperate to promote recombinational repair and DNA crosslink repair. Furthermore, we speculate that MutSβ and SLX4 may provide an alternative cellular mechanism that modulates trinucleotide instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Young
- DNA Recombination and Repair Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Stephen C West
- DNA Recombination and Repair Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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13
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Sethy C, Kundu CN. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance and the new strategy to enhance the sensitivity against cancer: Implication of DNA repair inhibition. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111285. [PMID: 33485118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been an important anti-cancer drug to date. With an increase in the knowledge of its mechanism of action, various treatment modalities have been developed over the past few decades to increase its anti-cancer activity. But drug resistance has greatly affected the clinical use of 5-FU. Overcoming this chemoresistance is a challenge due to the presence of cancer stem cells like cells, cancer recurrence, metastasis, and angiogenesis. In this review, we have systematically discussed the mechanism of 5-FU resistance and advent strategies to increase the sensitivity of 5-FU therapy including resistance reversal. Special emphasis has been given to the cancer stem cells (CSCs) mediated 5-FU chemoresistance and its reversal process by different approaches including the DNA repair inhibition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayee Sethy
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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14
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Young SJ, Sebald M, Shah Punatar R, Larin M, Masino L, Rodrigo-Brenni MC, Liang CC, West SC. MutSβ Stimulates Holliday Junction Resolution by the SMX Complex. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108289. [PMID: 33086055 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MutSα and MutSβ play important roles in DNA mismatch repair and are linked to inheritable cancers and degenerative disorders. Here, we show that MSH2 and MSH3, the two components of MutSβ, bind SLX4 protein, a scaffold for the assembly of the SLX1-SLX4-MUS81-EME1-XPF-ERCC1 (SMX) trinuclease complex. SMX promotes the resolution of Holliday junctions (HJs), which are intermediates in homologous recombinational repair. We find that MutSβ binds HJs and stimulates their resolution by SLX1-SLX4 or SMX in reactions dependent upon direct interactions between MutSβ and SLX4. In contrast, MutSα does not stimulate HJ resolution. MSH3-depleted cells exhibit reduced sister chromatid exchanges and elevated levels of homologous recombination ultrafine bridges (HR-UFBs) at mitosis, consistent with defects in the processing of recombination intermediates. These results demonstrate a role for MutSβ in addition to its established role in the pathogenic expansion of CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeats, which is causative of myotonic dystrophy and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Young
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marie Sebald
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Meghan Larin
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Laura Masino
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Chih-Chao Liang
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stephen C West
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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15
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DNA Mismatch Repair Gene Variants in Sporadic Solid Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155561. [PMID: 32756484 PMCID: PMC7432688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the development of sporadic solid cancers are still scarce. The aim of this review was to summarise and analyse published data on the associations between SNPs in mismatch repair genes and various cancers. The mismatch repair system plays a unique role in the control of the genetic integrity and it is often inactivated (germline and somatic mutations and hypermethylation) in cancer patients. Here, we focused on germline variants in mismatch repair genes and found the outcomes rather controversial: some SNPs are sometimes ascribed as protective, while other studies reported their pathological effects. Regarding the complexity of cancer as one disease, we attempted to ascertain if particular polymorphisms exert the effect in the same direction in the development and treatment of different malignancies, although it is still not straightforward to conclude whether polymorphisms always play a clear positive role or a negative one. Most recent and robust genome-wide studies suggest that risk of cancer is modulated by variants in mismatch repair genes, for example in colorectal cancer. Our study shows that rs1800734 in MLH1 or rs2303428 in MSH2 may influence the development of different malignancies. The lack of functional studies on many DNA mismatch repair SNPs as well as their interactions are not explored yet. Notably, the concerted action of more variants in one individual may be protective or harmful. Further, complex interactions of DNA mismatch repair variations with both the environment and microenvironment in the cancer pathogenesis will deserve further attention.
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16
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Mohammadpour S, Goodarzi HR, Jafarinia M, Porhoseingholi MA, Nazemalhosseini‐Mojarad E. EMAST status as a beneficial predictor of fluorouracil‐based adjuvant chemotherapy for Stage II/III colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3604-3611. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Mohammadpour
- Department of Biology, Fars Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Marvdasht Iran
- Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch Islamic Azad University Marvdasht Iran
| | - Hamed R. Goodarzi
- Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch Islamic Azad University Marvdasht Iran
| | - Mojtaba Jafarinia
- Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch Islamic Azad University Marvdasht Iran
| | - Mohammad A. Porhoseingholi
- Department of Bio‐Statistics, Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini‐Mojarad
- Department of Gastrointestinal (GI) Cancer, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Meddens CA, van der List ACJ, Nieuwenhuis EES, Mokry M. Non-coding DNA in IBD: from sequence variation in DNA regulatory elements to novel therapeutic potential. Gut 2019; 68:928-941. [PMID: 30692146 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified over 200 loci associated with IBD. We and others have recently shown that, in addition to variants in protein-coding genes, the majority of the associated loci are related to DNA regulatory elements (DREs). These findings add a dimension to the already complex genetic background of IBD. In this review we summarise the existing evidence on the role of DREs in IBD. We discuss how epigenetic research can be used in candidate gene approaches that take non-coding variants into account and can help to pinpoint the essential pathways and cell types in the pathogenesis of IBD. Despite the increased level of genetic complexity, these findings can contribute to novel therapeutic options that target transcription factor binding and enhancer activity. Finally, we summarise the future directions and challenges of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claartje Aleid Meddens
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Michal Mokry
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is an extremely aggressive cancer with one of the highest mortality rates. The cancer is generally only diagnosed at the later stages and has a poor 5-year survival rate due to the limited treatment options. China and South Africa are two countries with a very high prevalence rate of EC. EC rates in South Africa have been on the increase, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant subtype and a primary cause of cancer-related deaths in the black and male mixed ancestry populations in South Africa. The incidence of EC is highest in the Eastern Cape Province, especially in the rural areas such as the Transkei, where the consumption of foods contaminated with Fusarium verticillioides is thought to play a major contributing role to the incidence of EC. China is responsible for almost half of all new cases of EC globally. In China, the prevalence of EC varies greatly. However, the two main areas of high prevalence are the southern Taihang Mountain area (Linxian, Henan Province) and the north Jiangsu area. In both countries, environmental toxins play a major role in increasing the chance that an individual will develop EC. These associative factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, nutritional deficiencies and exposure to environmental toxins. However, genetic polymorphisms also play a role in predisposing individuals to EC. These include single-nucleotide polymorphisms that can be found in both protein-coding genes and in non-coding sequences such as miRNAs. The aim of this review is to summarize the contribution of genetic polymorphisms to EC in South Africa and to compare and contrast this to the genetic polymorphisms observed in EC in the most comprehensively studied population group, the Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alaouna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rodney Hull
- Research, Innovation & Engagements Portfolio, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa,
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- Research, Innovation & Engagements Portfolio, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa,
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19
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Ashktorab H, Mokarram P, Azimi H, Olumi H, Varma S, Nickerson ML, Brim H. Targeted exome sequencing reveals distinct pathogenic variants in Iranians with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7852-7866. [PMID: 28002797 PMCID: PMC5341754 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is currently used to establish mutational profiles in many multigene diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC), which is on the rise in many parts of the developing World including, Iran. Little is known about its genetic hallmarks in these populations. AIM To identify variants in 15 CRC-associated genes in patients of Iranian descent. RESULTS There were 51 validated variants distributed on 12 genes: 22% MSH3 (n = 11/51), 10% MSH6 (n = 5/51), 8% AMER1 (n = 4/51), 20% APC (n = 10/51), 2% BRAF (n = 1/51), 2% KRAS (n = 1/51), 12% PIK3CA (n = 6/51), 8% TGFβR2A (n = 4/51), 2% SMAD4 (n = 1/51), 4% SOX9 (n = 2/51), 6% TCF7L2 (n = 3/51), and 6% TP53 (n = 3/51). Most known and distinct variants were in mismatch repair genes (MMR, 32%) and APC (20%). Among oncogenes, PIK3CA was the top target (12%). MATERIALS AND METHODS CRC specimens from 63 Shirazi patients were used to establish the variant' profile on an Ion Torrent platform by targeted exome sequencing. To rule-out technical artifacts, the variants were validated in 13 of these samples using an Illumina NGS platform. Validated variants were annotated and compared to variants from publically available databases. An in-silico functional analysis was performed. MSI status of the analyzed samples was established. CONCLUSION These results illustrate for the first time CRC mutational profile in Iranian patients. MSH3, MSH6, APC and PIK3CA genes seem to play a bigger role in the path to cancer in this population. These findings will potentially lead to informed genetic diagnosis protocol and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Current address: Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Azimi
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hasti Olumi
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Michael L Nickerson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hassan Brim
- Department of Pathology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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20
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Ashktorab H, Azimi H, Varma S, Tavakoli P, Nickerson ML, Brim H. Distinctive DNA mismatch repair and APC rare variants in African Americans with colorectal neoplasia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99966-99977. [PMID: 29245953 PMCID: PMC5725144 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE African Americans have a higher incidence and mortality from colorectal cancer. This disparity might be due, in part, to the type of mutations in driver genes. In this study, we examined alterations specific to APC, MSH3, and MSH6 genes using targeted exome sequencing to determine distinctive variants in the course of neoplastic transformation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 140 African American colon samples (30 normal, 21 adenomas, 33 advanced adenomas and 56 cancers) were used as our discovery set on an Ion Torrent platform. A 36 samples subset was resequenced on an Illumina platform for variants' validation. Bioinformatics analyses were performed and novel validated variants are reported. RESULTS Two novel MSH6 variants were validated and mapped to the MutS-V region near the MSH2 binding site. For MSH3, 4 known variants were validated and were located in exon 10 (3 non-synonymous) and exon 18 (1 synonymous). As for APC, 20 variants were validated with 4 novel variants: 3 stopgain and 1 non-synonymous. These variants mapped prior to and on the Armadillo repeats region, to the 15-amino acid repeat region, and to the 20-amino acid repeats region, respectively. CONCLUSION We defined novel variants that target DNA mismatch repair and APC genes in African Americans with colorectal lesions. A greater frequency of variants in genes encoding DNA mismatch repair functions and APC likely plays major roles in colorectal cancer initiation and higher incidence of the disease in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Azimi
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Payaam Tavakoli
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael L. Nickerson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hassan Brim
- Department of Pathology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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21
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Ni H, Jiang B, Zhou Z, Yuan X, Cao X, Huang G, Li Y. Inactivation of MSH3 by promoter methylation correlates with primary tumor stage in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:673-678. [PMID: 28656302 PMCID: PMC5547962 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the inactivation of the MutS homolog human 3 (MSH3) gene by promoter methylation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methylation-specific PCR, semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR and immunohistochemical analysis were used to detect methylation and the mRNA and protein expression levels of MSH3 in 54 cases of NPC tissues and 16 cases of normal nasopharyngeal epithelial (NNE) tissues. The association between promoter methylation and mRNA expression, and the mRNA and protein expression of the gene and clinical factors was analyzed. The promoter methylation of MSH3 was detected in 50% (27/54) of the primary tumors, but not in the 16 NNE tissues. The mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly decreased in the 54 cases of human NPC as compared to the 16 NNE tissues (P<0.05). The MSH3-methylated cases exhibited significantly lower mRNA and protein expression levels than the unmethylated cases (P<0.05). The MSH3 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly associated with the variable T stage (P<0.05); however, they did not correlate with the age and sex of the patients, or with the N stage, TNM classification or histopathological subtype (P>0.05). On the whole, MSH3 was frequently inactivated by promoter methylation and its mRNA and protein expression correlated with the primary tumor stage in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Ni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Guangwu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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22
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Zhang CM, Lv JF, Gong L, Yu LY, Chen XP, Zhou HH, Fan L. Role of Deficient Mismatch Repair in the Personalized Management of Colorectal Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13090892. [PMID: 27618077 PMCID: PMC5036725 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third most common type of cancer in developed countries and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Personalized management of CRC has gained increasing attention since there are large inter-individual variations in the prognosis and response to drugs used to treat CRC owing to molecular heterogeneity. Approximately 15% of CRCs are caused by deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) characterized by microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype. The present review is aimed at highlighting the role of MMR status in informing prognosis and personalized treatment of CRC including adjuvant chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy to guide the individualized therapy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Min Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Jin-Feng Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Liang Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Lin-Yu Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Lan Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
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23
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Ferreira JA, Peixoto A, Neves M, Gaiteiro C, Reis CA, Assaraf YG, Santos LL. Mechanisms of cisplatin resistance and targeting of cancer stem cells: Adding glycosylation to the equation. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 24:34-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Goldberg RM. Genomic Profiling in Gastrointestinal Cancer: Are We Ready To Use These Data to Make Treatment Decisions? Oncologist 2015; 20:1448-56. [PMID: 26512044 PMCID: PMC4679091 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable strides have been made in the past 10-15 years in identifying the molecular events that drive cancer. With an enormous amount of new data, including those from The Cancer Genome Atlas Project, therapies are increasingly being developed and tested in clinical trials specifically designed to target some of these molecular events. Often, molecular signatures have become more important than the histologic features in making treatment choices. The success rate of these therapies depends on many factors but, perhaps most importantly, on patient selection according to the genetic analysis results of their individual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Goldberg
- The Ohio State James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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25
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Sawant A, Kothandapani A, Zhitkovich A, Sobol RW, Patrick SM. Role of mismatch repair proteins in the processing of cisplatin interstrand cross-links. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 35:126-36. [PMID: 26519826 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency gives rise to cisplatin resistance and can lead to poor prognosis in cancers. Various models have been proposed to explain this low level of resistance caused due to loss of MMR proteins. We have shown that MMR proteins are required to maintain cisplatin interstrand cross-links (ICLs) on the DNA leading to increased cellular sensitivity. In our previous studies, we have shown that BER processing of the cisplatin ICLs is mutagenic. Polymerase β (Polβ) can generate mismatches which leads to the activation and the recruitment of mismatch repair proteins. In this paper, we distinguished between the requirement of different downstream MMR proteins for maintaining cisplatin sensitivity. We show that the MutSα (MSH2-MSH6) heterocomplex is required to maintain cisplatin sensitivity, whereas the Mutsβ complex has no effect. These results can be correlated with the increased repair of cisplatin ICLs and ICL induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in the resistant cells. Moreover, we show that MLH1 proficient cells displayed a cisplatin sensitive phenotype when compared with the MLH1 deficient cells and the ATPase activity of MLH1 is essential to mediate this effect. Based on these results, we propose that MutSα as well as the downstream MMR pathway proteins are essential to maintain a cisplatin sensitive phenotype as a consequence of processing Polβ induced mismatches at sites flanking cisplatin ICLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshada Sawant
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo-Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Anbarasi Kothandapani
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo-Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, Molecular & Metabolic Oncology Program, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Steve M Patrick
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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26
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Evens AM, Balasubramanian S, Vose JM, Harb W, Gordon LI, Langdon R, Sprague J, Sirisawad M, Mani C, Yue J, Luan Y, Horton S, Graef T, Bartlett NL. A Phase I/II Multicenter, Open-Label Study of the Oral Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Abexinostat in Relapsed/Refractory Lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1059-66. [PMID: 26482040 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Additional targeted therapeutics are needed for the treatment of lymphoma. Abexinostat is an oral pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) displaying potent activity in preclinical models. We conducted a multicenter phase I/II study (N = 55) with single-agent abexinostat in relapsed/refractory lymphoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In phase I, 25 heavily pretreated patients with any lymphoma subtype received oral abexinostat ranging from 30 to 60 mg/m(2) twice daily 5 days/week for 3 weeks or 7 days/week given every other week. Phase II evaluated abexinostat at the maximum tolerated dose in 30 patients with relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma or mantle cell lymphoma. RESULTS The recommended phase II dose was 45 mg/m(2) twice daily (90 mg/m(2) total), 7 days/week given every other week. Of the 30 follicular lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma patients enrolled in phase II, 25 (14 follicular lymphoma, 11 mantle cell lymphoma) were response-evaluable. Tumor size was reduced in 86% of follicular lymphoma patients with an investigator-assessed ORR of 64.3% for evaluable patients [intent-to-treat (ITT) ORR 56.3%]. Median duration of response was not reached, and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 20.5 months (1.2-22.3+). Of responding follicular lymphoma patients, 89% were on study/drug >8 months. In mantle cell lymphoma, the ORR was 27.3% for evaluable patients (ITT ORR 21.4%), and median PFS was 3.9 months (range, 0.1-11.5). Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events (phase II) with ≥ 10% incidence were thrombocytopenia (20%), fatigue (16.7%), and neutropenia (13.3%) with rare QTc prolongation and no deaths. CONCLUSIONS The pan-HDACi, abexinostat, was overall well tolerated and had significant clinical activity in follicular lymphoma, including highly durable responses in this multiply relapsed patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Evens
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | | | - Julie M Vose
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Wael Harb
- Horizon Oncology Center, Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Leo I Gordon
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Julian Sprague
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | | | | | - Ying Luan
- Pharmacyclics, Sunnyvale, California
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27
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Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is a somatic genetic disease in which pathogenesis is influenced by the local colonic environment and the patient's genetic background. Consolidating the knowledge of genetic and epigenetic events that occur with initiation, progression, and metastasis of sporadic CRC has identified some biomarkers that might be utilized to predict behavior and prognosis beyond staging, and inform treatment approaches. Modern next-generation sequencing of sporadic CRCs has confirmed prior identified genetic alterations and has classified new alterations. Each patient's CRC is genetically unique, propelled by 2-8 driver gene alterations that have accumulated within the CRC since initiation. Commonly observed alterations across sporadic CRCs have allowed classification into a (1) hypermutated group that includes defective DNA mismatch repair with microsatellite instability and POLE mutations in ∼15%, containing multiple frameshifted genes and BRAF(V600E); (2) nonhypermutated group with multiple somatic copy number alterations and aneuploidy in ∼85%, containing oncogenic activation of KRAS and PIK3CA and mutation and loss of heterozygosity of tumor suppressor genes, such as APC and TP53; (3) CpG island methylator phenotype CRCs in ∼20% that overlap greatly with microsatellite instability CRCs and some nonhypermutated CRCs; and (4) elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats in ∼60% that associates with metastatic behavior in both hypermutated and nonhypermutated groups. Components from these classifications are now used as diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment biomarkers. Additional common biomarkers may come from genome-wide association studies and microRNAs among other sources, as well as from the unique alteration profile of an individual CRC to apply a precision medicine approach to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Barbara H Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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28
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Williams GM, Surtees JA. MSH3 Promotes Dynamic Behavior of Trinucleotide Repeat Tracts In Vivo. Genetics 2015; 200:737-54. [PMID: 25969461 PMCID: PMC4512540 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.177303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansions are the underlying cause of more than 40 neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases, including myotonic dystrophy and Huntington's disease, yet the pathway to expansion remains poorly understood. An important step in expansion is the shift from a stable TNR sequence to an unstable, expanding tract, which is thought to occur once a TNR attains a threshold length. Modeling of human data has indicated that TNR tracts are increasingly likely to expand as they increase in size and to do so in increments that are smaller than the repeat itself, but this has not been tested experimentally. Genetic work has implicated the mismatch repair factor MSH3 in promoting expansions. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for CAG and CTG tract dynamics, we examined individual threshold-length TNR tracts in vivo over time in MSH3 and msh3Δ backgrounds. We demonstrate, for the first time, that these TNR tracts are highly dynamic. Furthermore, we establish that once such a tract has expanded by even a few repeat units, it is significantly more likely to expand again. Finally, we show that threshold- length TNR sequences readily accumulate net incremental expansions over time through a series of small expansion and contraction events. Importantly, the tracts were substantially stabilized in the msh3Δ background, with a bias toward contractions, indicating that Msh2-Msh3 plays an important role in shifting the expansion-contraction equilibrium toward expansion in the early stages of TNR tract expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Jennifer A Surtees
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York 14214 Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York 14214
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EMAST is a Form of Microsatellite Instability That is Initiated by Inflammation and Modulates Colorectal Cancer Progression. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:185-205. [PMID: 25836926 PMCID: PMC4488660 DOI: 10.3390/genes6020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) function is critical for correcting errors coincident with polymerase-driven DNA replication, and its proteins are frequent targets for inactivation (germline or somatic), generating a hypermutable tumor that drives cancer progression. The biomarker for defective DNA MMR is microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H), observed in ~15% of colorectal cancers, and defined by mono- and dinucleotide microsatellite frameshift mutations. MSI-H is highly correlated with loss of MMR protein expression, is commonly diploid, is often located in the right side of the colon, prognosticates good patient outcome, and predicts poor efficacy with 5-fluorouracil treatment. Elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats (EMAST) is another form of MSI at tetranucleotide repeats that has been observed in multiple cancers, but its etiology and clinical relevance to patient care has only been recently illuminated. Specifically, EMAST is an acquired somatic defect observed in up to 60% of colorectal cancers and caused by unique dysfunction of the DNA MMR protein MSH3 (and its DNA MMR complex MutSβ, a heterodimer of MSH2-MSH3), and in particular a loss-of-function phenotype due to a reversible shift from its normal nuclear location into the cytosol in response to oxidative stress and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6. Tumor hypoxia may also be a contributor. Patients with EMAST colorectal cancers show diminished prognosis compared to patients without the presence of EMAST in their cancer. In addition to defective DNA MMR recognized by tetranucleotide (and di- and tri-nucleotide) frameshifts, loss of MSH3 also contributes to homologous recombination-mediated repair of DNA double stranded breaks, indicating the MSH3 dysfunction is a complex defect for cancer cells that generates not only EMAST but also may contribute to chromosomal instability and aneuploidy. Areas for future investigation for this most common DNA MMR defect among colorectal cancers include relationships between EMAST and chemotherapy response, patient outcome with aneuploid changes in colorectal cancers, target gene mutation analysis, and mechanisms related to inflammation-induced compartmentalization and inactivation for MSH3.
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Ciombor KK, Haraldsdottir S, Goldberg RM. How Can Next-Generation Sequencing (Genomics) Help Us in Treating Colorectal Cancer? CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014; 10:372-379. [PMID: 25395895 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing methods have exponentially increased the amount of genomic information available to scientists and clinicians. This review will explain the evolution of tumor gene sequencing and identify its potential to accelerate therapeutic progress by using colorectal cancer to illustrate the benefits of this type of analysis. A milestone in sequencing occurred when The Cancer Genome Atlas investigators characterized the genomes of 276 colorectal cancer samples, with the resulting information expected to provide future clinical applications and help to guide the treatment of colorectal cancer. Data regarding colorectal cancer mutational frequencies, prognostic and predictive biomarker usefulness, and signaling pathway alterations are emerging from various next generation sequencing platforms. Next generation sequencing methods are also enhancing our understanding of the causes and consequences of both the chromosomal instability and microsatellite instability pathways, as well as expanding our knowledge of the origins of familial colorectal cancer. Limitations to next generation sequencing methods include the need for storage and analysis of massive quantities of data, as well as assurance that the data is of the highest possible quality. However, this genomic technology carries with it the potential to revolutionize our treatment of colorectal cancer patients through better understanding of the underlying disease biology and subsequent development and application of therapeutic approaches targeting the genetic abnormalities specific to individual malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K Ciombor
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Sigurdis Haraldsdottir
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Richard M Goldberg
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
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He WL, Li YH, Hou WJ, Ke ZF, Chen XL, Lu LY, Cai SR, Song W, Zhang CH, He YL. RAD51 potentiates synergistic effects of chemotherapy with PCI-24781 and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum on gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10094-10107. [PMID: 25110436 PMCID: PMC4123338 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the efficacy of PCI-24781, a broad-spectrum, hydroxamic acid-derived histone deacetylase inhibitor, in the treatment of gastric cancer (GC).
METHODS: With or without treatment of PCI-24781 and/or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP), GC cell lines were subjected to functional analysis, including cell growth, apoptosis and clonogenic assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays were used to determine the interacting molecules and the activity of the enzyme. An in vivo study was carried out in GC xenograft mice. Cell culture-based assays were represented as mean ± SD. ANOVA tests were used to assess differences across groups. All pairwise comparisons between tumor weights among treatment groups were made using the Tukey-Kramer method for multiple comparison adjustment to control experimental-wise type I error rates. Significance was set at P < 0.05.
RESULTS: PCI-24781 significantly reduced the growth of the GC cells, enhanced cell apoptosis and suppressed clonogenicity, and these effects synergized with the effects of CDDP. PCI-24781 modulated the cell cycle and significantly reduced the expression of RAD51, which is related to homologous recombination. Depletion of RAD51 augmented the biological functions of PCI-24781, CDDP and the combination treatment, whereas overexpressing RAD51 had the opposite effects. Increased binding of the transcription suppressor E2F4 on the RAD51 promoter appeared to play a major role in these processes. Furthermore, significant suppression of tumor growth and weight in vivo was obtained following PCI-24781 treatment, which synergized with the anticancer effect of CDDP.
CONCLUSION: These data suggest that RAD51 potentiates the synergistic effects of chemotherapy with PCI-24781 and CDDP on GC.
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32
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Zhao H, Thienpont B, Yesilyurt BT, Moisse M, Reumers J, Coenegrachts L, Sagaert X, Schrauwen S, Smeets D, Matthijs G, Aerts S, Cools J, Metcalf A, Spurdle A, Amant F, Lambrechts D. Mismatch repair deficiency endows tumors with a unique mutation signature and sensitivity to DNA double-strand breaks. eLife 2014; 3:e02725. [PMID: 25085081 PMCID: PMC4141275 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication errors that persist as mismatch mutations make up the molecular fingerprint of mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient tumors and convey them with resistance to standard therapy. Using whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing, we here confirm an MMR-deficient mutation signature that is distinct from other tumor genomes, but surprisingly similar to germ-line DNA, indicating that a substantial fraction of human genetic variation arises through mutations escaping MMR. Moreover, we identify a large set of recurrent indels that may serve to detect microsatellite instability (MSI). Indeed, using endometrial tumors with immunohistochemically proven MMR deficiency, we optimize a novel marker set capable of detecting MSI and show it to have greater specificity and selectivity than standard MSI tests. Additionally, we show that recurrent indels are enriched for the ‘DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination’ pathway. Consequently, DSB repair is reduced in MMR-deficient tumors, triggering a dose-dependent sensitivity of MMR-deficient tumor cultures to DSB inducers. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02725.001 Before a cell divides, it must first copy all of its genetic material. Any mistakes that are made during this process are called mutations. Mutations can give rise to new traits but are mostly harmful to the cells, or cause cancer; therefore, cells have evolved tools that can efficiently spot these mistakes and repair them. One of the main tools is called mismatch repair (MMR). Defects in the cell's mismatch repair tools can wreak havoc as this allows many mutations to accumulate. Zhao et al. looked at the genomes of tumors where mismatch repair was not working properly to see what makes these ‘MMR-deficient tumors’ different from other tumors. This revealed that MMR-deficient tumors have similar patterns of mutations to those seen in egg and sperm cells. This was unexpected and suggests that mutations that are not corrected by mismatch repair are an important source of the genetic differences found between different humans, and between humans and their ancestors. Identifying cancerous tumors that are MMR-deficient is vital, as these tumors tend not to respond to commonly used cancer treatments. However, current clinical methods to identify MMR-deficient tumors often fail or produce results that are difficult to interpret. MMR-deficient tumors commonly contain mutations called indels, where short fragments of DNA are inserted or deleted into longer DNA sequences. Zhao et al. have found 59 indels that can be used to detect MMR-deficient tumors, where each indel had been identified in several tumors taken from different tissues. This new approach allowed MMR-deficiency to be identified in several types of tumor, including colon and ovarian cancers, with greater sensitivity and accuracy than the existing methods. Zhao et al. also found that the indels in MMR-deficient tumors reduce the ability of the tumors to repair a type of DNA damage called double-strand breaks. In these, both strands of DNA that make up the double helix are broken and the DNA chain is severed. As this kind of damage is very harmful to a cell, making more double-strand breaks could therefore form part of a more effective treatment against MMR-deficient tumors; further research is needed to investigate this possibility. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02725.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Thienpont
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Betül Tuba Yesilyurt
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joke Reumers
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Coenegrachts
- Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Sagaert
- Division of Pathology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Schrauwen
- Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Smeets
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Matthijs
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stein Aerts
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Cools
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alex Metcalf
- Division of Genetics and Computational Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amanda Spurdle
- Division of Genetics and Computational Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Frederic Amant
- Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Dietlein F, Thelen L, Reinhardt HC. Cancer-specific defects in DNA repair pathways as targets for personalized therapeutic approaches. Trends Genet 2014; 30:326-39. [PMID: 25017190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair pathways enable cancer cells to accumulate genomic alterations that contribute to their aggressive phenotype. However, tumors rely on residual DNA repair capacities to survive the damage induced by genotoxic stress. This dichotomy might explain why only isolated DNA repair pathways are inactivated in cancer cells. Accordingly, synergism has been observed between DNA-damaging drugs and targeted inhibitors of DNA repair. DNA repair pathways are generally thought of as mutually exclusive mechanistic units handling different types of lesions in distinct cell cycle phases. Recent preclinical studies, however, provide strong evidence that multifunctional DNA repair hubs, which are involved in multiple conventional DNA repair pathways, are frequently altered in cancer. We therefore propose that targeted anticancer therapies should not only exploit synthetic lethal interactions between two single genes but also consider alterations in DNA repair hubs. Such a network-based approach considerably increases the opportunities for targeting DNA repair-defective tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Dietlein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lisa Thelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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Vogelsang M, Paccez JD, Schäfer G, Dzobo K, Zerbini LF, Parker MI. Aberrant methylation of the MSH3 promoter and distal enhancer in esophageal cancer patients exposed to first-hand tobacco smoke. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:1825-33. [PMID: 24934723 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polymorphisms in MSH3 gene confer risk of esophageal cancer when in combination with tobacco smoke exposure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the methylation status of MSH3 gene in esophageal cancer patients in order to further elucidate possible role of MSH3 in esophageal tumorigenesis. METHODS We applied nested methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction to investigate the methylation status of the MSH3 promoter in tumors and matching adjacent normal-looking tissues of 84 esophageal cancer patients from a high-risk South African population. The Cancer Genome Atlas data were used to examine DNA methylation profiles at 17 CpG sites located in the MSH3 locus. RESULTS Overall, promoter methylation was detected in 91.9 % of tumors, which was significantly higher compared to 76.0 % in adjacent normal-looking esophageal tissues (P = 0.008). When samples were grouped according to different demographics (including age, gender and ethnicity) and smoking status of patients, methylation frequencies were found to be significantly higher in tumor tissues of Black subjects (P = 0.024), patients of 55-65 years of age (P = 0.032), males (P = 0.037) and tobacco smokers (P = 0.015). Furthermore, methylation of the MSH3 promoter was significantly more frequent in tumor samples from smokers compared to tumor samples from non-smokers [odds ratio (OR) = 31.9, P = 0.031]. The TCGA data confirmed significantly higher DNA methylation level at the MSH3 promoter region in tumors (P = 0.0024). In addition, we found evidence of an aberrantly methylated putative MSH3-associated distal enhancer element. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that methylation of MSH3 together with exposure to tobacco smoke is involved in esophageal carcinogenesis. Due to the active role of the MSH3 protein in modulating chemosensitivity of cells, methylation of MSH3 should further be examined in association with the outcome of esophageal cancer treatment using anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaz Vogelsang
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
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Dietlein F, Thelen L, Jokic M, Jachimowicz RD, Ivan L, Knittel G, Leeser U, van Oers J, Edelmann W, Heukamp LC, Reinhardt HC. A Functional Cancer Genomics Screen Identifies a Druggable Synthetic Lethal Interaction between MSH3 and PRKDC. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:592-605. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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