1
|
Kumar R, Gupta R, Dewan P, Kashyap B, Kotru M. Raised circulatory T regulatory cells in paediatric tuberculosis - An environment for bacterial persistence? Indian J Tuberc 2024; 71:12-18. [PMID: 38296384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES T-regulatory cells (Tregs) restrain the Th1-mediated immune response and thus may help in persistence and dissemination of childhood Tuberculosis. This study compared the percentage of Tregs in peripheral blood of paediatric TB patients (severe and non severe) with healthy individuals by flow cytometry. METHODS Study enrolled 40 subjects, less than 12 years along with 20 age matched healthy controls. Cases were further classified as severe TB and non severe TB. Haematological work-up and flow-cytometry for Tregs was done. Tregs were quantified as CD4CD25 high and CD4FoxP3 cells and compared in different groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS In cases, CD4CD25 high Tregs (%) ranged from 0.55 to 12.8 with a Mean ± SD of 3.61 ± 2.98 and CD4FoxP3 Tregs (%) ranged from 0.02 to 13.44 with a Mean ± SD of 3.56 ± 2.76. In controls, CD4CD25 high Tregs (%) ranged from 0.3 to 6.5 with a Mean ± SD of 1.29 ± 1.4 and CD4FoxP3 Tregs (%) ranged from 0.33 to 2.59 with a Mean ± SD of 1.57 ± 0.58. Thus the percentage of both CD4CD25 high and CD4FoxP3 Tregs were significantly higher in cases as compared to controls (p value, 0.001 and 0.001 respectively), however the difference was not significant between severe versus non-severe TB (p value, 0.827 and 0.880 respectively). CONCLUSION Children with TB (both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) demonstrate increased number of T regulatory cells as compared to healthy controls. However, the number of Tregs are not significantly different between cases with severe versus non severe TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Richa Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India.
| | - Pooja Dewan
- Department of Paediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Bineeta Kashyap
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Kotru
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhuang L, Ye Z, Li L, Yang L, Gong W. Next-Generation TB Vaccines: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1304. [PMID: 37631874 PMCID: PMC10457792 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a prevalent global infectious disease and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Currently, the only available vaccine for TB prevention is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). However, BCG demonstrates limited efficacy, particularly in adults. Efforts to develop effective TB vaccines have been ongoing for nearly a century. In this review, we have examined the current obstacles in TB vaccine research and emphasized the significance of understanding the interaction mechanism between MTB and hosts in order to provide new avenues for research and establish a solid foundation for the development of novel vaccines. We have also assessed various TB vaccine candidates, including inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, and the emerging mRNA vaccines as well as virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines, which are currently in preclinical stages or clinical trials. Furthermore, we have discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with developing different types of TB vaccines and outlined future directions for TB vaccine research, aiming to expedite the development of effective vaccines. This comprehensive review offers a summary of the progress made in the field of novel TB vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Linsheng Li
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A Mathematical Study of the Role of tBregs in Breast Cancer. Bull Math Biol 2022; 84:112. [PMID: 36048369 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-022-01054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A model for the mathematical study of immune response to breast cancer is proposed and studied, both analytically and numerically. It is a simplification of a complex one, recently introduced by two of the present authors. It serves for a compact study of the dynamical role in cancer promotion of a relatively recently described subgroup of regulatory B cells, which are evoked by the tumour.
Collapse
|
4
|
Negera E, Bobosha K, Aseffa A, Dockrell HM, Lockwood DNJ, Walker SL. Regulatory T cells in erythema nodosum leprosum maintain anti-inflammatory function. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010641. [PMID: 35867720 PMCID: PMC9348709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The numbers of circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs) are increased in lepromatous leprosy (LL) but reduced in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), the inflammatory complication of LL. It is unclear whether the suppressive function of Tregs is intact in both these conditions.
Methods
A longitudinal study recruited participants at ALERT Hospital, Ethiopia. Peripheral blood samples were obtained before and after 24 weeks of prednisolone treatment for ENL and multidrug therapy (MDT) for participants with LL. We evaluated the suppressive function of Tregs in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of participants with LL and ENL by analysis of TNFα, IFNγ and IL-10 responses to Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) stimulation before and after depletion of CD25+ cells.
Results
30 LL participants with ENL and 30 LL participants without ENL were recruited. The depletion of CD25+ cells from PBMCs was associated with enhanced TNFα and IFNγ responses to M. leprae stimulation before and after 24 weeks treatment of LL with MDT and of ENL with prednisolone. The addition of autologous CD25+ cells to CD25+ depleted PBMCs abolished these responses. In both non-reactional LL and ENL groups mitogen (PHA)-induced TNFα and IFNγ responses were not affected by depletion of CD25+ cells either before or after treatment. Depleting CD25+ cells did not affect the IL-10 response to M. leprae before and after 24 weeks of MDT in participants with LL. However, depletion of CD25+ cells was associated with an enhanced IL-10 response on stimulation with M. leprae in untreated participants with ENL and reduced IL-10 responses in treated individuals with ENL. The enhanced IL-10 in untreated ENL and the reduced IL-10 response in prednisolone treated individuals with ENL was abolished by addition of autologous CD25+ cells.
Conclusion
The findings support the hypothesis that the impaired cell-mediated immune response in individuals with LL is M. leprae antigen specific and the unresponsiveness can be reversed by depleting CD25+ cells. Our results suggest that the suppressive function of Tregs in ENL is intact despite ENL being associated with reduced numbers of Tregs. The lack of difference in IL-10 response in control PBMCs and CD25+ depleted PBMCs in individuals with LL and the increased IL-10 response following the depletion of CD25+ cells in individuals with untreated ENL suggest that the mechanism of immune regulation by Tregs in leprosy appears independent of IL-10 or that other cells may be responsible for IL-10 production in leprosy. The present findings highlight mechanisms of T cell regulation in LL and ENL and provide insights into the control of peripheral immune tolerance, identifying Tregs as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edessa Negera
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- World Health Organization, TDR, the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hazel M. Dockrell
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana N. J. Lockwood
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen L. Walker
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rani A, Alam A, Ahmad F, P. M, Saurabh A, Zarin S, Mitra DK, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Methyltransferase Rv1515c Can Suppress Host Defense Mechanisms by Modulating Immune Functions Utilizing a Multipronged Mechanism. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:906387. [PMID: 35813825 PMCID: PMC9263924 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.906387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) gene Rv1515c encodes a conserved hypothetical protein exclusively present within organisms of MTB complex and absent in non-pathogenic mycobacteria. In silico analysis revealed that Rv1515c contain S-adenosylmethionine binding site and methyltransferase domain. The DNA binding and DNA methyltransferase activity of Rv1515c was confirmed in vitro. Knock-in of Rv1515c in a model mycobacteria M. smegmatis (M. s_Rv1515c) resulted in remarkable physiological and morphological changes and conferred the recombinant strain with an ability to adapt to various stress conditions, including resistance to TB drugs. M. s_Rv1515c was phagocytosed at a greater rate and displayed extended intra-macrophage survival in vitro. Recombinant M. s_Rv1515c contributed to enhanced virulence by suppressing the host defense mechanisms including RNS and ROS production, and apoptotic clearance. M. s_Rv1515c, while suppressing the phagolysosomal maturation, modulated pro-inflammatory cytokine production and also inhibited antigen presentation by downregulating the expression of MHC-I/MHC-II and co-stimulatory signals CD80 and CD86. Mice infected with M. s_Rv1515c produced more Treg cells than vector control (M. s_Vc) and exhibited reduced effector T cell responses, along-with reduced expression of macrophage activation markers in the chronic phase of infection. M. s_Rv1515c was able to survive in the major organs of mice up to 7 weeks post-infection. These results indicate a crucial role of Rv1515c in M. tb pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Rani
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT-D), New Delhi, India
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjunath P.
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhinav Saurabh
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheeba Zarin
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed E. Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT-D), New Delhi, India
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- *Correspondence: Seyed E. Hasnain, , , , Nasreen Z. Ehtesham, ,
| | - Nasreen Z. Ehtesham
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Seyed E. Hasnain, , , , Nasreen Z. Ehtesham, ,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bitsouni V, Tsilidis V. Mathematical modeling of tumor-immune system interactions: the effect of rituximab on breast cancer immune response. J Theor Biol 2022; 539:111001. [PMID: 34998860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
tBregs are a newly discovered subcategory of B regulatory cells, which are generated by breast cancer, resulting in the increase of Tregs and therefore in the death of NK cells. In this study, we use a mathematical and computational approach to investigate the complex interactions between the aforementioned cells as well as CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and B cells. Furthermore, we use data fitting to prove that the functional response regarding the lysis of breast cancer cells by NK cells has a ratio-dependent form. Additionally, we include in our model the concentration of rituximab - a monoclonal antibody that has been suggested as a potential breast cancer therapy - and test its effect, when the standard, as well as experimental dosages, are administered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Bitsouni
- Department of Mathematics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, GR-15784 Athens, Greece; School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 18 Parodos Aristotelous Str., GR-26335 Patras, Greece.
| | - Vasilis Tsilidis
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 18 Parodos Aristotelous Str., GR-26335 Patras, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han W, Tang C, Baba S, Hamada T, Shimazu T, Iwakura Y. Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Inflammation Is Ameliorated in Dectin-1-Deficient Mice, in Which Pulmonary Regulatory T Cells Are Expanded through Modification of Intestinal Commensal Bacteria. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:1991-2000. [PMID: 33827895 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an allergic chronic respiratory disease that affects more than 300 million people around the world. Dysbiosis of intestinal commensal microbiota influences the development of asthma. Dectin-1 (gene symbol: Clec7a), a C-type lectin receptor, plays an important role in the intestinal immune homeostasis by controlling regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation through regulation of intestinal microbiota. However, it is not clear whether intestinal immune conditions affect immune responses in other organs. In this study, we examined the effects of Dectin-1 deficiency on allergic airway inflammation (AAI). OVA-induced AAI was attenuated in Clec7a -/- mice. Treg cells were more abundant in colonic lamina propria, mesenteric lymph nodes, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Clec7a -/- mice after AAI induction. Treatment with antibiotics, but not an antifungal agent, decreased the abundance of intestinal Treg cells and aggravated the symptoms of AAI in Clec7a -/- mice. Transplantation of gut microbiota from Clec7a -/- mice into antibiotic-treated hosts increased the abundance of intestinal Treg cells and ameliorated AAI. Overcolonization by Lactobacillus murinus, a Dectin-1 signaling-regulated commensal bacterium, also promoted expansion of Treg cells in the colon and suppressed lung inflammation. Depletion of Treg cells with anti-CD25 Ab eliminated the phenotypic differences between wild-type and Clec7a -/- mice in OVA-induced AAI. These observations suggest that inhibition of Dectin-1 signaling ameliorates AAI by increasing the abundance of Treg cells in lungs through modification of intestinal commensal bacteria, suggesting a role for commensal microbiota in regulating inflammation in organs other than the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ce Tang
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiya Baba
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Hamada
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shimazu
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Barreto-Duarte B, Sterling TR, Fiske CT, Almeida A, Nochowicz CH, Smith RM, Barnett L, Warren C, Blackman A, Lapa e Silva JR, Andrade BB, Kalams SA. Increased Frequency of Memory CD4+ T-Cell Responses in Individuals With Previously Treated Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605338. [PMID: 33391271 PMCID: PMC7774017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) occurs with increased frequency in persons with underlying immunodeficiency. Even after recovery from acute illness, differences in immune phenotype and activation persist. Studies defining characteristics of immune responses after recovery from extrapulmonary TB may provide insights into factors that increase TB risk. We performed two case-control studies (in the United States and Brazil) among HIV-seronegative adults with previous EPTB (n = 9; 25), previous pulmonary TB (n = 7; 25), latent M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infection (n = 11; 25), and uninfected TB contacts (n = 10; 25). We assessed the frequency of dual CD4+ interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α responses after stimulation with overlapping Mtb peptides from ESAT-6 or CFP-10, or gamma-irradiated Mtb H37Rv, proliferative responses to Mtb antigens, T-regulatory cell (Treg) frequency and phenotype. In both study populations, individuals with prior EPTB had the highest frequency of intracellular cytokine-producing cells in response to Mtb antigens (p < 0.05; p <.0001). Persons with prior EPTB in Brazil had the highest levels of CD4 proliferation to Mtb antigens (p < 0.0001), and the highest expression of CD39 on Tregs (p < 0.0001). Individuals with treated EPTB maintained high frequencies of Mtb-specific memory responses and active Treg cells, suggesting that susceptibility to EPTB occurs despite the ability to develop and maintain enhanced adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Barreto-Duarte
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Timothy R. Sterling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Christina T. Fiske
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alexandre Almeida
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia H. Nochowicz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rita M. Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Louise Barnett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Christian Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Amondrea Blackman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Centro Universitário Faculdades de Tecnologia e Ciências (UniFTC), Salvador, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Spyros A. Kalams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Keikha M, Soleimanpour S, Eslami M, Yousefi B, Karbalaei M. The mystery of tuberculosis pathogenesis from the perspective of T regulatory cells. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
10
|
Cardona P, Cardona PJ. Regulatory T Cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2139. [PMID: 31572365 PMCID: PMC6749097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells have lately attracted attention as part of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, where they counterbalance the protective but pro-inflammatory immune response mediated by Th17 cells and especially by the better-known Th1 cells. In chronic infectious diseases there is a delicate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. While Th1 and Th17 are needed in order to control infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the inflammatory onset can ultimately become detrimental for the host. In this review, we assess current information on the controversy over whether counterbalancing regulatory T cells are promoting pathogen growth or protecting the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saikia L, Deka T, Deori P, Roy R, Hussain ME, Nath R. Frequencies of regulatory subsets of CD4 + TH cells in peripheral blood in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis-Infected individuals and healthy contacts in a high-burden setting from Assam, Northeast India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37:370-375. [PMID: 32003335 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_18_439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) adapts many strategies to persist and replicate inside human tissue. One such strategy is the manipulation of CD4+ TH cells for subset interconversion to regulatory subsets. The aim of the present study is to get an insight of dynamic changes of CD4+ TH cells to regulatory subsets, CD4+ CD25+ forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)+ T-cells and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ programmed death molecule-1 (Foxp3+) T-cells, in peripheral blood in Mtb-infected individuals and healthy contacts in a high-burden setting from Assam, Northeast India. Materials and Methods A case-control study was conducted in newly diagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis (APTBs) patients and 2 sets of controls: (i) individuals infected with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and (ii) healthy close tuberculosis healthy contacts (HCs). The frequencies of different subsets of CD4+ cells with regulatory markers were measured in peripheral blood in 3 groups of study participants. Results and Observations Frequencies of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T-cells (1.84 ± 1.40 vs. 4.32 ± 1.82 vs. 11.30 ± 3.66), CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ PD1+ T-cells (0.37 ± 1.28 vs. 2.99 ± 3.69 vs. 14.54 ± 5.10) and ligand (PD-L1)-positive CD4+ TH cells (0.80 ± 0.45 vs. 2.28 ± 0.95 vs. 7.13 ± 2.02) were significantly increased from HCs to LTBIs to APTB patients, respectively (P < 0.0001). No significant changes in frequencies of total CD4+ cells were observed between APTBs (29.51 ± 11.93), LTBIs (29.23 ± 8.16) and HCs (28.16 ± 9.73) whereas the mean ratios of CD4+ to CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ were significantly decreased from 34.34 ± 47.56 in HCs to 7.96 ± 5.8 in LTBIs to 3.12 ± 2.58 in APTBs (P < 0.0001). Significant decrease in mean ratios of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ to CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ PD1+ were also observed from 4.97 ± 1.09 in HCs to 1.44 ± 0.49 in LTBIs to 0.78 ± 0.72 in APTBs. Conclusion CD4+ TH cells change dynamically to regulatory subsets depending on the status of infection and a shift of response towards excessive regulatory T-cells, and PD-1/PD-L1 production may help in the development of active infection in latently infected individuals. These immunological parameters may be used, as potential biomarkers to see the changing dynamics of Mtb infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lahari Saikia
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati; Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Trinayan Deka
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pranjal Deori
- Department of TB and Chest Disease, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Rasmi Roy
- Department of Pathology, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Md Ezaz Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Reema Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barreira-Silva P, Torrado E, Nebenzahl-Guimaraes H, Kallenius G, Correia-Neves M. Aetiopathogenesis, immunology and microbiology of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018. [DOI: 10.1183/2312508x.10020917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
13
|
Agrawal S, Parkash O, Palaniappan AN, Bhatia AK, Kumar S, Chauhan DS, Madhan Kumar M. Efficacy of T Regulatory Cells, Th17 Cells and the Associated Markers in Monitoring Tuberculosis Treatment Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:157. [PMID: 29472922 PMCID: PMC5810270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment monitoring is an essential aspect for tuberculosis (TB) disease management. Sputum smear microscopy is the only available tool for monitoring, but it suffers from demerits. Therefore, we sought to evaluate markers and cellular subsets of T regulatory (Treg) cells and T helper (Th) 17 cells in pulmonary TB patients (PTB) for TB treatment monitoring. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated in vitro (with purified protein derivative (PPD)) overnight which was followed by a polychromatic flow cytometry approach to study Treg and Th17 markers and cellular subsets in PTB (n = 12) undergoing antituberculous treatment (ATT). The baseline levels of these markers and cellular subsets were evaluated in normal healthy subjects (NHS). We observed a significant decrease in the expression of CD25 (p<0.01) marker and percentage of T-cell subsets like CD4+CD25+ (p<0.001) and CD4+CD25+CD39+ (p<0.05) at the end of intensive phase (IP) as well as in the continuation phase (CP) of ATT. A decrease in CD25 marker expression and percentage of CD4+CD25+ T cell subset showed a positive correlation to sputum conversion both in high and low sputum positive PTB. In eight PTB with cavitary lesions, only CD4+CD25+FoxP3 Treg subset manifested a significant decrease at the end of CP. Thus, results of this study show that CD25 marker and CD4+CD25+ T cells can serve as better markers for monitoring TB treatment efficacy. The Treg subset CD4+CD25+FoxP3 may be useful for prediction of favorable response in PTB with extensive lung lesions. However, these findings have to be evaluated in a larger patient cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Agrawal
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Om Parkash
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | | | | | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, India
| | - Devendra Singh Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - M Madhan Kumar
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schaible UE, Linnemann L, Redinger N, Patin EC, Dallenga T. Strategies to Improve Vaccine Efficacy against Tuberculosis by Targeting Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1755. [PMID: 29312298 PMCID: PMC5732265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global tuberculosis epidemic is the most common cause of death after infectious disease worldwide. Increasing numbers of infections with multi- and extensively drug-resistant variants of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, resistant even to newly discovered and last resort antibiotics, highlight the urgent need for an efficient vaccine. The protective efficacy to pulmonary tuberculosis in adults of the only currently available vaccine, M. bovis BCG, is unsatisfactory and geographically diverse. More importantly, recent clinical studies on new vaccine candidates did not prove to be better than BCG, yet. Here, we propose and discuss novel strategies to improve efficacy of existing anti-tuberculosis vaccines. Modulation of innate immune responses upon vaccination already provided promising results in animal models of tuberculosis. For instance, neutrophils have been shown to influence vaccine efficacy, both, positively and negatively, and stimulate specific antibody secretion. Modulating immune regulatory properties after vaccination such as induction of different types of innate immune cell death, myeloid-derived suppressor or regulatory T cells, production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 may have beneficial effects on protection efficacy. Incorporation of lipid antigens presented via CD1 molecules to T cells have been discussed as a way to enhance vaccine efficacy. Finally, concepts of dendritic cell-based immunotherapies or training the innate immune memory may be exploitable for future vaccination strategies against tuberculosis. In this review, we put a spotlight on host immune networks as potential targets to boost protection by old and new tuberculosis vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich E Schaible
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Thematic Translation Unit Tuberculosis, German Center for Infection Research, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lara Linnemann
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Natalja Redinger
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Emmanuel C Patin
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Dallenga
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Thematic Translation Unit Tuberculosis, German Center for Infection Research, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sharma RK, Gupta A, Kamal S, Bansal R, Singh N, Sharma K, Virk S, Sachdeva N. Role of Regulatory T Cells in Tubercular Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2016; 26:27-36. [DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2016.1196711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K. Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amod Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Shivali Kamal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Reema Bansal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Nirbhai Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sonia Virk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Treg) constitute a specialized subset of T cells that play a pivotal role in preventing the occurrence of autoimmune diseases by suppressing deleterious activities of immune cells. Contrarily, they can have adverse effect on immune response against infectious diseases where Treg weaken the host immunity leading to enhanced microbial load and thereby increase in severity of the disease. Here, we have attempted to review plethora of information documenting prevalence of Treg in tuberculosis (TB) and their involvement in progression and immunopathogenesis of the disease. Further, we have laid emphasis on the possible use of Treg as a biomarker for determining the TB treatment efficacy. Also, we have discussed the probable contribution of Treg in dampening the efficacy of BCG, the anti-TB vaccine. Finally, we have speculated some of the possible strategies which might be explored by exploiting Treg for enhancing the efficacy of TB management.
Collapse
|
17
|
Jasenosky LD, Scriba TJ, Hanekom WA, Goldfeld AE. T cells and adaptive immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:74-87. [PMID: 25703553 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response mediated by T cells is critical for control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection in humans. However, the M. tuberculosis antigens and host T-cell responses that are required for an effective adaptive immune response to M. tuberculosis infection are yet to be defined. Here, we review recent findings on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses to M. tuberculosis infection and examine the roles of distinct M. tuberculosis-specific T-cell subsets in control of de novo and latent M. tuberculosis infection, and in the evolution of T-cell immunity to M. tuberculosis in response to tuberculosis treatment. In addition, we discuss recent studies that elucidate aspects of M. tuberculosis-specific adaptive immunity during human immunodeficiency virus co-infection and summarize recent findings from vaccine trials that provide insight into effective adaptive immune responses to M. tuberculosis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Jasenosky
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ghazalsofala R, Rezaee SA, Rafatpanah H, Vakili R, Ghazvini K, Heidarnejad F, Sobhani S, Valizadeh N, Azami M, Rahimzadegan M, Asnaashari A. Evaluation of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Regulatory T cells and FoxP3 and CTLA-4 gene Expression in Patients wwith Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis in Northeast of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e17726. [PMID: 26034548 PMCID: PMC4449857 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(4)2015.17726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the world's second most common infectious disease after Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AID) and the most frequent cause of mortality especially in developing countries. T regulatory (Treg) cells, which have suppressive activity and express forkhead winged-helix family transcriptional repressor p3 (FoxP3), suppress the immune responses against pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. There are controversial results regarding the role of FoxP3 expressing cells in the blood of patients with TB. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells, and FoxP3 and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) gene expressions in peripheral blood of patients with tuberculosis and patients with positive tuberculin skin test before and after Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) activation with Purified Protein Derivative (PPD). Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, Peripheral Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were isolated from peripheral blood of 29 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB and 19 patients with positive tuberculin skin test. The PBMCs were activated with PPD for 72 hours. Activated cells were harvested, RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. A real-time Taqman method was designed and optimized for evaluation of Foxp3 gene expression and SYBR Green method was used and optimized for evaluation of CTLA-4 gene expression. A flow cytometry analysis was used to evaluate the frequency of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in both groups. Results: There was no significant difference in the frequency of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells between the two groups. Expression of FoxP3 and CTLA-4 in peripheral blood of patients with newly diagnosed TB was significantly lower than the control group after and before activation with PPD. Conclusions: The expression of FoxP3 and CTLA-4 in PBMCs of patients with newly diagnosed TB was low, which might suggest that Treg cells may be sequestered in the lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Ghazalsofala
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Rosita Vakili
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heidarnejad
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Somaye Sobhani
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Marayam Azami
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Marzieh Rahimzadegan
- Infection Diseases Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Amir Asnaashari
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Amir Asnaashari, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: + 98-38002376, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hang NTL, Matsushita I, Shimbo T, Hong LT, Tam DB, Lien LT, Thuong PH, Cuong VC, Hijikata M, Kobayashi N, Sakurada S, Higuchi K, Harada N, Endo H, Keicho N. Association between tuberculosis recurrence and interferon-γ response during treatment. J Infect 2014; 69:616-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|