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Yang I, Son Y, Shin JH, Kim IY, Seong JK. Ahnak depletion accelerates liver regeneration by modulating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 35880432 PMCID: PMC9442348 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.8.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Insook Yang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeri Son
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, MI, USA
| | - Il Yong Kim
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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2
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Yang I, Son Y, Shin JH, Kim IY, Seong JK. Ahnak depletion accelerates liver regeneration by modulating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. BMB Rep 2022; 55:401-406. [PMID: 35880432 PMCID: PMC9442348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Ahnak, a large protein first identified as an inhibitor of TGF-β signaling in human neuroblastoma, was recently shown to promote TGF-β in some cancers. The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, various biological functions, and cancer growth and metastasis. In this study, we used Ahnak knockout (KO) mice that underwent a 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) to investigate the function of Ahnak in TGF-β signaling during liver regeneration. At the indicated time points after PH, we analyzed the mRNA and protein expression of the TGF -β/Smad signaling pathway and cell cycle-related factors, evaluated the cell cycle through proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining, analyzed the mitotic index by hematoxylin and eosin staining. We also measured the ratio of liver tissue weight to body weight. Activation of TGF-β signaling was confirmed by analyzing the levels of phospho-Smad 2 and 3 in the liver at the indicated time points after PH and was lower in Ahnak KO mice than in WT mice. The expression levels of cyclin B1, D1, and E1; proteins in the Rb/E2F transcriptional pathway, which regulates the cell cycle; and the numbers of PCNA-positive cells were increased in Ahnak KO mice and showed tendencies opposite that of TGF-β expression. During postoperative regeneration, the liver weight to body weight ratio tended to increase faster in Ahnak KO mice. However, 7 days after PH, both groups of mice showed similar rates of regeneration, following which their active regeneration stopped. Analysis of hepatocytes undergoing mitosis showed that there were more mitotic cells in Ahnak KO mice, consistent with the weight ratio. Our findings suggest that Ahnak enhances TGF-β signaling during postoperative liver regeneration, resulting in cell cycle disruption; this highlights a novel role of Ahnak in liver regeneration. These results provide new insight into liver regeneration and potential treatment targets for liver diseases that require surgical treatment. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(8): 401-406].
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Affiliation(s)
- Insook Yang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, USA
| | - Yeri Son
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, USA
| | - Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, MI, USA
| | - Il Yong Kim
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, USA
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, USA
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea, MI, USA
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3
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Kübler IC, Kretzschmar J, Brankatschk M, Sandoval-Guzmán T. Local problems need global solutions - the metabolic needs of regenerating organisms. Wound Repair Regen 2022; 30:652-664. [PMID: 35596643 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of species that belong to the plant or animal kingdom evolved with two main strategies to counter tissue damage - scar formation and regeneration. Whereas scar formation provides a fast and cost-effective repair to exit life-threatening conditions, complete tissue regeneration is time-consuming and requires vast resources to reinstall functionality of affected organs or structures. Local environments in wound healing are widely studied and findings have provided important biomedical applications. Less well understood are organismic physiological parameters and signaling circuits essential to maintain effective tissue repair. Here, we review accumulated evidence that positions the interplay of local and systemic changes in metabolism as essential variables modulating the injury response. We particularly emphasize the role of lipids and lipid-like molecules as significant components long overlooked. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines C Kübler
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Jenny Kretzschmar
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marko Brankatschk
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
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4
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Zhao P, Fan S, Gao Y, Bi H. Nuclear receptor-mediated hepatomegaly and liver regeneration: an update. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:636-645. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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5
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Christ B, Collatz M, Dahmen U, Herrmann KH, Höpfl S, König M, Lambers L, Marz M, Meyer D, Radde N, Reichenbach JR, Ricken T, Tautenhahn HM. Hepatectomy-Induced Alterations in Hepatic Perfusion and Function - Toward Multi-Scale Computational Modeling for a Better Prediction of Post-hepatectomy Liver Function. Front Physiol 2021; 12:733868. [PMID: 34867441 PMCID: PMC8637208 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.733868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver resection causes marked perfusion alterations in the liver remnant both on the organ scale (vascular anatomy) and on the microscale (sinusoidal blood flow on tissue level). These changes in perfusion affect hepatic functions via direct alterations in blood supply and drainage, followed by indirect changes of biomechanical tissue properties and cellular function. Changes in blood flow impose compression, tension and shear forces on the liver tissue. These forces are perceived by mechanosensors on parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells of the liver and regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions as well as cellular signaling and metabolism. These interactions are key players in tissue growth and remodeling, a prerequisite to restore tissue function after PHx. Their dysregulation is associated with metabolic impairment of the liver eventually leading to liver failure, a serious post-hepatectomy complication with high morbidity and mortality. Though certain links are known, the overall functional change after liver surgery is not understood due to complex feedback loops, non-linearities, spatial heterogeneities and different time-scales of events. Computational modeling is a unique approach to gain a better understanding of complex biomedical systems. This approach allows (i) integration of heterogeneous data and knowledge on multiple scales into a consistent view of how perfusion is related to hepatic function; (ii) testing and generating hypotheses based on predictive models, which must be validated experimentally and clinically. In the long term, computational modeling will (iii) support surgical planning by predicting surgery-induced perfusion perturbations and their functional (metabolic) consequences; and thereby (iv) allow minimizing surgical risks for the individual patient. Here, we review the alterations of hepatic perfusion, biomechanical properties and function associated with hepatectomy. Specifically, we provide an overview over the clinical problem, preoperative diagnostics, functional imaging approaches, experimental approaches in animal models, mechanoperception in the liver and impact on cellular metabolism, omics approaches with a focus on transcriptomics, data integration and uncertainty analysis, and computational modeling on multiple scales. Finally, we provide a perspective on how multi-scale computational models, which couple perfusion changes to hepatic function, could become part of clinical workflows to predict and optimize patient outcome after complex liver surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Christ
- Cell Transplantation/Molecular Hepatology Lab, Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Collatz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Optisch-Molekulare Diagnostik und Systemtechnologié, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Herrmann
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Höpfl
- Faculty of Engineering Design, Production Engineering and Automotive Engineering, Institute for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias König
- Systems Medicine of the Liver Lab, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Lambers
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, Institute of Mechanics, Structural Analysis and Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Daria Meyer
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Radde
- Faculty of Engineering Design, Production Engineering and Automotive Engineering, Institute for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen R. Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tim Ricken
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, Institute of Mechanics, Structural Analysis and Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Tautenhahn
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Kadayat TM, Shrestha A, Jeon YH, An H, Kim J, Cho SJ, Chin J. Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta (PPARδ): A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10109-10134. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Man Kadayat
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Aarajana Shrestha
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jeon
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongchan An
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Cho
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwook Chin
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
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The Inhibition of Aldose Reductase Accelerates Liver Regeneration through Regulating Energy Metabolism. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3076131. [PMID: 32190170 PMCID: PMC7064854 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3076131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Our previous study showed that aldose reductase (AR) played key roles in fatty liver ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury by regulating inflammatory response and energy metabolism. Here, we aim to investigate the role and mechanism of AR in the regeneration of normal and fatty livers after liver surgery. Methods The association of AR expression with liver regeneration was studied in the rat small-for-size liver transplantation model and the mice major hepatectomy and hepatic IR injury model with or without fatty change. The direct role and mechanism of AR in liver regeneration was explored in the AR knockout mouse model. Results Delayed regeneration was detected in fatty liver after liver surgery in both rat and mouse models. Furthermore, the expression of AR was increased in liver after liver surgery, especially in fatty liver. In a functional study, the knockout of AR promoted liver regeneration at day 2 after major hepatectomy and IR injury. Compared to wild-type groups, the expressions of cyclins were increased in normal and fatty livers of AR knockout mice. AR inhibition increased the expressions of PPAR-α and PPAR-γ in both normal liver and fatty liver groups after major hepatectomy and IR injury. In addition, the knockout of AR promoted the expressions of SDHB, AMPK, SIRT1, and PGC1-α and PPAR- Conclusions The knockout of AR promoted the regeneration of normal and fatty livers through regulating energy metabolism. AR may be a new potential therapeutic target to accelerate liver regeneration after surgery.
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Bao Q, Yu L, Chen D, Li L. Variation in the gut microbial community is associated with the progression of liver regeneration. Hepatol Res 2020; 50:121-136. [PMID: 31465626 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To highlight a potential dynamic interaction between intestinal bacteria (IB) and metabolites that might contribute to liver regeneration (LR). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to surgical removal of two-thirds of the liver and samples were collected over a 14-day period. Intestinal community and metabolic profiles were characterized to establish their potential interactions during liver regeneration. RESULTS Partial hepatectomy caused fluctuating changes in the gut microbiome, which paralleled the biological processes of LR. Briefly, the enhanced cell proliferation occurring within 30-48 h was associated with a decreased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes reflected by a reduction in Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, and an increase in Bacteroidaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Porphyromonadaceae, which was indicative of a lean phenotype. The microbiota derived from rats at 12-24 h and 3-14 days were characterized by elevated F/B ratios, suggesting the differing energy extract behaviors of microbiota during the course of LR. Functional changes of the shifted microbiota revealed by PICRUSt software confirmed the pyrosequencing results. The microbiome derived from hour 12 rats showed overpresentation of metabolism-related modules. In contrast, the microbiome derived from day 2 rats was functionally unique in "replication and repair", "amino acid metabolism," and "nucleoid metabolism." Upon examining the dynamic pattern of metabolic response, the specific pathways, including glycerophospholipid metabolism, taurine, and hypotaurine metabolism, were identified to be attributable to the systemic alterations in LR-related metabolism. Moreover, our data indicated that several key functional bacteria were strongly related to perturbations of the above pathways. CONCLUSION Gut flora could play a central role in manipulating metabolic responses in LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongling Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Deying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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PPAR- γ Ligand Inhibits Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Proliferation and Metastasis by Regulating E2F2. PPAR Res 2019; 2019:8679271. [PMID: 31467515 PMCID: PMC6699258 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8679271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a nuclear hormone receptor with a key role in lipid metabolism. Previous studies have identified various roles of PPAR-γ in cell cycle progression, cellular proliferation, and tumor progression. However, no report has described a role for PPAR-γ in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Notably, some studies have reported a relationship between PPAR-γ and E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2), which has been identified as a regulator of cell cycle, apoptosis, and the DNA damage response. Notably, E2F2 has also been reported to correlate with a poor prognosis in patients with various malignancies. Methods We used immunohistochemical (IHC) and western blot methods to evaluate PPAR-γ and E2F2 expression and function in nonkeratinizing NPC and nasopharyngitis (NPG) tissue samples, as well as western blotting and CCK8 analyses in the NPC cell lines, CNE1 and CNE2. Results We observed lower levels of PPAR-γ expression in nonkeratinizing NPC tissues compared with NPG tissues and determined an association between a low level of PPAR-γ expression with a more advanced tumor stage. Furthermore, strong E2F2 expression was detected in nonkeratinizing NPC tissues. We further demonstrated that rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, reduced E2F2 expression and proliferation in NPC cell lines. Conclusions Our study results revealed a novel role for the PPAR-γ–E2F2 pathway in controlling NPC cell proliferation and metastasis.
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Yin L, Wang Y, Lin Y, Yu G, Xia Q. Explorative analysis of the gene expression profile during liver regeneration of mouse: a microarray-based study. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:1113-1121. [PMID: 30963776 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1593851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an amazing organ due to its powerful regenerative capacity. Although many studies on liver regeneration have been documented, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Two-third partial hepatectomy (PH) in rodents plays a crucial role in the study of liver regeneration. In this study, the time series data of gene expression during liver regeneration in mouse were analyzed using the gene set numbered GSE6998 in GEO. A variety of bioinformatics methods, including masigPro, Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), spatial analysis of functional enrichment (SAFE) and ingenuity canonical pathway analysis (IPA) were used to identify and compare the significantly changed pathways, potential upstream regulators and key genes during liver regeneration. Our study showed that liver regeneration in the mouse is a coordinated process, which cell-cycle-related progress are at the centre of the interaction network involved in liver regeneration. Several candidate upstream regulators including PPARA, NFE2L2, MAD1 and CNR1 and some key genes such as Cdk1, Plk1, Cdc20, Aurka, Racgap1, Cenpa, Rrm1, Rrm2 were identified. In conclusion, these findings could contribute to revealing the molecular mechanism of liver regeneration after PH, which could provide new ideas and treatment methods for regenerative medicine, oncological drug development and oncological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yin
- a Laboratory of Tropical Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- a Laboratory of Tropical Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Yingzi Lin
- a Laboratory of Tropical Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Guoying Yu
- b State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , Henan , China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- a Laboratory of Tropical Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , Hainan , China
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11
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Mello T, Simeone I, Galli A. Mito-Nuclear Communication in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metabolic Rewiring. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050417. [PMID: 31060333 PMCID: PMC6562577 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main metabolic and detoxification organ, the liver constantly adapts its activity to fulfill the energy requirements of the whole body. Despite the remarkable adaptive capacity of the liver, prolonged exposure to noxious stimuli such as alcohol, viruses and metabolic disorders results in the development of chronic liver disease that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is currently the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Metabolic rewiring is a common feature of cancers, including HCC. Altered mito-nuclear communication is emerging as a driving force in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells, affecting all aspects of cancer biology from neoplastic transformation to acquired drug resistance. Here, we explore relevant aspects (and discuss recent findings) of mito-nuclear crosstalk in the metabolic reprogramming of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Mello
- Clinical Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biomedical Clinical and Experimental Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, V.le Pieraccini 6, Florence 50129, Italy.
| | - Irene Simeone
- Clinical Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biomedical Clinical and Experimental Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, V.le Pieraccini 6, Florence 50129, Italy.
- University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Galli
- Clinical Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biomedical Clinical and Experimental Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, V.le Pieraccini 6, Florence 50129, Italy.
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12
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Huang YL, Ning G, Chen LB, Lian YF, Gu YR, Wang JL, Chen DM, Wei H, Huang YH. Promising diagnostic and prognostic value of E2Fs in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:1725-1740. [PMID: 30863181 PMCID: PMC6388971 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s182001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing body of evidence suggests that E2Fs, by regulating gene expression related to cell cycle progression and other cellular processes, play a pivotal role in human cancer. However, the distinct roles of each E2F in the development and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. In the present study, the mRNA expression and prognostic value of different E2Fs in HCC are analyzed. Materials and methods Transcriptional and survival data related to E2F expression in patients with HCC were obtained through ONCOMINE and UALCAN databases. Survival analysis plots were drawn with Kaplan-Meier Plotter. The sequence alteration data for E2Fs were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and c-BioPortal. Gene functional enrichment analyses were performed in Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Results The mRNA expression levels of E2F1-E2F8 were all significantly upregulated in HCC patients, and high expression of each E2F was obviously related to poor prognosis. Similarly, the expression of E2Fs showed prognostic prediction value in HCC patients with different cancer stages and pathological grades. Moreover, the mutation rate of E2Fs was relatively high in HCC patients, and the DNA sequence alterations primarily occurred in E2F5, E2F3, and E2F6, which were associated with worse overall survival and disease-free survival in HCC patients. Network analysis confirmed that the expression levels of cell cycle-related genes were mostly affected by E2F mutations. Conclusion High expression of individual E2Fs was associated with poor prognosis in all liver cancer patients. E2Fs may be exploited as good prognostic targets for comprehensive management of HCC patients, but this notion should be further evaluated in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Gang Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Lu-Biao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Yi-Fan Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Yu-Rong Gu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Jia-Liang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Dong-Mei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Huan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Yue-Hua Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,
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13
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Xie G, Yin S, Zhang Z, Qi D, Wang X, Kim D, Yagai T, Brocker CN, Wang Y, Gonzalez FJ, Wang H, Qu A. Hepatocyte Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Enhances Liver Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:272-282. [PMID: 30448405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a key nuclear receptor involved in the control of lipid homeostasis. In rodents, PPARα is also a potent hepatic mitogen. Hepatocyte-specific disruption of PPARα inhibits agonist-induced hepatocyte proliferation; however, little is known about the exact role of PPARα in partial hepatectomy (PHx)-induced liver regeneration. Herein, using hepatocyte-specific PPARα-deficient (PparaΔHep) mice, the function of hepatocyte PPARα in PHx-induced liver regeneration was investigated. PPARα protein level and transcriptional activity were increased in the liver after PHx. Compared with the Pparafl/fl mice, PparaΔHep mice exhibited significantly reduced hepatocyte proliferation at 32 hours after PHx. Consistently, reduced Ccnd1 and Pcna mRNA and CYCD1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein were observed at 32 hours after PHx in PparaΔHep mice. Furthermore, PparaΔHep mice showed increased hepatic lipid accumulation and enhanced hepatic triglyceride contents because of impaired hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation when compared with that observed in Pparafl/fl mice. These results indicate that PPARα promotes liver regeneration after PHx, at least partially via regulating the cell cycle and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Donghwan Kim
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tomoki Yagai
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chad N Brocker
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Piobbico D, Bartoli D, Pieroni S, De Luca A, Castelli M, Romani L, Servillo G, Della-Fazia MA. Role of IL-17RA in the proliferative priming of hepatocytes in liver regeneration. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2423-2435. [PMID: 30395772 PMCID: PMC6342078 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1542893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A tight link has been established between inflammation and cancer. Liver regeneration is a widely used model to study the correlation between inflammation and proliferation. IL-6 is essentially involved in liver regeneration and in cancer. Recently, IL-17A has been shown to regulate not only inflammation, but also cell proliferation. Here, we analyze the role played by IL-17A signaling in liver regeneration by comparing cell proliferation in Wild Type and IL-17RA-/- mice. Partial hepatectomy experiments performed in IL-17RA-/- mice showed a delay in expression of early-genes to prime the residual hepatocyte to proliferate, with subsequent delay in G1/S-phase transition. We demonstrated that IL-17RA regulates, by recruitment of non-parenchymal cell, the expression of IL-6, which in turn triggers the proliferation of residual hepatocytes. Our data indicate an important role played by IL-17RA in liver proliferation via IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Piobbico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Bartoli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Pieroni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella De Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Castelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Servillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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15
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PPARβ/δ: Linking Metabolism to Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072013. [PMID: 29996502 PMCID: PMC6073704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the general belief that regeneration is a rare event, mainly occurring in simple organisms, the ability of regeneration is widely distributed in the animal kingdom. Yet, the efficiency and extent of regeneration varies greatly. Humans can recover from blood loss as well as damage to tissues like bone and liver. Yet damage to the heart and brain cannot be reversed, resulting in scaring. Thus, there is a great interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms of naturally occurring regeneration and to apply this knowledge to repair human organs. During regeneration, injury-activated immune cells induce wound healing, extracellular matrix remodeling, migration, dedifferentiation and/or proliferation with subsequent differentiation of somatic or stem cells. An anti-inflammatory response stops the regenerative process, which ends with tissue remodeling to achieve the original functional state. Notably, many of these processes are associated with enhanced glycolysis. Therefore, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ—which is known to be involved for example in lipid catabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, survival, proliferation, differentiation, as well as mammalian regeneration of the skin, bone and liver—appears to be a promising target to promote mammalian regeneration. This review summarizes our current knowledge of PPARβ/δ in processes associated with wound healing and regeneration.
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16
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PPARs and Mitochondrial Metabolism: From NAFLD to HCC. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:7403230. [PMID: 28115925 PMCID: PMC5223052 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7403230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are widespread threats which bring about a significant burden of deaths worldwide, mainly due to cardiovascular events and cancer. The pathogenesis of these diseases is extremely complex, multifactorial, and only partially understood. As the main metabolic organ, the liver is central to maintain whole body energetic homeostasis. At the cellular level, mitochondria are the metabolic hub connecting and integrating all the main biochemical, hormonal, and inflammatory signaling pathways to fulfill the energetic and biosynthetic demand of the cell. In the liver, mitochondria metabolism needs to cope with the energetic regulation of the whole body. The nuclear receptors PPARs orchestrate lipid and glucose metabolism and are involved in a variety of diseases, from metabolic disorders to cancer. In this review, focus is placed on the roles of PPARs in the regulation of liver mitochondrial metabolism in physiology and pathology, from NAFLD to HCC.
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17
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Liu HX, Hu Y, Wan YJY. Microbiota and bile acid profiles in retinoic acid-primed mice that exhibit accelerated liver regeneration. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1096-106. [PMID: 26701854 PMCID: PMC4811446 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims All-trans Retinoic acid (RA) regulates hepatic lipid and bile acid homeostasis. Similar to bile acid (BA), RA accelerates partial hepatectomy (PHx)-induced liver regeneration. Because there is a bidirectional regulatory relationship between gut microbiota and BA synthesis, we examined the effect of RA in altering the gut microbial population and BA composition and established their relationship with hepatic biological processes during the active phases of liver regeneration. Methods C57BL/6 mice were treated with RA orally followed by 2/3 PHx. The roles of RA in shifting gut microbiota and BA profiles as well as hepatocyte metabolism and proliferation were studied. Results RA-primed mice exhibited accelerated hepatocyte proliferation revealed by higher numbers of Ki67-positive cells compared to untreated mice. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla dominated the gut microbial community (>85%) in both control and RA-primed mice after PHx. RA reduced the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, which was associated with a lean phenotype. Consistently, RA-primed mice lacked transient lipid accumulation normally found in regenerating livers. In addition, RA altered BA homeostasis and shifted BA profiles by increasing the ratio of hydrophilic to hydrophobic BAs in regenerating livers. Accordingly, metabolic regulators fibroblast growth factor 21, Sirtuin1, and their downstream targets AMPK and ERK1/2 were more robustly activated in RA-primed than unprimed regenerating livers. Conclusions Priming mice with RA resulted in a lean microbiota composition and hydrophilic BA profiles, which were associated with facilitated metabolism and enhanced cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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18
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Pauta M, Rotllan N, Fernández-Hernando A, Langhi C, Ribera J, Lu M, Boix L, Bruix J, Jimenez W, Suárez Y, Ford DA, Baldán A, Birnbaum MJ, Morales-Ruiz M, Fernández-Hernando C. Akt-mediated foxo1 inhibition is required for liver regeneration. Hepatology 2016; 63:1660-74. [PMID: 26473496 PMCID: PMC5177729 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding the hepatic regenerative process has clinical interest as the effectiveness of many treatments for chronic liver diseases is conditioned by efficient liver regeneration. Experimental evidence points to the need for a temporal coordination between cytokines, growth factors, and metabolic signaling pathways to enable successful liver regeneration. One intracellular mediator that acts as a signal integration node for these processes is the serine-threonine kinase Akt/protein kinase B (Akt). To investigate the contribution of Akt during hepatic regeneration, we performed partial hepatectomy in mice lacking Akt1, Akt2, or both isoforms. We found that absence of Akt1 or Akt2 does not influence liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. However, hepatic-specific Akt1 and Akt2 null mice show impaired liver regeneration and increased mortality. The major abnormal cellular events observed in total Akt-deficient livers were a marked reduction in cell proliferation, cell hypertrophy, glycogenesis, and lipid droplet formation. Most importantly, liver-specific deletion of FoxO1, a transcription factor regulated by Akt, rescued the hepatic regenerative capability in Akt1-deficient and Akt2-deficient mice and normalized the cellular events associated with liver regeneration. CONCLUSION The Akt-FoxO1 signaling pathway plays an essential role during liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Pauta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain,Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ana Fernández-Hernando
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cedric Langhi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missuri, USA
| | - Jordi Ribera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mingjian Lu
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Loreto Boix
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bruix
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wladimiro Jimenez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain,Department of Physiological Sciences I, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - David A. Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missuri, USA
| | - Angel Baldán
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missuri, USA
| | - Morris J. Birnbaum
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manuel Morales-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain,Department of Physiological Sciences I, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Corresponding authors: Manuel Morales-Ruiz, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 170 Villarroel St, Barcelona, 08036, Spain, Tel: 011-34-932275466; Fax: 011-34-932275697; ., Carlos Fernandez-Hernando, Ph.D., Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, CT06520, Tel: 2037374615; Fax: 2037372290;
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Corresponding authors: Manuel Morales-Ruiz, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 170 Villarroel St, Barcelona, 08036, Spain, Tel: 011-34-932275466; Fax: 011-34-932275697; ., Carlos Fernandez-Hernando, Ph.D., Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, CT06520, Tel: 2037374615; Fax: 2037372290;
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Forced expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 reverses the sustained impairment of liver regeneration in hPPARα(PAC) mice due to dysregulated bile acid synthesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9686-700. [PMID: 25991671 PMCID: PMC4496390 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) stimulates hepatocellular proliferation is species-specific. Activation of mouse, but not human, PPARα induces hepatocellular proliferation, hepatomegaly, and liver cancer. Here we tested the hypothesis that human and mouse PPARα affects liver regeneration differentially. PPARα-humanized mice (hPPARα(PAC)) were similar to wild type mice in responding to fasting-induced PPARα signaling. However, these mouse livers failed to regenerate in response to partial hepatectomy (PH). The liver-to-body weight ratios did not recover even 3 months after PH in hPPARα(PAC). The mouse PPARα-mediated down-regulation of let-7c was absent in hPPARα(PAC), which might partially be responsible for impaired proliferation. After PH, hPPARα(PAC) displayed steatosis, necrosis, and inflammation mainly in periportal zone 1, which suggested bile-induced toxicity. Quantification of hepatic bile acids (BA) revealed BA overload with increased hydrophobic BA in hPPARα(PAC). Forced FGF21 expression in partial hepatectomized hPPARα(PAC) reduced hepatic steatosis, prevented focal necrosis, and restored liver mass. Compared to mouse PPARα, human PPARα has a reduced capacity to regulate metabolic pathways required for liver regeneration. In addition, FGF21 can compensate for the reduced ability of human PPARα in stimulating liver regeneration, which suggests the potential application of FGF21 in promoting hepatic growth in injured and steatotic livers in humans.
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20
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Liu HX, Rocha CS, Dandekar S, Wan YJY. Functional analysis of the relationship between intestinal microbiota and the expression of hepatic genes and pathways during the course of liver regeneration. J Hepatol 2016; 64:641-50. [PMID: 26453969 PMCID: PMC4761311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathways regulating liver regeneration have been extensively studied within the liver. However, the signaling contribution derived from the gut microbiota to liver regeneration is poorly understood. METHODS Microbiota and expression of hepatic genes in regenerating livers obtained from mice at 0h to 9days post 2/3 partial hepatectomy were temporally profiled to establish their interactive relationships. RESULTS Partial hepatectomy led to rapid changes in gut microbiota that was reflected in an increased abundance of Bacteroidetes S24-7 and Rikenellaceae and decreased abundance of Firmicutes Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) was used to infer biological functional changes of the shifted microbiota. RNA-sequencing data revealed 6125 genes with more than a 2-fold difference in their expression levels during regeneration. By analyzing their expression pattern, six uniquely expressed patterns were observed. In addition, there were significant correlations between hepatic gene expression profiles and shifted bacterial populations during regeneration. Moreover, hepatic metabolism and immune function were closely associated with the abundance of Ruminococcacea, Lachnospiraceae, and S24-7. Bile acid profile was analyzed because bacterial enzymes produce bile acids that significantly impact hepatocyte proliferation. The data revealed that specific bacteria were closely associated with the concentration of certain bile acids and expression of hepatic genes. CONCLUSIONS The presented data established, for the first time, an intimate relationship between intestinal microbiota and the expression of hepatic genes in regenerating livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Clarissa Santos Rocha
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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21
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Huntington JT, Tang X, Kent LN, Schmidt CR, Leone G. The Spectrum of E2F in Liver Disease--Mediated Regulation in Biology and Cancer. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:1438-49. [PMID: 26566968 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Uncoordinated cell growth is one of the fundamental concepts in carcinogenesis and occurs secondary to dysregulation of the cell cycle. The E2Fs are a large family of transcription factors and are key regulators of the cell cycle. The activation of E2Fs is intimately regulated by retinoblastoma 1 (RB1). The RB pathway has been implicated in almost every human malignancy. Recently there have been exciting developments in the E2F field using animal models to better understand the role of E2Fs in vivo. Genetic mouse models have proven essential in implicating E2Fs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver disease. In this review, the general structure and function of E2Fs as well as the role for E2Fs in the development of HCC and liver disease is evaluated. Specifically, what is known about E2Fs in human disease is explored in depth, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Huntington
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lindsey N Kent
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Carl R Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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22
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Liu HX, Keane R, Sheng L, Wan YJY. Implications of microbiota and bile acid in liver injury and regeneration. J Hepatol 2015; 63:1502-10. [PMID: 26256437 PMCID: PMC4654653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining the mechanisms by which the liver incurs injury and then regenerates usually focus on factors and pathways directly within the liver, neglecting the signaling derived from the gut-liver axis. The intestinal content is rich in microorganisms as well as metabolites generated from both the host and colonizing bacteria. Through the gut-liver axis, this complex "soup" exerts an immense impact on liver integrity and function. This review article summarizes data published in the past 30 years demonstrating the signaling derived from the gut-liver axis in relation to liver injury and regeneration. Due to the intricate networks of implicated pathways as well as scarcity of available mechanistic data, it seems that nutrigenomic, metabolomics, and microbiota profiling approaches are warranted to provide a better understanding regarding the interplay and impact between nutrition, bacteria, and host response in influencing liver function and healing. Therefore elucidating the possible molecular mechanisms that link microbiota alteration to host physiological response and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Keane
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lili Sheng
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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23
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Shimada Y, Kuninaga S, Ariyoshi M, Zhang B, Shiina Y, Takahashi Y, Umemoto N, Nishimura Y, Enari H, Tanaka T. E2F8 promotes hepatic steatosis through FABP3 expression in diet-induced obesity in zebrafish. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:17. [PMID: 26052340 PMCID: PMC4456805 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diet-induced hepatic steatosis is highly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which is related to the development of metabolic syndrome. While advanced stage nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis (NASH) result ultimately in fibrosis and cirrhosis, the molecular basis for lipid droplet formation is poorly understood. Common pathways underlie the pathology of mammalian obesity and the zebrafish diet-induced obesity model (DIO-zebrafish) used in this study. Methods Our analysis involved a combination of transcriptome (DNA microarray) and proteome (two-dimensional electrophoresis) methods using liver tissue from DIO-zebrafish to find candidate genes involved in hepatic steatosis. We conducted intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MOs) for each gene into DIO-zebrafish. We also conducted in vitro overexpression in human cells. Additionally, we examined gene expression during feeding experiments involving anti-obesity compounds, creatine and anserine. Results We found that fatty acid binding protein 3 (fabp3) and E2F transcription factors were upregulated in hepatic steatosis. E2f8 MO i.p. suppressed fabp3 expression in liver, and ameliorated hepatic steatosis. In human cells (HepG2), E2F8 overexpression promoted FABP3 expression. Additionally, co-administration of creatine and anserine suppressed obesity associated phenotypes including hepatic steatosis as indicated by e2f8 and fabp3 down regulation. Conclusion We discovered that the e2f8–fabp3 axis is important in the promotion of hepatic steatosis in DIO-zebrafish. The combination of transcriptome and proteome analyses using the disease model zebrafish allow identification of novel pathways involved in human diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-015-0012-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Shimada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Japan ; Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan ; Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie, Japan ; Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie, Japan ; Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie, Japan
| | - Shisei Kuninaga
- Central Research Institute, Maruha Nichiro Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Michiko Ariyoshi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Japan
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Shiina
- Central Research Institute, Maruha Nichiro Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Noriko Umemoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Japan ; Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Japan ; Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan ; Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie, Japan ; Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie, Japan ; Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Enari
- Central Research Institute, Maruha Nichiro Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Japan ; Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan ; Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie, Japan ; Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie, Japan ; Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie, Japan
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Giordano Attianese GMP, Desvergne B. Integrative and systemic approaches for evaluating PPARβ/δ (PPARD) function. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2015; 13:e001. [PMID: 25945080 PMCID: PMC4419664 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptors that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes involved in cellular differentiation, development, metabolism and also tumorigenesis. Three PPAR isotypes (α, β/δ and γ) have been identified, among which PPARβ/δ is the most difficult to functionally examine due to its tissue-specific diversity in cell fate determination, energy metabolism and housekeeping activities. PPARβ/δ acts both in a ligand-dependent and -independent manner. The specific type of regulation, activation or repression, is determined by many factors, among which the type of ligand, the presence/absence of PPARβ/δ-interacting corepressor or coactivator complexes and PPARβ/δ protein post-translational modifications play major roles. Recently, new global approaches to the study of nuclear receptors have made it possible to evaluate their molecular activity in a more systemic fashion, rather than deeply digging into a single pathway/function. This systemic approach is ideally suited for studying PPARβ/δ, due to its ubiquitous expression in various organs and its overlapping and tissue-specific transcriptomic signatures. The aim of the present review is to present in detail the diversity of PPARβ/δ function, focusing on the different information gained at the systemic level, and describing the global and unbiased approaches that combine a systems view with molecular understanding.
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Hu Y, Zhan Q, Liu HX, Chau T, Li Y, Wan YJ, Yvonne Wan YJ. Accelerated partial hepatectomy-induced liver cell proliferation is associated with liver injury in Nur77 knockout mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3272-83. [PMID: 25307349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nur77, encoded by Nr4a1 (alias Nur77), plays roles in cell death, survival, and inflammation. To study the role of Nur77 in liver regeneration, wild-type (WT) and Nur77 knockout (KO) mice were subjected to standard two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PH). Nur77 mRNA and protein levels were markedly induced at 1 hour after PH in WT livers, coinciding with ERK1/2 activation. Surprisingly, Nur77 KO mice exhibited a higher liver-to-body weight ratio than WT mice at 24, 48, and 72 hours after PH. Nur77 KO livers exhibited increase in Ki-67-positive hepatocytes at 24 hours, with early induction of cell-cycle genes. Despite accelerated regeneration, Nur77 KO livers paradoxically incurred necrosis, hepatocyte apoptosis, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity, and Kupffer cell accumulation. Microarray analysis revealed up-regulation of genes modulating inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis but down-regulation (due to Nur77 deficiency) of glucose and lipid homeostasis genes. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and CCL2 were increased and levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10 were decreased, compared with WT. Activated NF-κB and STAT3 and mRNA levels of target genes Myc and Bcl2l1 were elevated in Nur77 KO livers. Overall, Nur77 appears essential for regulating early signaling of liver regeneration by modulating cytokine-mediated inflammatory, apoptotic, and energy mobilization processes. The accelerated liver regeneration observed in Nur77 KO mice is likely due to a compensatory effect caused by injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California
| | - Qi Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California
| | - Thinh Chau
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California
| | - Yuyuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jui Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou, China.
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Vacca M, D'Amore S, Graziano G, D'Orazio A, Cariello M, Massafra V, Salvatore L, Martelli N, Murzilli S, Sasso GL, Mariani-Costantini R, Moschetta A. Clustering nuclear receptors in liver regeneration identifies candidate modulators of hepatocyte proliferation and hepatocarcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104449. [PMID: 25116592 PMCID: PMC4130532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Liver regeneration (LR) is a valuable model for studying mechanisms modulating hepatocyte proliferation. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are key players in the control of cellular functions, being ideal modulators of hepatic proliferation and carcinogenesis. Methods & Results We used a previously validated RT-qPCR platform to profile modifications in the expression of all 49 members of the NR superfamily in mouse liver during LR. Twenty-nine NR transcripts were significantly modified in their expression during LR, including fatty acid (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARs) and oxysterol (liver X receptors, Lxrs) sensors, circadian masters RevErbα and RevErbβ, glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) and constitutive androxane receptor (Car). In order to detect the NRs that better characterize proliferative status vs. proliferating liver, we used the novel Random Forest (RF) analysis to selected a trio of down-regulated NRs (thyroid receptor alpha, Trα; farsenoid X receptor beta, Fxrβ; Pparδ) as best discriminators of the proliferating status. To validate our approach, we further studied PPARδ role in modulating hepatic proliferation. We first confirmed the suppression of PPARδ both in LR and human hepatocellular carcinoma at protein level, and then demonstrated that PPARδ agonist GW501516 reduces the proliferative potential of hepatoma cells. Conclusions Our data suggest that NR transcriptome is modulated in proliferating liver and is a source of biomarkers and bona fide pharmacological targets for the management of liver disease affecting hepatocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Vacca
- Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Chieti, Italy
- Unit of General Pathology, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), “Gabriele D'Annunzio” University and Foundation, Chieti, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona D'Amore
- National Cancer Institute, IRCCS Oncologico “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Giusi Graziano
- National Cancer Institute, IRCCS Oncologico “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Andria D'Orazio
- Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Chieti, Italy
| | - Marica Cariello
- National Cancer Institute, IRCCS Oncologico “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Vittoria Massafra
- Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorena Salvatore
- Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Chieti, Italy
| | - Nicola Martelli
- Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Murzilli
- Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lo Sasso
- Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Chieti, Italy
| | - Renato Mariani-Costantini
- Unit of General Pathology, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), “Gabriele D'Annunzio” University and Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- National Cancer Institute, IRCCS Oncologico “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Liu HX, Ly I, Hu Y, Wan YJY. Retinoic acid regulates cell cycle genes and accelerates normal mouse liver regeneration. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:256-65. [PMID: 25087568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (RA) is a potent inducer of regeneration. Because the liver is the principal site for storage and bioactivation of vitamin A, the current study examines the effect of RA in mouse hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration. Mice that received a single dose of RA (25μg/g) by oral gavage developed hepatomegaly with increased number of Ki67-positive cells and induced expression of cell cycle genes in the liver. DNA binding data revealed that RA receptors retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) and retinoid x receptor α (RXRα) bound to cell cycle genes Cdk1, Cdk2, Cyclin B, Cyclin E, and Cdc25a in mice with and without RA treatment. In addition, RA treatment induced novel binding of RARβ/RXRα to Cdk1, Cdk2, Cyclin D, and Cdk6 genes. All RARβ/RXRα binding sites contained AGGTCA-like motifs. RA treatment also promoted liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). RA signaling was implicated in normal liver regeneration as the mRNA levels of RARβ, Aldh1a2, Crabp1, and Crbp1 were all induced 1.5 days after PH during the active phase of hepatocyte proliferation. RA treatment prior to PH resulted in early up-regulation of RARβ, Aldh1a2, Crabp1, and Crbp1, which was accompanied by an early induction of cell cycle genes. Western blotting for RARβ, c-myc, Cyclin D, E, and A further supported the early induction of retinoid signal and cell proliferation by RA treatment. Taken together, our data suggest that RA may regulate cell cycle progression and accelerates liver regeneration. Such effect is associated with an early induction of RA signaling, which includes increased expression of the receptor, binding proteins, and processing enzyme for retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 4645 2nd Ave, Research Building III, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, CA 95817,United States of America.
| | - Irene Ly
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 4645 2nd Ave, Research Building III, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, CA 95817,United States of America.
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 4645 2nd Ave, Research Building III, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, CA 95817,United States of America.
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 4645 2nd Ave, Research Building III, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, CA 95817,United States of America.
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Pan N, Lv X, Liang R, Wang L, Liu Q. Suppression of graft regeneration, not ischemia/reperfusion injury, is the primary cause of small-for-size syndrome after partial liver transplantation in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93636. [PMID: 24709852 PMCID: PMC3977924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is commonly considered to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of small-for-size syndrome (SFSS) after liver transplantation. Rapid regeneration is also considered essential for the survival of SFS grafts. Methods Mouse models of full-size orthotopic liver transplantation, 50% partial liver transplantation and 30% partial liver transplantation were established. Survival rate and serum alanine aminotransferase were observed. IRI was assessed by hepatic pathologic alterations, apoptosis and necrosis. Regeneration response was detected by mitotic index, BrdU incorporation and PCNA, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E expression. The expression of mTOR, AKT, ERK, JNK2 and p70S6K, also involved in regeneration signaling pathways, were analyzed as well. Results 30% partial liver graft resulted in a significantly low 7-day survival rate (P = 0.002) with no marked difference in tissue injury compared with the 50% partial graft group. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels were not significantly different between partial transplantation and full-size transplantation. Western blot analysis of caspase-3 and TUNEL staining also indicated no significant difference in apoptosis response between 30% partial transplantation and half-size or full-size transplantation (P = 0.436, P = 0.113, respectively). However, liver regeneration response indicators, mitotic index (P<0.0001) and BrdU (P = 0.0022), were markedly lower in 30% LTx compared with 50% LTx. Suppressed expression of PCNA, cyclin D1, cyclin E, mTOR, JNK2, AKT, ERK and p70S6K was also detected by western blot. Conclusions Liver regeneration is markedly suppressed in SFSS, and is more likely the primary cause of SFSS, rather than ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therapy for recovering graft regeneration could be a potentially important strategy to reduce the incidence of SFSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiangwei Lv
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qinlong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhan L, Huang C, Meng XM, Song Y, Wu XQ, Miu CG, Zhan XS, Li J. Promising roles of mammalian E2Fs in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1075-81. [PMID: 24440307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, E2F family of transcription factors (E2Fs) traditionally modulates assorted cellular functions related to cell cycle progression, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Eight members, E2F1 E2F8 have been recognized of this family so far, and the members of this family are generally divided into activator E2F (E2F1--E2F3a), repressor E2F (E2F3b--E2F5) and inhibitor E2F (E2F6--E2F8) subclasses based on their structur-e and function. Studies have showed that the mammalian E2F family members represent a recent evolutionary adaptation to malignancies besides hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and a growing body of evidence has validated that the individual members of the family develop a close relationship with HCC. E2F1 was identified to play overlapping roles in HCC, while E2F2--E2F8 (except E2F6 and E2F7) showed to be tumor-promoter in HCC. However, the mechanism underlying the mammalian E2Fs associated with HCC is still unknown and needs further research. The aim of this review is to sum up the collective knowledge of E2F family and the roles of each member of this family in HCC. Moreover, we will discuss some novel therapeutic target for HCC based on the complicated functions of mammalian E2Fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (AMU), China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (AMU), China
| | - Xiao Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (AMU), China
| | - Yang Song
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (AMU), China
| | - Xiao Qin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (AMU), China
| | - Cheng Gui Miu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (AMU), China
| | - Xiang Shu Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (AMU), China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (AMU), China.
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Song KH, Kim YH, Kim BY. Sho-saiko-to, a traditional herbal medicine, regulates gene expression and biological function by way of microRNAs in primary mouse hepatocytes. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:14. [PMID: 24410935 PMCID: PMC3893506 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sho-saiko-to (SST) (also known as so-shi-ho-tang or xiao-chai-hu-tang) has been widely prescribed for chronic liver diseases in traditional Oriental medicine. Despite the substantial amount of clinical evidence for SST, its molecular mechanism has not been clearly identified at a genome-wide level. METHODS By using a microarray, we analyzed the temporal changes of messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA expression in primary mouse hepatocytes after SST treatment. The pattern of genes regulated by SST was identified by using time-series microarray analysis. The biological function of genes was measured by pathway analysis. For the identification of the exact targets of the microRNAs, a permutation-based correlation method was implemented in which the temporal expression of mRNAs and microRNAs were integrated. The similarity of the promoter structure between temporally regulated genes was measured by analyzing the transcription factor binding sites in the promoter region. RESULTS The SST-regulated gene expression had two major patterns: (1) a temporally up-regulated pattern (463 genes) and (2) a temporally down-regulated pattern (177 genes). The integration of the genes and microRNA demonstrated that 155 genes could be the targets of microRNAs from the temporally up-regulated pattern and 19 genes could be the targets of microRNAs from the temporally down-regulated pattern. The temporally up-regulated pattern by SST was associated with signaling pathways such as the cell cycle pathway, whereas the temporally down-regulated pattern included drug metabolism-related pathways and immune-related pathways. All these pathways could be possibly associated with liver regenerative activity of SST. Genes targeted by microRNA were moreover associated with different biological pathways from the genes not targeted by microRNA. An analysis of promoter similarity indicated that co-expressed genes after SST treatment were clustered into subgroups, depending on the temporal expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS We are the first to identify that SST regulates temporal gene expression by way of microRNA. MicroRNA targets and non-microRNA targets moreover have different biological roles. This functional segregation by microRNA would be critical for the elucidation of the molecular activities of SST.
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