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Wu Z, Liu Q, Zhao Y, Fang C, Zheng W, Zhao Z, Zhang N, Yang X. Rhogef17: A novel target for endothelial barrier function. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115983. [PMID: 38134633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ARHGEF17 encodes the protein RhoGEF17, which is highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells. It is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that accelerates the exchange of GDP with GTP on many small GTPases through its Dbl homology (DH) domain, enabling the activation of Rho-GTPases such as RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC. Rho GTPase-regulated changes in the actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion kinetics are the main mechanisms mediating many endothelial cell (EC) alterations, including cell morphology, migration, and division changes, which profoundly affect EC barrier function. This review focuses on ARHGEF17 expression, activation and biological functions in ECs, linking its regulation of cellular morphology, migration, mitosis and other cellular behaviors to disease onset and progression. Understanding ARHGEF17 mechanisms of action will contribute to the design of therapeutic approaches targeting RhoGEF17, a potential drug target for the treatment of various endothelium-related diseases, Such as vascular inflammation, carcinogenesis and transendothelial metastasis of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Quanlei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Wen Zheng
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zilin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Cervantes-Villagrana RD, García-Jiménez I, Vázquez-Prado J. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho GTPases (RhoGEFs) as oncogenic effectors and strategic therapeutic targets in metastatic cancer. Cell Signal 2023; 109:110749. [PMID: 37290677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells dynamically adjust their shape to adhere, invade, migrate, and expand to generate secondary tumors. Inherent to these processes is the constant assembly and disassembly of cytoskeletal supramolecular structures. The subcellular places where cytoskeletal polymers are built and reorganized are defined by the activation of Rho GTPases. These molecular switches directly respond to signaling cascades integrated by Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs), which are sophisticated multidomain proteins that control morphological behavior of cancer and stromal cells in response to cell-cell interactions, tumor-secreted factors and actions of oncogenic proteins within the tumor microenvironment. Stromal cells, including fibroblasts, immune and endothelial cells, and even projections of neuronal cells, adjust their shapes and move into growing tumoral masses, building tumor-induced structures that eventually serve as metastatic routes. Here we review the role of RhoGEFs in metastatic cancer. They are highly diverse proteins with common catalytic modules that select among a variety of homologous Rho GTPases enabling them to load GTP, acquiring an active conformation that stimulates effectors controlling actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Therefore, due to their strategic position in oncogenic signaling cascades, and their structural diversity flanking common catalytic modules, RhoGEFs possess unique characteristics that make them conceptual targets of antimetastatic precision therapies. Preclinical proof of concept, demonstrating the antimetastatic effect of inhibiting either expression or activity of βPix (ARHGEF7), P-Rex1, Vav1, ARHGEF17, and Dock1, among others, is emerging.
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A current overview of RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC functions in vascular biology and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Prifti DK, Lauzier A, Elowe S. A commercial ARHGEF17/TEM4 antibody cross-reacts with Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus protein 1 (NuMA). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268848. [PMID: 35776709 PMCID: PMC9249204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) ARHGEF17 (also known as TEM4) is a large protein with only 3 annotated regions: an N-terminal actin-binding domain, a Rho-specific dbl homology (DH)- pleckstrin homology (PH) type GEF domain and a seven bladed β propeller fold at the C-terminus with unknown function. TEM4 has been implicated in numerous activities that rely on regulation of the cytoskeleton including cell migration, cell-cell junction formation and the spindle assembly checkpoint during mitosis. Here we have assessed the specificity of a TEM4 polyclonal antibody that has been commonly used as a Western blotting and immunocytochemistry probe for TEM4 in mammalian cells. We find that this antibody, in addition to its intended target, cross-reacts with the Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus Protein 1 (NuMA) in Western blotting and immunoprecipitation, and detects NuMA preferentially in immunocytochemistry. This cross-reactivity, with an abundant chromatin- and mitotic spindle-associated factor, is likely to affect the interpretation of experiments that make use of this antibody probe, in particular by immunocytochemistry and immunoprecipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogjena Katerina Prifti
- Programme en Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médicine Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de Réproduction, Santé de la Mère et de l’enfant, Québec, Québec, Canada
- PROTEO-Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, l’ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Lauzier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de Réproduction, Santé de la Mère et de l’enfant, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabine Elowe
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de Réproduction, Santé de la Mère et de l’enfant, Québec, Québec, Canada
- PROTEO-Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, l’ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval et le Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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García-Jiménez I, Cervantes-Villagrana RD, Del-Río-Robles JE, Castillo-Kauil A, Beltrán-Navarro YM, García-Román J, Reyes-Cruz G, Vázquez-Prado J. Gβγ mediates activation of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor ARHGEF17 that promotes metastatic lung cancer progression. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101440. [PMID: 34808208 PMCID: PMC8703085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic lung cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. Dissemination of cancer cells can be facilitated by various agonists within the tumor microenvironment, including by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). We postulate that Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs), which integrate signaling cues driving cell migration, are critical effectors in metastatic cancer. Specifically, we addressed the hypothetical role of ARHGEF17, a RhoGEF, as a potential effector of Gβγ in metastatic lung cancer cells responding to LPA. Here, we show that ARHGEF17, originally identified as a tumor endothelial marker, is involved in tumor growth and metastatic dissemination of lung cancer cells in an immunocompetent murine model. Gene expression–based analysis of lung cancer datasets showed that increased levels of ARHGEF17 correlated with reduced survival of patients with advanced-stage tumors. Cellular assays also revealed that this RhoGEF participates in the invasive and migratory responses elicited by Gi protein–coupled LPA receptors via the Gβγ subunit complex. We demonstrate that this signaling heterodimer promoted ARHGEF17 recruitment to the cell periphery and actin fibers. Moreover, Gβγ allosterically activates ARHGEF17 by the removal of inhibitory intramolecular restrictions. Taken together, our results indicate that ARHGEF17 may be a valid potential target in the treatment of metastatic lung cancer.
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Lou Y, Jiang Y, Liang Z, Liu B, Li T, Zhang D. Role of RhoC in cancer cell migration. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:527. [PMID: 34627249 PMCID: PMC8502390 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is one of the five major behaviors of cells. Although RhoC-a classic member of the Rho gene family-was first identified in 1985, functional RhoC data have only been widely reported in recent years. Cell migration involves highly complex signaling mechanisms, in which RhoC plays an essential role. Cell migration regulated by RhoC-of which the most well-known function is its role in cancer metastasis-has been widely reported in breast, gastric, colon, bladder, prostate, lung, pancreatic, liver, and other cancers. Our review describes the role of RhoC in various types of cell migration. The classic two-dimensional cell migration cycle constitutes cell polarization, adhesion regulation, cell contraction and tail retraction, most of which are modulated by RhoC. In the three-dimensional cell migration model, amoeboid migration is the most classic and well-studied model. Here, RhoC modulates the formation of membrane vesicles by regulating myosin II, thereby affecting the rate and persistence of amoeba-like migration. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first to describe the role of RhoC in all cell migration processes. We believe that understanding the detail of RhoC-regulated migration processes will help us better comprehend the mechanism of cancer metastasis. This will contribute to the study of anti-metastatic treatment approaches, aiding in the identification of new intervention targets for therapeutic or genetic transformational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Lou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingzhang Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Memon D, Gill MB, Papachristou EK, Ochoa D, D'Santos CS, Miller ML, Beltrao P. Copy number aberrations drive kinase rewiring, leading to genetic vulnerabilities in cancer. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109155. [PMID: 34010657 PMCID: PMC8149807 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic DNA copy number variations (CNVs) are prevalent in cancer and can drive cancer progression, albeit with often uncharacterized roles in altering cell signaling states. Here, we integrate genomic and proteomic data for 5,598 tumor samples to identify CNVs leading to aberrant signal transduction. The resulting associations recapitulate known kinase-substrate relationships, and further network analysis prioritizes likely causal genes. Of the 303 significant associations we identify from the pan-tumor analysis, 43% are replicated in cancer cell lines, including 44 robust gene-phosphosite associations identified across multiple tumor types. Several predicted regulators of hippo signaling are experimentally validated. Using RNAi, CRISPR, and drug screening data, we find evidence of kinase addiction in cancer cell lines, identifying inhibitors for targeting of kinase-dependent cell lines. We propose copy number status of genes as a useful predictor of differential impact of kinase inhibition, a strategy that may be of use in the future for anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Memon
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Michael B Gill
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Evangelia K Papachristou
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - David Ochoa
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Clive S D'Santos
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Martin L Miller
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Pedro Beltrao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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Weber P, Baltus D, Jatho A, Drews O, Zelarayan LC, Wieland T, Lutz S. RhoGEF17-An Essential Regulator of Endothelial Cell Death and Growth. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040741. [PMID: 33801779 PMCID: PMC8067313 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor RhoGEF17 was described to reside in adherens junctions (AJ) in endothelial cells (EC) and to play a critical role in the regulation of cell adhesion and barrier function. The purpose of this study was to analyze signal cascades and processes occurring subsequent to AJ disruption induced by RhoGEF17 knockdown. Primary human and immortalized rat EC were used to demonstrate that an adenoviral-mediated knockdown of RhoGEF17 resulted in cell rounding and an impairment in spheroid formation due to an enhanced proteasomal degradation of AJ components. In contrast, β-catenin degradation was impaired, which resulted in an induction of the β-catenin-target genes cyclin D1 and survivin. RhoGEF17 depletion additionally inhibited cell adhesion and sheet migration. The RhoGEF17 knockdown prevented the cells with impeded cell–cell and cell–matrix contacts from apoptosis, which was in line with a reduction in pro-caspase 3 expression and an increase in Akt phosphorylation. Nevertheless, the cells were not able to proliferate as a cell cycle block occurred. In summary, we demonstrate that a loss of RhoGEF17 disturbs cell–cell and cell–substrate interaction in EC. Moreover, it prevents the EC from cell death and blocks cell proliferation. Non-canonical β-catenin signaling and Akt activation could be identified as a potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamina Weber
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim (EPM), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (P.W.); (D.B.)
| | - Doris Baltus
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim (EPM), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (P.W.); (D.B.)
| | - Aline Jatho
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.J.); (L.C.Z.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Drews
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Laura C. Zelarayan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.J.); (L.C.Z.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim (EPM), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (P.W.); (D.B.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Susanne Lutz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.J.); (L.C.Z.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (S.L.)
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Lay AJ, Coleman PR, Formaz-Preston A, Ting KK, Roediger B, Weninger W, Schwartz MA, Vadas MA, Gamble JR. ARHGAP18: A Flow-Responsive Gene That Regulates Endothelial Cell Alignment and Protects Against Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e010057. [PMID: 30630384 PMCID: PMC6497359 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial cell (EC) alignment in the direction of flow is an adaptive response that protects against aortic diseases, such as atherosclerosis. The Rho GTPases are known to regulate this alignment. Herein, we analyze the effect of ARHGAP18 on the regulation of EC alignment and examine the effect of ARHGAP18 deficiency on the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Methods and Results We used in vitro analysis of ECs under flow conditions together with apolipoprotein E−/−Arhgap18−/− double‐mutant mice to study the function of ARHGAP18 in a high‐fat diet–induced model of atherosclerosis. Depletion of ARHGAP18 inhibited the alignment of ECs in the direction of flow and promoted inflammatory phenotype, as evidenced by disrupted junctions and increased expression of nuclear factor‐κB and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 and decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Mice with double deletion in ARHGAP18 and apolipoprotein E and fed a high‐fat diet show early onset of atherosclerosis, with lesions developing in atheroprotective regions. Conclusions ARHGAP18 is a protective gene that maintains EC alignments in the direction of flow. Deletion of ARHGAP18 led to loss of EC ability to align and promoted atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina J Lay
- 1 Vascular Biology Program Centre for the Endothelium Centenary Institute The University of Sydney Newtown Australia
| | - Paul R Coleman
- 1 Vascular Biology Program Centre for the Endothelium Centenary Institute The University of Sydney Newtown Australia
| | - Ann Formaz-Preston
- 1 Vascular Biology Program Centre for the Endothelium Centenary Institute The University of Sydney Newtown Australia
| | - Ka Ka Ting
- 1 Vascular Biology Program Centre for the Endothelium Centenary Institute The University of Sydney Newtown Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- 2 Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute The University of Sydney Newtown Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- 2 Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute The University of Sydney Newtown Australia
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine Yale Cardiovascular Research Center Yale University New Haven CT
| | - Mathew A Vadas
- 1 Vascular Biology Program Centre for the Endothelium Centenary Institute The University of Sydney Newtown Australia
| | - Jennifer R Gamble
- 1 Vascular Biology Program Centre for the Endothelium Centenary Institute The University of Sydney Newtown Australia
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Aktories K, Gierschik P, Heringdorf DMZ, Schmidt M, Schultz G, Wieland T. cAMP guided his way: a life for G protein-mediated signal transduction and molecular pharmacology-tribute to Karl H. Jakobs. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:887-911. [PMID: 31101932 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Karl H. Jakobs, former editor-in-chief of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology and renowned molecular pharmacologist, passed away in April 2018. In this article, his scientific achievements regarding G protein-mediated signal transduction and regulation of canonical pathways are summarized. Particularly, the discovery of inhibitory G proteins for adenylyl cyclase, methods for the analysis of receptor-G protein interactions, GTP supply by nucleoside diphosphate kinases, mechanisms in phospholipase C and phospholipase D activity regulation, as well as the development of the concept of sphingosine-1-phosphate as extra- and intracellular messenger will presented. His seminal scientific and methodological contributions are put in a general and timely perspective to display and honor his outstanding input to the current knowledge in molecular pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Aktories
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Gierschik
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89070, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dagmar Meyer Zu Heringdorf
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Günter Schultz
- Department of Pharmacology, Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim (EPM), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13 - 17, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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Biomarkers Discovery for Colorectal Cancer: A Review on Tumor Endothelial Markers as Perspective Candidates. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:4912405. [PMID: 27965519 PMCID: PMC5124654 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4912405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. The early detection of CRC, during the promotion/progression stages, is an enormous challenge for a successful outcome and remains a fundamental problem in clinical approach. Despite the continuous advancement in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, there is a need for discovery of sensitive and specific, noninvasive biomarkers. Tumor endothelial markers (TEMs) are associated with tumor-specific angiogenesis and are potentially useful to discriminate between tumor and normal endothelium. The most promising TEMs for oncogenic signaling in CRC appeared to be the TEM1, TEM5, TEM7, and TEM8. Overexpression of TEMs especially TEM1, TEM7, and TEM8 in colorectal tumor tissue compared to healthy tissue suggests their role in tumor blood vessels formation. Thus TEMs appear to be perspective candidates for early detection, monitoring, and treatment of CRC patients. This review provides an update on recent data on tumor endothelial markers and their possible use as biomarkers for screening, diagnosis, and therapy of colorectal cancer patients.
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Sang XB, Sun KX, Wang LL, Chen S, Wu DD, Zong ZH, Zhao Y. Effects and mechanism of RhoC downregulation in suppressing ovarian cancer stem cell proliferation, drug resistance, invasion and metastasis. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3267-3274. [PMID: 27748937 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are considered to be the root cause of tumor initiation, metastasis, recurrence and therapeutic resistance. Recent studies have reported that RhoC plays a critical role in regulating cancer stem cells; however, its function in ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) remains unknown. The ovarian cancer cell line A2780, and the paclitaxel-resistant A2780 cell line (A2780-PTX) were obtained. A2780 cells were used to isolate and identify the highly invasive A2780-PM cells, and A2780-PTX cells were used to isolate and identify the highly drug-resistant and highly invasive A2780-PTX-PM cells by Transwell assay. MTT, Transwell and wound healing assays were used to compare the differences in cell proliferation, invasion and migration ability among the four cell lines. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of stem cell markers CD117 and CD133. OCSCs were sorted by flow cytometry. Following si-RhoC transfection of the OCSCs, cell proliferation, drug resistance, invasion and migration ability and RhoC, CD117 and CD133 expression levels were assayed. RT-PCR was used to assess RhoC, CD117, CD133 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) mRNA expression levels. A2780-PM and A2780‑PTX-PM cells exhibited higher cell proliferation, drug resistance, and invasion and migration ability than the A2780 and A2780-PTX cell lines. Furthermore, CD133 and CD117 expression levels were higher in the A2780-PM and A2780‑PTX-PM cells than levels in the A2780 and A2780-PTX cells. Transfection of si-RhoC in OCSCs suppressed the proliferation, drug resistance, invasion, migration and CD117 and CD133 expression levels. Furthermore, the expression levels of RhoC, CD117, CD133, MDR1, and MMP9 mRNA were downregulated in the transfected population. Taken together, our results demonstrated that RhoC downregulation may inhibit the proliferation, drug resistance, invasion and migration of OCSCs, and RhoC may play an important role in the formation of OCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Bo Sang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Xuan Sun
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Wu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Hoeppner LH, Sinha S, Wang Y, Bhattacharya R, Dutta S, Gong X, Bedell VM, Suresh S, Chun C, Ramchandran R, Ekker SC, Mukhopadhyay D. RhoC maintains vascular homeostasis by regulating VEGF-induced signaling in endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3556-68. [PMID: 26136364 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.167601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are controlled by vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). Dysregulation of these physiological processes contributes to the pathologies of heart disease, cancer and stroke. Rho GTPase proteins play an integral role in VEGF-mediated formation and maintenance of blood vessels. The regulatory functions of RhoA and RhoB in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are well defined, whereas the purpose of RhoC remains poorly understood. Here, we describe how RhoC promotes vascular homeostasis by modulating endothelial cell migration, proliferation and permeability. RhoC stimulates proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by stabilizing nuclear β-catenin, which promotes transcription of cyclin D1 and subsequently drives cell cycle progression. RhoC negatively regulates endothelial cell migration through MAPKs and downstream MLC2 signaling, and decreases vascular permeability through downregulation of the phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ)-Ca(2+)-eNOS cascade in HUVECs. Using a VEGF-inducible zebrafish (Danio rerio) model, we observed significantly increased vascular permeability in RhoC morpholino (MO)-injected zebrafish compared with control MO-injected zebrafish. Taken together, our findings suggest that RhoC is a key regulator of vascular homeostasis in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke H Hoeppner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sutapa Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shamit Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xun Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Victoria M Bedell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sandip Suresh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Changzoon Chun
- Department of Developmental Vascular Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Developmental Vascular Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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van Buul JD, Geerts D, Huveneers S. Rho GAPs and GEFs: controling switches in endothelial cell adhesion. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:108-24. [PMID: 24622613 PMCID: PMC4049857 DOI: 10.4161/cam.27599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within blood vessels, endothelial cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesions are crucial to preserve barrier function, and these adhesions are tightly controlled during vascular development, angiogenesis, and transendothelial migration of inflammatory cells. Endothelial cellular signaling that occurs via the family of Rho GTPases coordinates these cell adhesion structures through cytoskeletal remodelling. In turn, Rho GTPases are regulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). To understand how endothelial cells initiate changes in the activity of Rho GTPases, and thereby regulate cell adhesion, we will discuss the role of Rho GAPs and GEFs in vascular biology. Many potentially important Rho regulators have not been studied in detail in endothelial cells. We therefore will first overview which GAPs and GEFs are highly expressed in endothelium, based on comparative gene expression analysis of human endothelial cells compared with other tissue cell types. Subsequently, we discuss the relevance of Rho GAPs and GEFs for endothelial cell adhesion in vascular homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap D van Buul
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sanquin Research and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sanquin Research and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
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15
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Zhao X, Rotenberg SA. Phosphorylation of Cdc42 effector protein-4 (CEP4) by protein kinase C promotes motility of human breast cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25844-54. [PMID: 25086031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.577783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc42 effector protein-4 (CEP4) was recently identified by our laboratory to be a substrate of multiple PKC isoforms in non-transformed MCF-10A human breast cells. The significance of phosphorylated CEP4 to PKC-stimulated motility of MCF-10A cells was evaluated. Single site mutants at Ser residues embedded in potential PKC consensus sites (Ser(18), Ser(77), Ser(80), and Ser(86)) were individually replaced with Asp residues to simulate phosphorylation. Following expression in weakly motile MCF-10A cells, the S18D and S80D mutants each promoted increased motility, and the double mutant (S18D/S80D) produced a stronger effect. MS/MS analysis verified that Ser(18) and Ser(80) were directly phosphorylated by PKCα in vitro. Phosphorylation of CEP4 severely diminished its affinity for Cdc42 while promoting Rac activation and formation of filopodia (microspikes). In contrast, the phosphorylation-resistant double mutant S18A/S80A-CEP4 blocked CEP4 phosphorylation and inhibited motility of MCF-10A cells that had been stimulated with PKC activator diacylglycerol lactone. In view of the dissociation of phospho-CEP4 from Cdc42, intracellular binding partners were explored by expressing each CEP4 double mutant from a tandem affinity purification vector followed by affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE, and identification of protein bands evident only with S18D/S80D-CEP4. One binding partner was identified as tumor endothelial marker-4 (TEM4; ARHGEF17), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is involved in migration. In motile cells expressing S18D/S80D-CEP4, knockdown of TEM4 inhibited both Rac activation and motility. These findings support a model in which PKC-mediated phosphorylation of CEP4 at Ser(18) and Ser(80) causes its dissociation from Cdc42, thereby increasing its affinity for TEM4 and producing Rac activation, filopodium formation, and cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, New York 11367 and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York 10016
| | - Susan A Rotenberg
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, New York 11367 and
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16
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Amado-Azevedo J, Valent ET, Van Nieuw Amerongen GP. Regulation of the endothelial barrier function: a filum granum of cellular forces, Rho-GTPase signaling and microenvironment. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 355:557-76. [PMID: 24633925 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the endothelium is an extremely thin single-cell layer, it performs exceedingly well in preventing blood fluids from leaking into the surrounding tissues. However, specific pathological conditions can affect this cell layer, compromising the integrity of the barrier. Vascular leakage is a hallmark of many cardiovascular diseases and despite its medical importance, no specialized therapies are available to prevent it or reduce it. Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of the Rho family are known to be key regulators of various aspects of cell behavior and studies have shown that they can exert both positive and negative effects on endothelial barrier integrity. Moreover, extracellular matrix stiffness has now been implicated in the regulation of Rho-GTPase signaling, which has a direct impact on the integrity of endothelial junctions. However, knowledge about both the precise mechanism of this regulation and the individual contribution of the specific regulatory proteins remains fragmentary. In this review, we discuss recent findings concerning the balanced activities of Rho-GTPases and, in particular, aspects of the regulation of the endothelial barrier. We highlight the role of Rho-GTPases in the intimate relationships between biomechanical forces, microenvironmental influences and endothelial intercellular junctions, which are all interwoven in a beautiful filigree-like fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Amado-Azevedo
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Van den Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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