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Zeaiter L, Dabbous A, Baldini F, Pagano A, Bianchini P, Vergani L, Diaspro A. Unveiling nuclear chromatin distribution using IsoConcentraChromJ: A flourescence imaging plugin for IsoRegional and IsoVolumetric based ratios analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305809. [PMID: 38954704 PMCID: PMC11218964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromatin exhibits non-random distribution within the nucleus being arranged into discrete domains that are spatially organized throughout the nuclear space. Both the spatial distribution and structural rearrangement of chromatin domains in the nucleus depend on epigenetic modifications of DNA and/or histones and structural elements such as the nuclear envelope. These components collectively contribute to the organization and rearrangement of chromatin domains, thereby influencing genome architecture and functional regulation. This study develops an innovative, user-friendly, ImageJ-based plugin, called IsoConcentraChromJ, aimed quantitatively delineating the spatial distribution of chromatin regions in concentric patterns. The IsoConcentraChromJ can be applied to quantitative chromatin analysis in both two- and three-dimensional spaces. After DNA and histone staining with fluorescent probes, high-resolution images of nuclei have been obtained using advanced fluorescence microscopy approaches, including confocal and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. IsoConcentraChromJ workflow comprises the following sequential steps: nucleus segmentation, thresholding, masking, normalization, and trisection with specified ratios for either 2D or 3D acquisitions. The effectiveness of the IsoConcentraChromJ has been validated and demonstrated using experimental datasets consisting in nuclei images of pre-adipocytes and mature adipocytes, encompassing both 2D and 3D imaging. The outcomes allow to characterize the nuclear architecture by calculating the ratios between specific concentric nuclear areas/volumes of acetylated chromatin with respect to total acetylated chromatin and/or total DNA. The novel IsoConcentrapChromJ plugin could represent a valuable resource for researchers investigating the rearrangement of chromatin architecture driven by epigenetic mechanisms using nuclear images obtained by different fluorescence microscopy methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Zeaiter
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ali Dabbous
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Pagano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Laura Vergani
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
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2
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Jadavi S, Dante S, Civiero L, Sandre M, Bubacco L, Tosatto L, Bianchini P, Canale C, Diaspro A. Fluorescence labeling methods influence the aggregation process of α-syn in vitro differently. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8270-8277. [PMID: 37073868 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05487f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, the coexistence of different aggregation pathways of insulin and β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides was demonstrated by correlative stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). This had been explained by suboptimal proteins labeling strategies that generate heterogeneous populations of aggregating species. However, because of the limited number of proteins considered, the failure of the fluorescent labeling that occurs in a large portion of the aggregating fibrils observed for insulin and Aβ peptides, could not be considered a general phenomenon valid for all molecular systems. Here, we investigated the aggregation process of α-synuclein (α-syn), an amyloidogenic peptide involved in Parkinson's disease, which is significantly larger (MW ∼14 kDa) than insulin and Aβ, previously investigated. The results showed that an unspecific labeling procedure, such as that previously adopted for shorter proteins, reproduced the coexistence of labeled/unlabeled fibers. Therefore, a site-specific labeling method was developed to target a domain of the peptide scarcely involved in the aggregation process. Correlative STED-AFM illustrated that all fibrillar aggregates derived from the aggregation of α-syn at the dye-to-protein ratio of 1 : 22 were fluorescent. These results, demonstrated here for the specific case of α-syn, highlight that the labeling artifacts can be avoided by careful designing the labeling strategy for the molecular system under investigation. The use of a label-free correlative microscopy technique would play a crucial role in the control of the setting of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jadavi
- Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, 16152 Genova, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
| | - S Dante
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - L Civiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Sandre
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Nicolò Giustiniani, 5, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - L Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - L Tosatto
- Istituti di Biofisica, CNR, Trento, Italy
| | - P Bianchini
- Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - C Canale
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
| | - A Diaspro
- Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, 16152 Genova, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
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3
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Fuchs M, Radeva MY, Spindler V, Vielmuth F, Kugelmann D, Waschke J. Cytoskeletal anchorage of different Dsg3 pools revealed by combination of hybrid STED/SMFS-AFM. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:25. [PMID: 36602635 PMCID: PMC9816259 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) is a desmosomal cadherin mediating cell adhesion within desmosomes and is the antigen of the autoimmune blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris. Therefore, understanding of the complex desmosome turnover process is of high biomedical relevance. Recently, super resolution microscopy was used to characterize desmosome composition and turnover. However, studies were limited because adhesion measurements on living cells were not possible in parallel. Before desmosomal cadherins are incorporated into nascent desmosomes, they are not bound to intermediate filaments but were suggested to be associated with the actin cytoskeleton. However, direct proof that adhesion of a pool of desmosomal cadherins is dependent on actin is missing. Here, we applied single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements with the novel single molecule hybrid-technique STED/SMFS-AFM to investigate the cytoskeletal anchorage of Dsg3 on living keratinocytes for the first time. By application of pharmacological agents we discriminated two different Dsg3 pools, only one of which is anchored to actin filaments. We applied the actin polymerization inhibitor Latrunculin B to modify the actin cytoskeleton and the PKCα activator PMA to modulate intermediate filament anchorage. On the cellular surface Dsg3 adhesion was actin-dependent. In contrast, at cell-cell contacts, Dsg3 adhesion was independent from actin but rather is regulated by PKC which is well established to control desmosome turn-over via intermediate filament anchorage. Taken together, using the novel STED/SMFS-AFM technique, we demonstrated the existence of two Dsg3 pools with different cytoskeletal anchorage mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fuchs
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Kugelmann
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
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4
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Jadavi S, Bianchini P, Cavalleri O, Dante S, Canale C, Diaspro A. Correlative nanoscopy: A multimodal approach to molecular resolution. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:2472-2482. [PMID: 33955625 PMCID: PMC8518117 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a nano‐mechanical tool uniquely suited for biological studies at the molecular scale. AFM operation is based on mechanical interaction between the tip and the sample, a mechanism of contrast capable of measuring different information, including surface topography, mechanical, and electrical properties. However, the lack of specificity highlights the need to integrate AFM data with other techniques providing compositional hints. In particular, optical microscopes based on fluorescence as a mechanism of contrast can access the local distribution of specific molecular species. The coupling between AFM and super‐resolved fluorescence microscopy solves the resolution mismatch between AFM and conventional fluorescence optical microscopy. Recent advances showed that also the inherently label‐free imaging capabilities of the AFM are fundamental to complement the fluorescence images. In this review, we have presented a brief historical view on correlative microscopy, and, finally, we have summarized the progress of correlative AFM‐super‐resolution microscopy in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Jadavi
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianchini
- Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Dante
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Canale
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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5
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Miranda A, Gómez-Varela AI, Stylianou A, Hirvonen LM, Sánchez H, De Beule PAA. How did correlative atomic force microscopy and super-resolution microscopy evolve in the quest for unravelling enigmas in biology? NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2082-2099. [PMID: 33346312 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the invention of the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) in 1986 and the subsequent developments in liquid imaging and cellular imaging it became possible to study the topography of cellular specimens under nearly physiological conditions with nanometric resolution. The application of AFM to biological research was further expanded with the technological advances in imaging modes where topographical data can be combined with nanomechanical measurements, offering the possibility to retrieve the biophysical properties of tissues, cells, fibrous components and biomolecules. Meanwhile, the quest for breaking the Abbe diffraction limit restricting microscopic resolution led to the development of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques that brought the resolution of the light microscope comparable to the resolution obtained by AFM. The instrumental combination of AFM and optical microscopy techniques has evolved over the last decades from integration of AFM with bright-field and phase-contrast imaging techniques at first to correlative AFM and wide-field fluorescence systems and then further to the combination of AFM and fluorescence based super-resolution microscopy modalities. Motivated by the many developments made over the last decade, we provide here a review on AFM combined with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques and how they can be applied for expanding our understanding of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Miranda
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Ana I Gómez-Varela
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, Braga, Portugal. and Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Andreas Stylianou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus and School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Liisa M Hirvonen
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Humberto Sánchez
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A A De Beule
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, Braga, Portugal.
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6
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Hirvonen LM, Marsh RJ, Jones GE, Cox S. Combined AFM and super-resolution localisation microscopy: Investigating the structure and dynamics of podosomes. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151106. [PMID: 33070038 PMCID: PMC7768945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Podosomes are mechanosensitive attachment/invasion structures that form on the matrix-adhesion interface of cells and protrude into the extracellular matrix to probe and remodel. Despite their central role in many cellular processes, their exact molecular structure and function remain only partially understood. We review recent progress in molecular scale imaging of podosome architecture, including our newly developed localisation microscopy technique termed HAWK which enables artefact-free live-cell super-resolution microscopy of podosome ring proteins, and report new results on combining fluorescence localisation microscopy (STORM/PALM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) on one setup, where localisation microscopy provides the location and dynamics of fluorescently labelled podosome components, while the spatial variation of stiffness is mapped with AFM. For two-colour localisation microscopy we combine iFluor-647, which has previously been shown to eliminate the need to change buffer between imaging modes, with the photoswitchable protein mEOS3.2, which also enables live cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa M Hirvonen
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Richard J Marsh
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Gareth E Jones
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Susan Cox
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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7
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Simultaneous co-localized super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy: combined SIM and AFM platform for the life sciences. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1122. [PMID: 31980680 PMCID: PMC6981207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlating data from different microscopy techniques holds the potential to discover new facets of signaling events in cellular biology. Here we report for the first time a hardware set-up capable of achieving simultaneous co-localized imaging of spatially correlated far-field super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy, a feat only obtained until now by fluorescence microscopy set-ups with spatial resolution restricted by the Abbe diffraction limit. We detail system integration and demonstrate system performance using sub-resolution fluorescent beads and applied to a test sample consisting of human bone osteosarcoma epithelial cells, with plasma membrane transporter 1 (MCT1) tagged with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) at the N-terminal.
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8
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Visser MJ, Pretorius E. Atomic Force Microscopy: The Characterisation of Amyloid Protein Structure in Pathology. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2958-2973. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191121143240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
:
Proteins are versatile macromolecules that perform a variety of functions and participate in
virtually all cellular processes. The functionality of a protein greatly depends on its structure and alterations
may result in the development of diseases. Most well-known of these are protein misfolding disorders,
which include Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus, where
soluble proteins transition into insoluble amyloid fibrils. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is capable of
providing a topographical map of the protein and/or its aggregates, as well as probing the nanomechanical
properties of a sample. Moreover, AFM requires relatively simple sample preparation, which presents
the possibility of combining this technique with other research modalities, such as confocal laser
scanning microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and stimulated emission depletion microscopy. In this review,
the basic principles of AFM are discussed, followed by a brief overview of how it has been applied
in biological research. Finally, we focus specifically on its use as a characterisation method to
study protein structure at the nanoscale in pathophysiological conditions, considering both molecules
implicated in disease pathogenesis and the plasma protein fibrinogen. In conclusion, AFM is a userfriendly
tool that supplies multi-parametric data, rendering it a most valuable technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J.E. Visser
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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9
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Cosentino M, Canale C, Bianchini P, Diaspro A. AFM-STED correlative nanoscopy reveals a dark side in fluorescence microscopy imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav8062. [PMID: 31223651 PMCID: PMC6584704 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav8062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the presence of fluorophores can influence the dynamics of molecular processes. Despite this, an affordable technique to control the fluorophore distribution within the sample, as well as the rise of unpredictable anomalous processes induced by the fluorophore itself, is missing. We coupled a stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscope with an atomic force microscope to investigate the formation of amyloid aggregates. In particular, we studied the in vitro aggregation of insulin and two alloforms of β amyloid peptides. We followed standard methods to induce the aggregation and to label the molecules at different dye-to-protein ratios. Only a fraction of the fibrillar aggregates was displayed in STED images, indicating that the labeled molecules did not participate indistinctly to the aggregation process. This finding demonstrates that labeled molecules follow only selected pathways of aggregation, among the multiple that are present in the aggregation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Cosentino
- Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- DIBRIS Department, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Canale
- Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianchini
- Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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10
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Pujals S, Feiner-Gracia N, Delcanale P, Voets I, Albertazzi L. Super-resolution microscopy as a powerful tool to study complex synthetic materials. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The pulmonary endothelial cell forms a critical semi-permeable barrier between the vascular and interstitial space. As part of the blood-gas barrier in the lung, the endothelium plays a key role in normal physiologic function and pathologic disease. Changes in endothelial cell shape, defined by its plasma membrane, determine barrier integrity. A number of key cytoskeletal regulatory and effector proteins including non-muscle myosin light chain kinase, cortactin, and Arp 2/3 mediate actin rearrangements to form cortical and membrane associated structures in response to barrier enhancing stimuli. These actin formations support and interact with junctional complexes and exert forces to protrude the lipid membrane to and close gaps between individual cells. The current knowledge of these cytoskeletal processes and regulatory proteins are the subject of this review. In addition, we explore novel advancements in cellular imaging that are poised to shed light on the complex nature of pulmonary endothelial permeability.
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12
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Hirvonen LM, Cox S. STORM without enzymatic oxygen scavenging for correlative atomic force and fluorescence superresolution microscopy. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2018; 6:045002. [PMID: 29956675 PMCID: PMC6538533 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Superresolution microscopy based on localisation is usually performed in a buffer containing enzymatic oxygen scavenger, which facilitates reversible photoswitching of the dye molecules. This makes correlative fluorescence localisation and atomic force microscopy (AFM) challenging, because enzymatic oxygen scavenging interferes with the AFM cantilevers. Here we report on the blinking kinetics of a new red cyanine dye, iFluor-647, which is similar to the Alexa-647 dye commonly used for superresolution microscopy, but with brightness and blinking properties which are superior to Alexa-647 in a buffer without enzymatic oxygen scavenger. We measure the blinking behaviour of iFluor-647 in buffers with and without enzymatic oxygen scavenger with different thiol concentrations. We then apply this dye for correlative localisation and atomic force microscopy in a buffer without enzymatic oxygen scavenger, which allows acquisition of AFM and superresolution images without buffer change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa M Hirvonen
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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13
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Hagemann P, Gesper A, Happel P. Correlative Stimulated Emission Depletion and Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5807-5815. [PMID: 29791140 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Correlation microscopy combining fluorescence and scanning probe or electron microscopy is limited to fixed samples due to the sample preparation and nonphysiological imaging conditions required by most probe or electron microscopy techniques. Among the few scanning probe techniques that allow imaging of living cells under physiological conditions, scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has been shown to be the technique that minimizes the impact on the investigated sample. However, combinations of SICM and fluorescence microscopy suffered from the mismatch in resolution due to the limited resolution of conventional light microscopy. In the last years, the diffraction limit of light microscopy has been circumvented by various techniques, one of which is stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. Here, we aimed at demonstrating the combination of STED and SICM. We show that both methods allow recording a living cellular specimen and provide a SICM and STED image of the same sample, which allowed us to correlate the membrane surface topography and the distribution of the cytoskeletal protein actin. Our proof-of-concept study exemplifies the benefit of correlating SICM with a subdiffraction fluorescence method and might form the basis for the development of a combined instrument that would allow the simultaneous recording of subdiffraction fluorescence and topography information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hagemann
- Nanoscopy Group, RUBION , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
| | - Astrid Gesper
- Nanoscopy Group, RUBION , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
| | - Patrick Happel
- Nanoscopy Group, RUBION , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
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14
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Bhat SV, Sultana T, Körnig A, McGrath S, Shahina Z, Dahms TES. Correlative atomic force microscopy quantitative imaging-laser scanning confocal microscopy quantifies the impact of stressors on live cells in real-time. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8305. [PMID: 29844489 PMCID: PMC5973941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to assess the effect of anthropogenic chemicals on model cells prior to their release, helping to predict their potential impact on the environment and human health. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have each provided an abundance of information on cell physiology. In addition to determining surface architecture, AFM in quantitative imaging (QI) mode probes surface biochemistry and cellular mechanics using minimal applied force, while LSCM offers a window into the cell for imaging fluorescently tagged macromolecules. Correlative AFM-LSCM produces complimentary information on different cellular characteristics for a comprehensive picture of cellular behaviour. We present a correlative AFM-QI-LSCM assay for the simultaneous real-time imaging of living cells in situ, producing multiplexed data on cell morphology and mechanics, surface adhesion and ultrastructure, and real-time localization of multiple fluorescently tagged macromolecules. To demonstrate the broad applicability of this method for disparate cell types, we show altered surface properties, internal molecular arrangement and oxidative stress in model bacterial, fungal and human cells exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. AFM-QI-LSCM is broadly applicable to a variety of cell types and can be used to assess the impact of any multitude of contaminants, alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya V Bhat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Taranum Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - André Körnig
- JPK Instruments, JPK Instruments AG, Colditzstr. 34-36, 12099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seamus McGrath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Zinnat Shahina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Tanya E S Dahms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
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15
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QIN GG, LI WH, XU JC, KOU XL, ZHAO R, LUO F, FANG XH. Development of Integrated Atomic Force Microscopy and Fluorescence Microscopy for Single-Molecule Analysis in Living Cells. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhou L, Cai M, Tong T, Wang H. Progress in the Correlative Atomic Force Microscopy and Optical Microscopy. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17040938. [PMID: 28441775 PMCID: PMC5426934 DOI: 10.3390/s17040938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has evolved from the originally morphological imaging technique to a powerful and multifunctional technique for manipulating and detecting the interactions between molecules at nanometer resolution. However, AFM cannot provide the precise information of synchronized molecular groups and has many shortcomings in the aspects of determining the mechanism of the interactions and the elaborate structure due to the limitations of the technology, itself, such as non-specificity and low imaging speed. To overcome the technical limitations, it is necessary to combine AFM with other complementary techniques, such as fluorescence microscopy. The combination of several complementary techniques in one instrument has increasingly become a vital approach to investigate the details of the interactions among molecules and molecular dynamics. In this review, we reported the principles of AFM and optical microscopy, such as confocal microscopy and single-molecule localization microscopy, and focused on the development and use of correlative AFM and optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mingjun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Ti Tong
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
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17
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Hauser M, Wojcik M, Kim D, Mahmoudi M, Li W, Xu K. Correlative Super-Resolution Microscopy: New Dimensions and New Opportunities. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7428-7456. [PMID: 28045508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Correlative microscopy, the integration of two or more microscopy techniques performed on the same sample, produces results that emphasize the strengths of each technique while offsetting their individual weaknesses. Light microscopy has historically been a central method in correlative microscopy due to its widespread availability, compatibility with hydrated and live biological samples, and excellent molecular specificity through fluorescence labeling. However, conventional light microscopy can only achieve a resolution of ∼300 nm, undercutting its advantages in correlations with higher-resolution methods. The rise of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) over the past decade has drastically improved the resolution of light microscopy to ∼10 nm, thus creating exciting new opportunities and challenges for correlative microscopy. Here we review how these challenges are addressed to effectively correlate SRM with other microscopy techniques, including light microscopy, electron microscopy, cryomicroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and various forms of spectroscopy. Though we emphasize biological studies, we also discuss the application of correlative SRM to materials characterization and single-molecule reactions. Finally, we point out current limitations and discuss possible future improvements and advances. We thus demonstrate how a correlative approach adds new dimensions of information and provides new opportunities in the fast-growing field of SRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michal Wojcik
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Doory Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Handschuh-Wang S, Wang T, Zhou X. Recent advances in hybrid measurement methods based on atomic force microscopy and surface sensitive measurement techniques. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08515j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summaries the recent progress of the combination of optical and non-optical surface sensitive techniques with the atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
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19
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Teodori L, Crupi A, Costa A, Diaspro A, Melzer S, Tarnok A. Three-dimensional imaging technologies: a priority for the advancement of tissue engineering and a challenge for the imaging community. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:24-45. [PMID: 27110674 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering/regenerative medicine (TERM) is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principle of engineering and life sciences to restore/replace damaged tissues/organs with in vitro artificially-created ones. Research on TERM quickly moves forward. Today newest technologies and discoveries, such as 3D-/bio-printing, allow in vitro fabrication of ex-novo made tissues/organs, opening the door to wide and probably never-ending application possibilities, from organ transplant to drug discovery, high content screening and replacement of laboratory animals. Imaging techniques are fundamental tools for the characterization of tissue engineering (TE) products at any stage, from biomaterial/scaffold to construct/organ analysis. Indeed, tissue engineers need versatile imaging methods capable of monitoring not only morphological but also functional and molecular features, allowing three-dimensional (3D) and time-lapse in vivo analysis, in a non-destructive, quantitative, multidimensional analysis of TE constructs, to analyze their pre-implantation quality assessment and their fate after implantation. This review focuses on the newest developments in imaging technologies and applications in the context of requirements of the different steps of the TERM field, describing strengths and weaknesses of the current imaging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Teodori
- Diagnostics and Metrology Laboratory FSN-TECFIS-DIM ENEA CR Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 44, 00044, Rome, Italy
| | - Annunziata Crupi
- Diagnostics and Metrology Laboratory FSN-TECFIS-DIM ENEA CR Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 44, 00044, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione San Raffaele, S.S. Ceglie San Michele km 1200, 72013, Ceglie Messapica, Italy
| | - Alessandra Costa
- University of Pittsburgh McGowan Institute, 3550 Terrace St 5606, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
- Nikon Imaging Center, Genova, Italy, www.nic.iit.it
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Sächsische Inkubator für klinische Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, HELIOS Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Sächsische Inkubator für klinische Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, HELIOS Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Bondia P, Casado S, Flors C. Correlative Super-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging and Atomic Force Microscopy for the Characterization of Biological Samples. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1663:105-113. [PMID: 28924662 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7265-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in imaging tools have greatly improved our ability to analyze the structure and molecular components of a wide range of biological systems at the nanoscale. High resolution imaging can be performed with a handful of techniques, each of them revealing particular features of the sample. A more comprehensive picture of a biological system can be achieved by combining the information provided by complementary imaging methods. Specifically, the correlation between super-resolution fluorescence imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides high resolution topography as well as specific chemical information, the latter with a spatial resolution that approaches that of AFM. We present a detailed protocol and discuss the requirements and challenges in terms of sample preparation, instrumentation, and image alignment to combine these two powerful techniques. This hybrid nanoscale imaging tool has the potential to provide robust validation for super-resolution methods as well as new insight into biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bondia
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience) and Nanobiotechnology Unit Associated to the National Center for Biotechnology (CSIC), C/ Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Santiago Casado
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience) and Nanobiotechnology Unit Associated to the National Center for Biotechnology (CSIC), C/ Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Cristina Flors
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience) and Nanobiotechnology Unit Associated to the National Center for Biotechnology (CSIC), C/ Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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21
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22
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Miranda A, Martins M, De Beule PAA. Simultaneous differential spinning disk fluorescence optical sectioning microscopy and nanomechanical mapping atomic force microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:093705. [PMID: 26429446 DOI: 10.1063/1.4931064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Combined microscopy techniques offer the life science research community a powerful tool to investigate complex biological systems and their interactions. Here, we present a new combined microscopy platform based on fluorescence optical sectioning microscopy through aperture correlation microscopy with a Differential Spinning Disk (DSD) and nanomechanical mapping with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The illumination scheme of the DSD microscope unit, contrary to standard single or multi-point confocal microscopes, provides a time-independent illumination of the AFM cantilever. This enables a distortion-free simultaneous operation of fluorescence optical sectioning microscopy and atomic force microscopy with standard probes. In this context, we discuss sample heating due to AFM cantilever illumination with fluorescence excitation light. Integration of a DSD fluorescence optical sectioning unit with an AFM platform requires mitigation of mechanical noise transfer of the spinning disk. We identify and present two solutions to almost annul this noise in the AFM measurement process. The new combined microscopy platform is applied to the characterization of a DOPC/DOPS (4:1) lipid structures labelled with a lipophilic cationic indocarbocyanine dye deposited on a mica substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Miranda
- Applied Nano-Optics Laboratory, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Marco Martins
- Nano-ICs Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pieter A A De Beule
- Applied Nano-Optics Laboratory, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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23
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Mondal PP, Dilipkumar S, Mohan K. Efficient generation of diffraction-limited multi-sheet pattern for biological imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:609-12. [PMID: 25680162 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new technique to generate multiple light-sheets for fluorescence microscopy. This is possible by illuminating the cylindrical lens using multiple copies of Gaussian beams. A diffraction grating placed just before the cylindrical lens splits the incident Gaussian beam into multiple beams traveling at different angles. Subsequently, this gives rise to diffraction-limited light-sheets after the Gaussian beams pass through the combined cylindrical lens-objective sub-system. Direct measurement of field at and around the focus of objective lens shows multi-sheet pattern with an average thickness of 7.5 μm and inter-sheet separation of 380 μm. Employing an independent orthogonal detection sub-system, we successfully imaged fluorescently-coated yeast cells (≈4 μm) encaged in agarose gel-matrix. Such a diffraction-limited sheet-pattern equipped with dedicated detection system may find immediate applications in the field of optical microscopy and fluorescence imaging.
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24
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Fornasiero EF, Opazo F. Super-resolution imaging for cell biologists: concepts, applications, current challenges and developments. Bioessays 2015; 37:436-51. [PMID: 25581819 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The recent 2014 Nobel Prize in chemistry honored an era of discoveries and technical advancements in the field of super-resolution microscopy. However, the applications of diffraction-unlimited imaging in biology have a long road ahead and persistently engage scientists with new challenges. Some of the bottlenecks that restrain the dissemination of super-resolution techniques are tangible, and include the limited performance of affinity probes and the yet not capillary diffusion of imaging setups. Likewise, super-resolution microscopy has introduced new paradigms in the design of projects that require imaging with nanometer-resolution and in the interpretation of biological images. Besides structural or morphological characterization, super-resolution imaging is quickly expanding towards interaction mapping, multiple target detection and live imaging. Here we review the recent progress of biologists employing super-resolution imaging, some pitfalls, implications and new trends, with the purpose of animating the field and spurring future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio F Fornasiero
- STED Microscopy Group, European Neuroscience Institute, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neuro- and Sensory-physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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25
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26
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Johnson SA. Nanoscopy for nanoscience: how super-resolution microscopy extends imaging for nanotechnology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 7:266-81. [PMID: 25298332 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Imaging methods have presented scientists with powerful means of investigation for centuries. The ability to resolve structures using light microscopes is though limited to around 200 nm. Fluorescence-based super-resolution light microscopy techniques of several principles and methods have emerged in recent years and offer great potential to extend the capabilities of microscopy. This resolution improvement is especially promising for nanoscience where the imaging of nanoscale structures is inherently restricted by the resolution limit of standard forms of light microscopy. Resolution can be improved by several distinct approaches including structured illumination microscopy, stimulated emission depletion, and single-molecule positioning methods such as photoactivated localization microscopy and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy and several derivative variations of each of these. These methods involve substantial differences in the resolutions achievable in the different axes, speed of acquisition, compatibility with different labels, ease of use, hardware complexity, and compatibility with live biological samples. The field of super-resolution imaging and its application to nanotechnology is relatively new and still rapidly developing. An overview of how these methods may be used with nanomaterials is presented with some examples of pioneering uses of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam A Johnson
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, Duke University and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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27
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Dopf K, Heunisch S, Schwab P, Moosmann C, Habermehl A, Lemmer U, Eisler HJ. Superresolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) aided nanomanipulation of quantum dots using AFM for novel artificial arrangements of chemically functionalized colloidal quantum dots and plasmonic structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2051277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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28
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Truong-Quang BA, Lenne PF. Membrane microdomains: from seeing to understanding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:18. [PMID: 24600455 PMCID: PMC3927121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is a composite material, which forms a semi-permeable barrier and an interface for communication between the intracellular and extracellular environments. While the existence of membrane microdomains with nanoscale organization has been proved by the application of numerous biochemical and physical methods, direct observation of these heterogeneities using optical microscopy has remained challenging for decades, partly due to the optical diffraction limit, which restricts the resolution to ~200 nm. During the past years, new optical methods which circumvent this fundamental limit have emerged. Not only do these techniques allow direct visualization, but also quantitative characterization of nanoscopic structures. We discuss how these emerging optical methods have refined our knowledge of membrane microdomains and how they may shed light on the basic principles of the mesoscopic membrane organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- *Correspondence: Pierre-François Lenne, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseilles, UMR 7288 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France e-mail:
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29
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Chacko JV, Zanacchi FC, Diaspro A. Probing cytoskeletal structures by coupling optical superresolution and AFM techniques for a correlative approach. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 70:729-40. [PMID: 24027190 PMCID: PMC4265841 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we describe and show the application of some of the most advanced fluorescence superresolution techniques, STED AFM and STORM AFM microscopy towards imaging of cytoskeletal structures, such as microtubule filaments. Mechanical and structural properties can play a relevant role in the investigation of cytoskeletal structures of interest, such as microtubules, that provide support to the cell structure. In fact, the mechanical properties, such as the local stiffness and the elasticity, can be investigated by AFM force spectroscopy with tens of nanometers resolution. Force curves can be analyzed in order to obtain the local elasticity (and the Young's modulus calculation by fitting the force curves from every pixel of interest), and the combination with STED/STORM microscopy integrates the measurement with high specificity and yields superresolution structural information. This hybrid modality of superresolution-AFM working is a clear example of correlative multimodal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenu Varghese Chacko
- Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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