Influence of Genetic Polymorphisms of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin 10 Genes on the Risk of Liver Cirrhosis in HIV-HCV Coinfected Patients

IL-6 and IL-10 gene polymorphisms and cirrhosis of liver risk from a comprehensive analysis

BACKGROUND

Different inflammatory and immune cytokines play a key role in the development of cirrhosis of liver (CL). To investigate the association between interleukin-6,10 (IL-6,10) genes polymorphisms and CL risk through comparison of the allele and genotype distribution frequencies by meta-analysis.

METHODS

A literature search covered with the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SinoMed (CNKI and Wanfang) through 20th April, 2021. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the strength of associations.

RESULTS

After a comprehensive search, three common polymorphisms (rs1800872, rs1800871, rs1800896) in IL-10 gene were selected, and three common polymorphisms (rs1800795, rs1800796, rs1800797) in IL-6 gene were also identified. The important finding was that IL-10 rs1800872 was a risk factor for CL development. For example, there has a significantly increased relationship between rs1800872 polymorphism and CL both in the whole group (OR: 1.30, 95%CI: 1.01-1.67 in heterozygote model), Asian population (OR: 1.40, 95%CI: 1.03-1.88 in heterozygote model) and hospital-based source of control (OR: 1.40, 95%CI: 1.01-1.96 in dominant model). In addition, significant association was found between rs1800896 and primary biliary cirrhosis subtype disease (OR: 1.30, 95%CI: 1.01-1.68 in allelic contrast model). No association was observed in all three polymorphisms in IL-6 gene.

CONCLUSION

Our present study suggests that the IL-10 rs1800872 and rs1800896 polymorphisms is potentially associated with the risk of CL susceptibility.

Th1 cytokine gene polymorphism and the corresponding plasma cytokine levels: A comparative study in HIV-1 positive and exposed uninfected infants

The pro-inflammatory (Th1) cytokines namely interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are vital in the clearance of HIV infection. This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the polymorphisms of Th1 cytokine genes and their corresponding plasma cytokine levels in HIV-1 positive and exposed uninfected (EU) infants born to HIV-1 positive mothers. CD4 count, viral load of HIV-1 positive mothers was done using commercially available reagents. Cytokine genotyping analysis and levels were done in 20 HIV-1 positive and 54 EU infants. The polymorphisms of Th1 cytokines were done using the PCR-SSP method. Plasma cytokine levels were estimated using Bio-Plex-Pro cytokine assay (BIO-RAD; USA). Results revealed treatment status of the mothers and viral load were the two confounding factors having a significant effect on HIV status of the infant. TNF-α GG genotype is significantly higher in EU infants as compared with HIV-1 positive infants. GG genotype was associated with high TNF- α levels in HIV-1 positive infants but the difference was not statistically significant. HIV-1 positive infants with -IFN-γ (+874) TT genotype was significantly associated with high IFN-γ levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the role of Th1 cytokine gene polymorphisms and their corresponding plasma cytokine levels in HIV-1 positive and EU infants from India.

Association between polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 gene and susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

This study meta-analyzed the literature on possible association of 3 polymorphisms (-592, -1082, -819) in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene with susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection.

METHODS

PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Google Scholar were systematically searched to identify relevant studies in English. Meta-analyses were performed to examine the association of IL-10 polymorphisms -592, -1082, and -819 with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection.

RESULTS

A significant association between the -592 polymorphism and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection was found in the total population (recessive model, odds ratios (OR) = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.06-1.96, P = .02; homozygous model, OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.02-2.02, P = .04). However, these results were not observed in subgroups based on ethnicity. The -1082 polymorphism was significantly associated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in Caucasians (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05-1.62, P = .02; recessive model, OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.09-2.03, P = .01; homozygous model, OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.01-2.46, P = .04), but not in Asians or the total population. None of the 5 genetic models suggested a significant association between the -819 polymorphism and HIV-1 infection.

CONCLUSION

The available evidence indicates that the AA genotype of IL-10 -592 may confer increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, and that the AA genotype of -1082 may confer increased susceptibility in Caucasians. In contrast, the -819 polymorphism may not be associated with HIV-1 infection risk. These conclusions should be verified in large, well-designed studies.

Interleukin gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection: a meta-analysis

Some subjects are repeatedly exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), yet they remain uninfected. This suggests the existence of host-resistance mechanisms. The current study synthesizes the evidence regarding the association between interleukin (IL) gene polymorphisms and HIV susceptibility. Medline, Scopus and the Web of Science databases were systematically searched, and a meta-analysis of case-control studies was conducted. Univariate and bivariate methods were used. The literature search identified 42 eligible studies involving 15,727 subjects. Evidence was obtained on eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): IL1A -889 C>T (rs1800587), IL1B +3953/4 C>T (rs1143634), IL4 -589/90 C>T (rs2243250), IL6 -174 G>C (rs1800795), IL10 -592 C>A (rs1800872), IL10-1082 A>G (rs1800896), IL12B -1188 A>C (rs3212227) and IL28B C>T (rs12979860). The IL1B +3953/4 C>T variant appears to increase the risk of HIV acquisition, under the assumption of a recessive genetic model (odds ratio (OR): 4.47, 95% CI: 2.35-8.52). The AA homozygotes of the IL10 -592 C>A SNP had an increased, marginally nonsignificant, risk (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 0.97-2.01). It reached, however, significance in sub analyses (OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.04-2.12). Finally, the well-studied hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection IL28B (rs12979860) CT/TT genotypes were associated with a 27% decrease in HIV infection risk, especially in populations infected with HCV (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.57-0.95). Interleukin signalling is perhaps important in HIV infection and some interleukin genetic variants may affect the risk of HIV acquisition. Approaches targeting specific genes and genome wide association studies should be conducted to decipher the effect of these polymorphisms.

Genetic polymorphisms in ataxin-3 and liver cirrhosis risk related to aflatoxin B1

Background

Altered expression of ataxin-3 (AT3) can modify DNA repair capacity and is observed in human diseases. The genetic polymorphisms of this gene in aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)–related liver cirrhosis (LC) have not yet been elucidated.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a hospital-based case–control study, including 384 patients with LC and 851 controls without any liver diseases, to assess the association between 264 polymorphisms in AT3 and AFB1-related LC risk. Genotype were tested using TaqMan-PCR or sequencing technique.

Results

We found three differentially distributed SNPs (rs8021276, rs7158733, and rs10146249) via the screening analysis; however, only rs8021276 polymorphism was further identified to modify the risk of LC. Compared with the homozygote of rs8021276 A alleles (rs8021276-AA), the genotypes of rs8021276 G alleles (rs8021276-AG or -GG) increased LC risk (OR: 2.48 and 6.98; 95% CI: 1.84–3.33 and 4.35–11.22, respectively). Significant interactive effects between risk genotypes and AFB1 exposure status were also observed in the joint effects analysis. Additionally, rs8021276 polymorphism was also associated with down-regulation of AT3 mRNA expression and increasing AFB1-DNA adducts in liver tissues with cirrhosis.

Conclusions

These results suggest AT3 polymorphisms may be risk biomarkers of AFB1-related LC, and rs8021276 is a potential candidate.

Association Between the Interleukin-10-1082G/A, -592C/A, -819C/T Gene Polymorphism and HIV-1 Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis

The Interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene polymorphism influences the pathogenesis and evolution of HIV-1 disease. Many studies in this regard have evaluated the association between this polymorphism and HIV-1 susceptibility, yet, the exact relationship between them remains ambiguous and contradictory. A systematic literature search was conducted and the found case-control studies assessing the association between IL-10-1082G/A, -592C/A, -819C/T gene polymorphism and HIV-1 susceptibility were analyzed. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by a fixed effect model. In general, no significant relationship was found between IL-10-1082G/A gene polymorphism and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection (A vs. G genotype model: OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.81-1.23, p = .775; GG vs. AA+AG model: OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.76-1.27, p = .867; GG+AG vs. AA model: OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.70-1.35, p = .852; GG vs. AA model: OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.67-1.15, p = .348; AG vs. AA model: OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.67-1.37, p = .811; GG+AA vs. AG model: OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.74-1.43, p = .886). IL-10-529C/A gene polymorphism might lead to a decreased risk of HIV-1 infection (A vs. G genotype model: OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.73-1.06, p = .166; GG vs. AA+AG model: OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.80-1.11, p = .447; GG+AG vs. AA model: OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.61-0.92, p = .005; GG vs. AA model: OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.57-0.93, p = .012; AG vs. AA model: OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.60-0.92, p = .0.007; GG+AA vs. AG model: OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.72-1.71, p = .641). IL-10-819C/T gene polymorphism might lead to an increased risk of HIV-1 infection (A vs. G genotype model: OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.04-1.50, p = .019; GG vs. AA+AG model: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.81-2.01, p = .278; GG+AG vs. AA model: OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.05-1.93, p = .023; GG vs. AA model: OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.11-2.38, p = .012; AG vs. AA model: OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.95-1.84, p = .094; GG+AA vs. AG model: OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.72-1.19, p = .537). In general, the meta-analysis found no marked association between the IL-10-1082G/A gene polymorphism and HIV-1 susceptibility, IL-10-529C/A gene polymorphism might lead to a decreased risk of HIV-1 infection, and IL-10-819C/T gene polymorphism might lead to an increased risk of HIV-1 infection.

Influence of cytokine and cytokine receptor gene polymorphisms on the degree of liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Hepatic fibrosis may be the result of repetitive injury to hepatocytes caused by HCV infection and the immune response to it. Cytokines regulate the inflammatory response to injury and modulate hepatic fibrogenesis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in cytokine genes may influence the cytokine expression and secretion that may contribute to hepatic fibrogenesis in HCV infection. The aim of this study was to determine the genotype of 22 SNPs found in the genes of 13 cytokines/cytokine receptors to assess the influence of polymorphic variants on the stage of liver damage in Brazilian patients chronically infected with HCV genotype 1 only. 141 unrelated patients were grouped according to their stage of fibrosis: absence of fibrosis or patients in the initial stages of fibrosis (F0-F2, n = 84), patients with advanced stages of fibrosis or cirrhosis (F3-F4, n = 57), without cirrhosis (F0-F3, n = 103), and with cirrhosis (F4, n = 38). The comparison of frequencies in each sub-sample was performed by 2 × 2 contingency tables using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Stepwise logistic regression was also used to assess independent associations between cirrhosis or fibrosis with polymorphic variants. The TNFA-308G:A genotype conferred increased risk of fibrosis and cirrhosis. The TNFA-238G:G genotype was associated with protection from cirrhosis. The IL10-819C:T genotype conferred protection from fibrosis and the IL1B-511C:T genotype conferred increased risk of cirrhosis. Some of these genotypes showed results on the borderline of statistical significance in the bivariate analysis. We conclude that gene variants of cytokines/receptors may influence liver damage in patients chronically infected by HCV genotype 1.

Gut epithelial barrier dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus coinfected patients: Influence on innate and acquired immunity

Even in cases where viral replication has been controlled by antiretroviral therapy for long periods of time, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients have several non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) related co-morbidities, including liver disease, cardiovascular disease and neurocognitive decline, which have a clear impact on survival. It has been considered that persistent innate and acquired immune activation contributes to the pathogenesis of these non-AIDS related diseases. Immune activation has been related with several conditions, remarkably with the bacterial translocation related with the intestinal barrier damage by the HIV or by hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver cirrhosis. Consequently, increased morbidity and mortality must be expected in HIV-HCV coinfected patients. Disrupted gut barrier lead to an increased passage of microbial products and to an activation of the mucosal immune system and secretion of inflammatory mediators, which in turn might increase barrier dysfunction. In the present review, the intestinal barrier structure, measures of intestinal barrier dysfunction and the modifications of them in HIV monoinfection and in HIV-HCV coinfection will be considered. Both pathogenesis and the consequences for the progression of liver disease secondary to gut microbial fragment leakage and immune activation will be assessed.

Influence of IL10 gene polymorphisms on the severity of liver fibrosis and susceptibility to liver cirrhosis in HBV/HCV-infected patients

BACKGROUND

Previous studies about the association of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphisms with the progression of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis susceptibility in chronic hepatitis B/C (CHB/C) disease were inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to derive a more precise estimation of the association.

METHODS

We searched Medline, PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science electronic databases using the following key words: liver fibrosis/cirrhosis, IL10, and polymorphism. Statistical analyses were performed by STATA11.0 software, with odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

12 independent studies in relation to IL10-1082A/G, -819C/T and -592C/A polymorphisms were included in our study, which consisted of 197 moderate/severe liver fibrosis cases and 426 mild fibrosis controls as well as 536 liver cirrhosis cases and 881 non-cirrhosis controls. The results indicated that a significantly decreased risk of moderate/severe fibrosis was associated with the GCC haplotype (IL10-1082G, -819C and -592C) in the overall CHB/C patients (OR: 0.547, 95% CI: 0.317-0.946, P=0.031). We did not detect any significant association between these polymorphisms and liver cirrhosis susceptibility in the total population or a subgroup of Asians. However, subgroup analyses by different aetiologies showed that the -819T heterozygotes (TC) were associated with a significantly increased risk of HCV-related liver cirrhosis in the Japanese population (OR: 1.254, 95% CI: 1.033-1.522, P=0.022).

CONCLUSIONS

The putative high IL-10 production haplotype GCC is more likely to be associated with less severe liver fibrosis in CHB/C patients. Additionally, the IL10-819T allele may be a susceptible factor for HCV-related liver cirrhosis in the Japanese population.

Liver fibrosis, host genetic and hepatitis C virus related parameters as predictive factors of response to therapy against hepatitis C virus in HIV/HCV coinfected patients

OBJECTIVE

To establish the role of liver fibrosis as a predictive tool of response to pegylated interferon alpha (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) treatment in human immunodeficiency (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfected patients, in addition to recognized predictive factors (HCV load, HCV genotype, IL-28B polymorphism).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A sample of 267 HIV/HCV coinfected patients was treated with Peg-IFN and RBV. Predictive factors of rapid (RVR) and sustained (SVR) virological response were analyzed. Independent variables were age, sex, IL28B, -238 TNF-α and -592 IL-10 polymorphisms, HCV genotype, HCV-RNA levels, significant fibrosis or cirrhosis and CD4+ T cell count.

RESULTS

Patients infected by HCV genotype 1 (n = 187) showed RVR and SVR in 12% and 39% of cases, respectively. The parameters associated with RVR were IL28B genotype CC and plasma HCV-RNA levels <600,000 IU/ml. Advanced liver fibrosis was negatively associated with SVR in patients without RVR. A SVR was obtained in 42% of subjects with HCV genotype 4, and the independent factors associated with SVR were IL28B genotype CC and an HCV-RNA <600,000 IU/ml. A SVR was obtained in 66% of patients with HCV genotypes 2/3; in this case, the independent parameter associated with SVR was the absence of significant liver fibrosis. TNF-α and IL-10 polymorphisms were not associated with SVR, although a significantly higher percentage of -238 TNF-α genotype GG was detected in patients with significant liver fibrosis.

CONCLUSIONS

In HIV/HCV coinfected patients with HCV genotypes 1 or 4, RVR, mainly influenced by genotype IL28B and HCV-RNA levels, reliably predicted SVR after 4 weeks of therapy with Peg-IFN plus RBV. In patients infected by HCV genotype 3, an elevated relapse rate compromised the influence of RVR on SVR. Relapses were related to the presence of advanced liver fibrosis. Liver cirrhosis was associated with a -238 TNF-α polymorphism in these patients.

Association of interleukin-10 polymorphisms with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in a case-control study and its effect on the response to combined pegylated interferon/ribavirin therapy

We conducted a case-control study involving 150 genotype 3 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients and 150 healthy controls to investigate the association of polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene with chronic HCV infection and the association of these polymorphic variants with the combination of pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin therapy response. Our data revealed that the GG genotype of IL-10 –1082A/G exhibited significant association with genotype 3 chronic HCV infection compared to controls. Treatment response data also showed a significant increase in risk for the GG genotype of IL-10 –1082A/G in response-relapse patients or non-responder patients compared to sustained virological response patients. Further, a significant increase in risk was also revealed for the CC genotype of IL-10 –592A/C in response-relapse patients or non-responder patients compared to sustained virological response patients, suggesting a role of the GG genotype of IL-10 –1082A/G and CC genotype of IL-10 –592A/C in the treatment outcome of combined Peg-IFN/ribavirin therapy.