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Reyne N, McCarron A, Cmielewski P, Parsons D, Donnelley M. To bead or not to bead: A review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection models for cystic fibrosis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1104856. [PMID: 36824474 PMCID: PMC9942929 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterised by recurring bacterial infections resulting in inflammation, lung damage and ultimately respiratory failure. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered one of the most important lung pathogens in those with cystic fibrosis. While multiple cystic fibrosis animal models have been developed, many fail to mirror the cystic fibrosis lung disease of humans, including the colonisation by opportunistic environmental pathogens. Delivering bacteria to the lungs of animals in different forms is a way to model cystic fibrosis bacterial lung infections and disease. This review presents an overview of previous models, and factors to consider when generating a new P. aeruginosa lung infection model. The future development and application of lung infection models that more accurately reflect human cystic fibrosis lung disease has the potential to assist in understanding the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis lung disease and for developing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Reyne
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia,*Correspondence: Nicole Reyne,
| | - Alexandra McCarron
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Patricia Cmielewski
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David Parsons
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Martin Donnelley
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
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The Sheep as a Large Animal Model for the Investigation and Treatment of Human Disorders. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091251. [PMID: 36138730 PMCID: PMC9495394 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary We review the value of large animal models for improving the translation of biomedical research for human application, focusing primarily on sheep. Abstract An essential aim of biomedical research is to translate basic science information obtained from preclinical research using small and large animal models into clinical practice for the benefit of humans. Research on rodent models has enhanced our understanding of complex pathophysiology, thus providing potential translational pathways. However, the success of translating drugs from pre-clinical to clinical therapy has been poor, partly due to the choice of experimental model. The sheep model, in particular, is being increasingly applied to the field of biomedical research and is arguably one of the most influential models of human organ systems. It has provided essential tools and insights into cardiovascular disorder, orthopaedic examination, reproduction, gene therapy, and new insights into neurodegenerative research. Unlike the widely adopted rodent model, the use of the sheep model has an advantage over improving neuroscientific translation, in particular due to its large body size, gyrencephalic brain, long lifespan, more extended gestation period, and similarities in neuroanatomical structures to humans. This review aims to summarise the current status of sheep to model various human diseases and enable researchers to make informed decisions when considering sheep as a human biomedical model.
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Leenaars CH, Vries RBD, Reijmer J, Holthaus D, Visser D, Heming A, Elzinga J, Kempkes RW, Beumer W, Punt C, Meijboom FL, Ritskes-Hoitinga M. Animal models for cystic fibrosis: a systematic search and mapping review of the literature. Part 2: nongenetic models. Lab Anim 2021; 55:307-316. [PMID: 33557683 DOI: 10.1177/0023677221990688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Various animal models are available to study cystic fibrosis (CF). These models may help to enhance our understanding of the pathology and contribute to the development of new treatments. We systematically searched all publications on CF animal models. Because of the large number of models retrieved, we split this mapping review into two parts. Previously, we presented the genetic CF animal models. In this paper we present the nongenetic CF animal models. While genetic animal models may, in theory, be preferable for genetic diseases, the phenotype of a genetic model does not automatically resemble human disease. Depending on the research question, other animal models may thus be more informative.We searched Pubmed and Embase and identified 12,303 unique publications (after duplicate removal). All references were screened for inclusion by two independent reviewers. The genetic animal models for CF (from 636 publications) were previously described. The non-genetic CF models (from 189 publications) are described in this paper, grouped by model type: infection-based, pharmacological, administration of human materials, xenografts and other. As before for the genetic models, an overview of basic model characteristics and outcome measures is provided. This CF animal model overview can be the basis for an objective, evidence-based model choice for specific research questions. Besides, it can help to retrieve relevant background literature on outcome measures of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathalijn Hc Leenaars
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Rob Bm de Vries
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Joey Reijmer
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - David Holthaus
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Damian Visser
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Heming
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Elzinga
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie Wm Kempkes
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carine Punt
- ProQR Therapeutics NV,Leiden, the Netherlands; Present position: BunyaVax BV, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Franck Lb Meijboom
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Nebulisation of synthetic lamellar lipids mitigates radiation-induced lung injury in a large animal model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13316. [PMID: 30190567 PMCID: PMC6127301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to protect against radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) will facilitate the development of more effective radio-therapeutic protocols for lung cancer and may provide the means to protect the wider population in the event of a deliberate or accidental nuclear or radiological event. We hypothesised that supplementing lipid membranes through nebulization of synthetic lamellar lipids would mitigate RILI. Following pre-treatment with either nebulised lamellar lipids or saline, anaesthetised sheep were prescribed fractionated radiotherapy (30 Gray (Gy) total dose in five 6 Gy fractions at 3–4 days intervals) to a defined unilateral lung volume. Gross pathology in radio-exposed lung 37 days after the first radiation treatment was consistent between treatment groups and consisted of deep red congestion evident on the pleural surface and firmness on palpation. Consistent histopathological features in radio-exposed lung were subpleural, periarteriolar and peribronchial intra-alveolar oedema, alveolar fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. The synthetic lamellar lipids abrogated radiation-induced alveolar fibrosis and reduced alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA) expression in radio-exposed lung compared to saline treated sheep. Administration of synthetic lamellar lipids was also associated with an increased number of cells expressing dendritic cell-lysosomal associated membrane protein throughout the lung.
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Microbiota in Exhaled Breath Condensate and the Lung. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00515-17. [PMID: 28389539 PMCID: PMC5452816 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00515-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung microbiota is commonly sampled using relatively invasive bronchoscopic procedures. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection potentially offers a less invasive alternative for lung microbiota sampling. We compared lung microbiota samples retrieved by protected specimen brushings (PSB) and exhaled breath condensate collection. We also sought to assess whether aerosolized antibiotic treatment would influence the lung microbiota and whether this change could be detected in EBC. EBC was collected from 6 conscious sheep and then from the same anesthetized sheep during mechanical ventilation. Following the latter EBC collection, PSB samples were collected from separate sites within each sheep lung. On the subsequent day, each sheep was then treated with nebulized colistimethate sodium. Two days after nebulization, EBC and PSB samples were again collected. Bacterial DNA was quantified using 16S rRNA gene quantitative PCR. The V2-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. Quality control and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) clustering were performed with mothur. The EBC samples contained significantly less bacterial DNA than the PSB samples. The EBC samples from anesthetized animals clustered separately by their bacterial community compositions in comparison to the PSB samples, and 37 bacterial OTUs were identified as differentially abundant between the two sample types. Despite only low concentrations of colistin being detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, PSB samples were found to differ by their bacterial compositions before and after colistimethate sodium treatment. Our findings indicate that microbiota in EBC samples and PSB samples are not equivalent. IMPORTANCE Sampling of the lung microbiota usually necessitates performing bronchoscopic procedures that involve a hospital visit for human participants and the use of trained staff. The inconvenience and perceived discomfort of participating in this kind of research may deter healthy volunteers and may not be a safe option for patients with advanced lung disease. This study set out to evaluate a less invasive method for collecting lung microbiota samples by comparing samples taken via protected specimen brushings (PSB) to those taken via exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection. We found that there was less bacterial DNA in EBC samples compared with that in PSB samples and that there were differences between the bacterial communities in the two sample types. We conclude that while EBC and PSB samples do not produce equivalent microbiota samples, the study of the EBC microbiota may still be of interest.
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Chevaleyre C, Riou M, Bréa D, Vandebrouck C, Barc C, Pezant J, Melo S, Olivier M, Delaunay R, Boulesteix O, Berthon P, Rossignol C, Burlaud Gaillard J, Becq F, Gauthier F, Si-Tahar M, Meurens F, Berri M, Caballero-Posadas I, Attucci S. The Pig: A Relevant Model for Evaluating the Neutrophil Serine Protease Activities during Acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168577. [PMID: 27992534 PMCID: PMC5161375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main features of lung infection and inflammation are a massive recruitment of neutrophils and the subsequent release of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs). Anti-infectious and/or anti-inflammatory treatments must be tested on a suitable animal model. Mice models do not replicate several aspects of human lung disease. This is particularly true for cystic fibrosis (CF), which has led the scientific community to a search for new animal models. We have shown that mice are not appropriate for characterizing drugs targeting neutrophil-dependent inflammation and that pig neutrophils and their NSPs are similar to their human homologues. We induced acute neutrophilic inflammatory responses in pig lungs using Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic respiratory pathogen. Blood samples, nasal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) were collected at 0, 3, 6 and 24 h post-insfection (p.i.) and biochemical parameters, serum and BAL cytokines, bacterial cultures and neutrophil activity were evaluated. The release of proinflammatory mediators, biochemical and hematological blood parameters, cell recruitment and bronchial reactivity, peaked at 6h p.i.. We also used synthetic substrates specific for human neutrophil proteases to show that the activity of pig NSPs in BALFs increased. These proteases were also detected at the surface of lung neutrophils using anti-human NSP antibodies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung infection in pigs results in a neutrophilic response similar to that described for cystic fibrosis and ventilator-associated pneumonia in humans. Altogether, this indicates that the pig is an appropriate model for testing anti-infectious and/or anti-inflammatory drugs to combat adverse proteolytic effects of neutrophil in human lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Chevaleyre
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282 ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mickaël Riou
- Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (UE-1277 PFIE), INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Déborah Bréa
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France
| | - Clarisse Vandebrouck
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, Université de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Céline Barc
- Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (UE-1277 PFIE), INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérémy Pezant
- Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (UE-1277 PFIE), INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sandrine Melo
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282 ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Michel Olivier
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282 ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Rémy Delaunay
- Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (UE-1277 PFIE), INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (UE-1277 PFIE), INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Patricia Berthon
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282 ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle Rossignol
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282 ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Julien Burlaud Gaillard
- Département des Microscopies (Plateau technologique Analyse des systèmes Biologiques), Université François-Rabelais, Tours cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Becq
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, Université de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Francis Gauthier
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France
| | - François Meurens
- BioEpAR, Oniris, Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering La Chantrerie, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mustapha Berri
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282 ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Sylvie Attucci
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France
- * E-mail:
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Glendinning L, Wright S, Pollock J, Tennant P, Collie D, McLachlan G. Variability of the Sheep Lung Microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3225-3238. [PMID: 26994083 PMCID: PMC4959240 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00540-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sequencing technologies have recently facilitated the characterization of bacterial communities present in lungs during health and disease. However, there is currently a dearth of information concerning the variability of such data in health both between and within subjects. This study seeks to examine such variability using healthy adult sheep as our model system. Protected specimen brush samples were collected from three spatially disparate segmental bronchi of six adult sheep (age, 20 months) on three occasions (day 0, 1 month, and 3 months). To further explore the spatial variability of the microbiotas, more-extensive brushing samples (n = 16) and a throat swab were taken from a separate sheep. The V2 and V3 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified and sequenced via Illumina MiSeq. DNA sequences were analyzed using the mothur software package. Quantitative PCR was performed to quantify total bacterial DNA. Some sheep lungs contained dramatically different bacterial communities at different sampling sites, whereas in others, airway microbiotas appeared similar across the lung. In our spatial variability study, we observed clustering related to the depth within the lung from which samples were taken. Lung depth refers to increasing distance from the glottis, progressing in a caudal direction. We conclude that both host influence and local factors have impacts on the composition of the sheep lung microbiota. IMPORTANCE Until recently, it was assumed that the lungs were a sterile environment which was colonized by microbes only during disease. However, recent studies using sequencing technologies have found that there is a small population of bacteria which exists in the lung during health, referred to as the "lung microbiota." In this study, we characterize the variability of the lung microbiotas of healthy sheep. Sheep not only are economically important animals but also are often used as large animal models of human respiratory disease. We conclude that, while host influence does play a role in dictating the types of microbes which colonize the airways, it is clear that local factors also play an important role in this regard. Understanding the nature and influence of these factors will be key to understanding the variability in, and functional relevance of, the lung microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Glendinning
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Wright
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jolinda Pollock
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Tennant
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David Collie
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry McLachlan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Youssef G, Wallace WAH, Dagleish MP, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a large animal model for human lung cancer. ILAR J 2016; 56:99-115. [PMID: 25991702 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Recent progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of this disease has resulted in novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific groups of patients. Further studies are required to provide additional advances in diagnosis and treatment. Animal models are valuable tools for studying oncogenesis in lung cancer, particularly during the early stages of disease where tissues are rarely available from human cases. Mice have traditionally been used for studying lung cancer in vivo, and a variety of spontaneous and transgenic models are available. However, it is recognized that other species may also be informative for studies of cancer. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer of sheep caused by retrovirus infection and has several features in common with adenocarcinoma of humans, including a similar histological appearance and activation of common cell signaling pathways. Additionally, the size and organization of human lungs are much closer to those of sheep lungs than to those of mice, which facilitates experimental approaches in sheep that are not available in mice. Thus OPA presents opportunities for studying lung tumor development that can complement conventional murine models. Here we describe the potential applications of OPA as a model for human lung adenocarcinoma with an emphasis on the various in vivo and in vitro experimental systems available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad Youssef
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William A H Wallace
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris Cousens
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Griffiths
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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Collie D, Glendinning L, Govan J, Wright S, Thornton E, Tennant P, Doherty C, McLachlan G. Lung Microbiota Changes Associated with Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection and the Impact of Intravenous Colistimethate Sodium. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142097. [PMID: 26544950 PMCID: PMC4636361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exacerbations associated with chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a major contributor to morbidity, mortality and premature death in cystic fibrosis. Such exacerbations are treated with antibiotics, which generally lead to an improvement in lung function and reduced sputum P. aeruginosa density. This potentially suggests a role for the latter in the pathogenesis of exacerbations. However, other data suggesting that changes in P. aeruginosa sputum culture status may not reliably predict an improvement in clinical status, and data indicating no significant changes in either total bacterial counts or in P. aeruginosa numbers in sputum samples collected prior to pulmonary exacerbation sheds doubt on this assumption. We used our recently developed lung segmental model of chronic Pseudomonas infection in sheep to investigate the lung microbiota changes associated with chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection and the impact of systemic therapy with colistimethate sodium (CMS). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We collected protected specimen brush (PSB) samples from sheep (n = 8) both prior to and 14 days after establishment of chronic local lung infection with P aeruginosa. Samples were taken from both directly infected lung segments (direct) and segments spatially remote to such sites (remote). Four sheep were treated with daily intravenous injections of CMS between days 7 and 14, and four were treated with a placebo. Necropsy examination at d14 confirmed the presence of chronic local lung infection and lung pathology in every direct lung segment. The predominant orders in lung microbiota communities before infection were Bacillales, Actinomycetales and Clostridiales. While lung microbiota samples were more likely to share similarities with other samples derived from the same lung, considerable within- and between-animal heterogeneity could be appreciated. Pseudomonadales joined the aforementioned list of predominant orders in lung microbiota communities after infection. Whilst treatment with CMS appeared to have little impact on microbial community composition after infection, or the change undergone by communities in reaching that state, when Gram negative organisms (excluding Pseudomonadales) were considered together as a group there was a significant decrease in their relative proportion that was only observed in the sheep treated with CMS. With only one exception the reduction was seen in both direct and remote lung segments. This reduction, coupled with generally increasing or stable levels of Pseudomonadales, meant that the proportion of the latter relative to total Gram negative bacteria increased in all bar one direct and one remote lung segment. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The proportional increase in Pseudomonadales relative to other Gram negative bacteria in the lungs of sheep treated with systemic CMS highlights the potential for such therapies to inadvertently select or create a niche for bacteria seeding from a persistent source of chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Collie
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Glendinning
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John Govan
- University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Wright
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Thornton
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Tennant
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Doherty
- University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry McLachlan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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López Hernández Y, Yero D, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, Gibert I. Animals devoid of pulmonary system as infection models in the study of lung bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:38. [PMID: 25699030 PMCID: PMC4316775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological disease models can be difficult and costly to develop and use on a routine basis. Particularly, in vivo lung infection models performed to study lung pathologies use to be laborious, demand a great time and commonly are associated with ethical issues. When infections in experimental animals are used, they need to be refined, defined, and validated for their intended purpose. Therefore, alternative and easy to handle models of experimental infections are still needed to test the virulence of bacterial lung pathogens. Because non-mammalian models have less ethical and cost constraints as a subjects for experimentation, in some cases would be appropriated to include these models as valuable tools to explore host-pathogen interactions. Numerous scientific data have been argued to the more extensive use of several kinds of alternative models, such as, the vertebrate zebrafish (Danio rerio), and non-vertebrate insects and nematodes (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans) in the study of diverse infectious agents that affect humans. Here, we review the use of these vertebrate and non-vertebrate models in the study of bacterial agents, which are considered the principal causes of lung injury. Curiously none of these animals have a respiratory system as in air-breathing vertebrates, where respiration takes place in lungs. Despite this fact, with the present review we sought to provide elements in favor of the use of these alternative animal models of infection to reveal the molecular signatures of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamilé López Hernández
- Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis de Potosí, Mexico
| | - Daniel Yero
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Pinos-Rodríguez
- Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis de Potosí, Mexico
| | - Isidre Gibert
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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Entrican G, Wattegedera SR, Griffiths DJ. Exploiting ovine immunology to improve the relevance of biomedical models. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:68-77. [PMID: 25263932 PMCID: PMC4368439 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sheep make a valuable contribution to immunology research. Lessons to be learned from studying infections in the natural host. Factors to consider when selecting biomedical models.
Animal models of human disease are important tools in many areas of biomedicine; for example, in infectious disease research and in the development of novel drugs and medical devices. Most studies involving animals use rodents, in particular congenic mice, due to the availability of a wide number of strains and the ease with which they can be genetically manipulated. The use of mouse models has led to major advances in many fields of research, in particular in immunology but despite these advances, no animal model can exactly reproduce all the features of human disease. It is increasingly becoming recognised that in many circumstances mice do not provide the best model and that alternative species may be more appropriate. Here, we describe the relative merits of sheep as biomedical models for human physiology and disease in comparison to mice, with a particular focus on reproductive and respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Entrican
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Sean R Wattegedera
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - David J Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
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