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Chettab K, Fitzsimmons C, Novikov A, Denis M, Phelip C, Mathé D, Choffour PA, Beaumel S, Fourmaux E, Norca P, Kryza D, Evesque A, Jordheim LP, Perrial E, Matera EL, Caroff M, Kerzerho J, Dumontet C. A systemically administered detoxified TLR4 agonist displays potent antitumor activity and an acceptable tolerance profile in preclinical models. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1066402. [PMID: 37223101 PMCID: PMC10200957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1066402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are potent innate immunostimulants targeting the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), an attractive and validated target for immunostimulation in cancer therapy. Although LPS possess anti-tumor activity, toxicity issues prevent their systemic administration at effective doses in humans. We first demonstrated that LPS formulated in liposomes preserved a potent antitumor activity per se upon systemic administration in syngeneic models, and significantly enhance the antitumor activity of the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in mice xenografted with the human RL lymphoma model. Liposomal encapsulation also allowed a 2-fold reduction in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by LPS. Mice receiving an intravenous administration demonstrated a significant increase of neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages at the tumor site as well as an increase of macrophages in spleen. Further, we chemically detoxified LPS to obtain MP-LPS that was associated with a 200-fold decrease in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines. When encapsulated in a clinically approved liposomal formulation, toxicity, notably pyrogenicity (10-fold), was limited while the antitumor activity and immunoadjuvant effect were maintained. This improved tolerance profile of liposomal MP-LPS was associated with the preferential activation of the TLR4-TRIF pathway. Finally, in vitro studies demonstrated that stimulation with encapsulated MP-LPS reversed the polarization of M2 macrophages towards an M1 phenotype, and a phase 1 trial in healthy dogs validated its tolerance upon systemic administration up to very high doses (10µg/kg). Altogether, our results demonstrate the strong therapeutic potential of MPLPS formulated in liposomes as a systemically active anticancer agent, supporting its evaluation in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Chettab
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chantel Fitzsimmons
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alexey Novikov
- HEPHAISTOS-Pharma, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Morgane Denis
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Antinéo, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Beaumel
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Fourmaux
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Norca
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Lars Petter Jordheim
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emeline Perrial
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Eva-Laure Matera
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Caroff
- HEPHAISTOS-Pharma, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Charles Dumontet
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Huang P, Wang M, Lu Z, Shi S, Wei X, Bi C, Wang G, Liu H, Hu T, Wang B. Putrescine accelerates the differentiation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells via inhibiting phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109739. [PMID: 36706590 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play pivotal roles in immune responses. The differentiation and function of DCs are regulated by environmental metabolites. Putrescine is ubiquitous in various metabolic microenvironments and its immunoregulation has been of increasing interest. However, the mechanisms associated with its DC-induced immunoregulation remain unclear. In this study, we found putrescine promoted induction of immature bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs), along with the increased phagocytosis and migration, and altered cytokine secretion in immature BMDCs. Transcriptomic profiles indicated significantly impaired inflammatory-related pathways, elevated oxidative phosphorylation, and decreased p-STAT3 (Tyr705) expression. Additionally, putrescine performed minor influence on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maturation of BMDCs but significantly impaired LPS-induced DC-elicited allogeneic T-cell proliferation as well as the cytokine secretion. Furthermore, molecular docking and dynamics on the conjugation between putrescine and STAT3 revealed that putrescine could be stably bound to the hydrophilic cavity in STAT3 and performed significant influence on the Tyr705 phosphorylation. CUT&Tag analysis uncovered altered motifs, downregulated IFN-γ response, and upregulated p53 pathway in Putrescine group compared with Control group. In summary, our results demonstrated for the first time that putrescine might accelerate the differentiation of BMDCs by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705. Given that both DCs and putrescine have ubiquitous and distinct roles in various immune responses and pathogeneses, our findings may provide more insights into polyamine immunoregulation on DCs, as well as distinct strategies in the clinical utilization of DCs by targeting polyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Huang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zixuan Lu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Shaojie Shi
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xia Wei
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Chenxiao Bi
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Guoyan Wang
- Medical Laboratory Science, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of ao'deBinzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Hong Liu
- The 2nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
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Fnu G, Hudock K, Powers-Fletcher M, Huang RP, Weber GF. Induction of a Cytokine Storm Involves Suppression of the Osteopontin-Dependent TH1 Response. Immunol Suppl 2022; 167:165-180. [PMID: 35752943 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndromes represent a severe turn in certain disease states, which may be caused by several infections, including those with the virus SARS-CoV-2. This inefficient, even harmful, immune response has been associated with a broad release of chemokines. Although a cellular (type I) immune reaction is efficacious against viral infections, we noted a type I deficit in the cytokine patterns produced by cytokine storms of all reported etiologies. Agents including lipopolysaccharide (LPS, bacterial), anti-CD3 (antibody) and a version of the prominent SARS-CoV-2 viral surface molecule, Spike Glycoprotein, were individually sufficient to induce IL-6 and multiple chemokines in mice. They failed to upregulate the TH1 inducer cytokine Osteopontin, and the pathophysiologic triggers actually suppressed the PMA-induced Osteopontin secretion from monocytic cells. Osteopontin administration partially reversed the chemokine elevation, more effectively so in a mouse strain with TH1 bias. Corroboration was obtained from the inverse correlation in the levels of IL-6 and Osteopontin in plasma samples from acute COVID-19 patients. We hypothesize that the inhibition of Osteopontin by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein or LPS represents an immune evasion mechanism employed by the pathogens of origin. The ensuing dysfunctional inflammatory response promotes a vicious cycle of amplification, resulting in a cytokine storm. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulimirerouzi Fnu
- University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kristin Hudock
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | | | | | - Georg F Weber
- University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Liu J, Zhang R, Xu ZP. Nanoparticle-Based Nanomedicines to Promote Cancer Immunotherapy: Recent Advances and Future Directions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900262. [PMID: 30908864 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a promising cancer terminator by directing the patient's own immune system in the fight against this challenging disorder. Despite the monumental therapeutic potential of several immunotherapy strategies in clinical applications, the efficacious responses of a wide range of immunotherapeutic agents are limited in virtue of their inadequate accumulation in the tumor tissue and fatal side effects. In the last decades, increasing evidences disclose that nanotechnology acts as an appealing solution to address these technical barriers via conferring rational physicochemical properties to nanomaterials. In this Review, an imperative emphasis will be drawn from the current understanding of the effect of a nanosystem's structure characteristics (e.g., size, shape, surface charge, elasticity) and its chemical modification on its transport and biodistribution behavior. Subsequently, rapid-moving advances of nanoparticle-based cancer immunotherapies are summarized from traditional vaccine strategies to recent novel approaches, including delivery of immunotherapeutics (such as whole cancer cell vaccines, immune checkpoint blockade, and immunogenic cell death) and engineered immune cells, to regulate tumor microenvironment and activate cellular immunity. The future prospects may involve in the rational combination of a few immunotherapies for more efficient cancer inhibition and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Tan W, Zhang C, Liu J, Miao Q. Regulatory T-cells promote pulmonary repair by modulating T helper cell immune responses in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Immunology 2019; 157:151-162. [PMID: 30919408 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induces a strong local infiltration of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in the lungs. However, at present, there remains a lack of adequate evidence showing the direct effect of Tregs on pulmonary repair and the related mechanisms of ARDS. Therefore, in this project, we studied the impact of Tregs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS and pulmonary inflammation. Surprisingly, we found that depletion of Tregs by injection of PC61 anti-CD25 antibody not only interfered with the inflammation resolution, such as inhibited total cell infiltration into the alveolar space, downregulated neutrophils, upregulated macrophages, but also impaired pulmonary epithelium and endothelial cell proliferation. Consistent with the attenuation of pulmonary repair, we found that the Th1 and Th17 immune responses were also impaired in Treg-depleted mice, suggesting that the presence of Tregs is vital for tissue repair, as Tregs modulate and promote the Th immune response in LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoji Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhou Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Miao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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6
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Challenges of using lipopolysaccharides for cancer immunotherapy and potential delivery-based solutions thereto. Ther Deliv 2019; 10:165-187. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2018-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being one of the earliest Toll-like receptor (TLR)-based cancer immunotherapeutics discovered and investigated, the full extent of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) potentials within this arena remains hitherto unexploited. In this review, we will debate the challenges that have complicated the improvement of LPS-based immunotherapeutic approaches in cancer therapy. Based on their nature, those will be discussed with a focus on side effect-related, tolerance-related and in vivo model-related challenges. We will then explore how drug delivery strategies can be integrated within this domain to address such challenges in order to improve the therapeutic outcome, and will present a summary of the studies that have been dedicated thereto. This paper may inspire further developments based on reconciling the advantages of drug delivery and LPS-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Van Herck MA, Weyler J, Kwanten WJ, Dirinck EL, De Winter BY, Francque SM, Vonghia L. The Differential Roles of T Cells in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Obesity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:82. [PMID: 30787925 PMCID: PMC6372559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitutes a spectrum of disease states characterized by hepatic steatosis and is closely associated to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), additionally, inflammatory changes and hepatocellular damage are present, representing a more severe condition, for which the treatment is an unmet medical need. Pathophysiologically, the immune system is one of the main drivers of NAFLD progression and other obesity-related comorbidities, and both the innate and adaptive immune system are involved. T cells form the cellular component of the adaptive immune system and consist of multiple differentially active subsets, i.e., T helper (Th) cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells, as well as several innate T-cell subsets. This review focuses on the role of these T-cell subsets in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, as well as the association with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, reviewing the available evidence from both animal and human studies. Briefly, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th22 cells seem to have an attenuating effect on adiposity. Th2, Th22, and Treg cells seem to decrease insulin resistance, whereas Th1, Th17, and Tc cells have an aggravating effect. Concerning NAFLD, both Th22 and Treg cells appear to have an overall tempering effect, whereas Th17 and Tc cells seem to induce more liver damage and fibrosis progression. The evidence regarding the role of the innate T-cell subsets is more controversial and warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhaïl A Van Herck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonas Weyler
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wilhelmus J Kwanten
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eveline L Dirinck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven M Francque
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luisa Vonghia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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Bhardwaj R, Verma R, Deka D, Dubey PP, Arora JS, Sethi RS, Tolenkhomba TC, Mukhopadhyay CS. Validation of immunomodulatory effects of lipopolysaccharide through expression profiling of Th1 and Th2 biased genes in Newcastle disease virus vaccinated indigenous chicken. Vet World 2018; 11:437-445. [PMID: 29805207 PMCID: PMC5960781 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.437-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Newcastle disease (ND) is considered one of the most important poultry diseases with chicken morbidity and mortality rates up to 100%. Current vaccination programs allow the use of live attenuated vaccines in the field to protect against the disease, which alone is inefficient and requires repeat booster doses. Toll-like receptor agonists (e.g., lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) as adjuvants are the ones, most extensively studied and have shown to be very promising in delivering a robust balanced immune response. In the present study, we have evaluated the potential of LPS to elicit a strong immune response with respect to the elicitation of both Th1 (cell-mediated) and Th2 (humoral) immune arms. Materials and Methods A total of 72 apparently healthy 1-day-old indigenous unvaccinated chicks were randomly divided into six experimental Groups A to F (n=12). At 8-week of age chicks in Group A, C, and E were vaccinated with live attenuated La Sota strain ND vaccine along with LPS, bovine serum albumin, and normal saline solution, respectively, and those in Group B, D, and E were kept separately without vaccination. Sampling was done on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 35, and 60 after vaccination. After vaccination and respective adjuvant application, Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression were measured in mRNA of both blood and tissue samples. Results The results were validated by, hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests, to check for the humoral as well as cell-mediated immune response in blood serum levels. The results showed an increase in mRNA expression of the Th1 biased cytokines in Group A (LPS+NDV) as compared to the control groups. Similar mRNA expression pattern was seen in blood as well as tissue samples. Validation of results also indicates an increase in Cell-mediated Immunity as well as a humoral immune response in Group A (LPS+NDV). Conclusion The results of the study provided enough evidence to consider LPS as a potential vaccine adjuvants candidate against ND in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Bhardwaj
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 001, Punjab, India
| | - Ramneek Verma
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 001, Punjab, India
| | - Dipak Deka
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 001, Punjab, India
| | - P P Dubey
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 001, Punjab, India
| | - J S Arora
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 001, Punjab, India
| | - R S Sethi
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 001, Punjab, India
| | - T C Tolenkhomba
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Mizoram, India
| | - C S Mukhopadhyay
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 001, Punjab, India
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Kotsiou E, Gribben JG, Davies JK. Allospecific Tregs Expanded After Anergization Remain Suppressive in Inflammatory Conditions but Lack Expression of Gut-homing Molecules. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1126-1134. [PMID: 27049761 PMCID: PMC4923329 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy with antigen-specific regulatory T-cells (Treg) has great potential to selectively control unwanted immune responses after allogeneic stem-cell or solid organ transplantation and in autoimmune diseases. Ex vivo allostimulation with costimulatory blockade (alloanergization) of human T-cells expands populations of alloantigen-specific Treg, providing a cellular strategy to control donor T-cell alloresponses causing graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Crucially, it is not known if Treg expanded in this way are stable in proinflammatory conditions encountered after transplantation, or if they possess capacity to migrate to key target organs. Using an in vitro model to functionally characterize human Treg expanded after alloanergization, we now show that these cells remain potently allosuppressive in the presence of relevant exogenous inflammatory signals. Expanded allospecific Treg retained expression of molecules conferring migratory capacity to several organs but small intestine-specific chemotaxis was markedly impaired, in keeping with the preponderance of gut graft-versus-host disease in previous clinical studies using this strategy. Importantly, impaired gut-specific chemotaxis could be partially corrected by pharmacological treatment. These findings will facilitate more effective application of this cellular approach to limit T-cell alloresponses after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation and the wider application of the strategy to other clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kotsiou
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - John G Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Jeff K Davies
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK.
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Zariri A, van der Ley P. Biosynthetically engineered lipopolysaccharide as vaccine adjuvant. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:861-76. [PMID: 25797360 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1026808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a dominant component of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane, is a strong activator of the innate immune system, and thereby an important determinant in the adaptive immune response following bacterial infection. This adjuvant activity can be harnessed following immunization with bacteria-derived vaccines that naturally contain LPS, and when LPS or molecules derived from it are added to purified vaccine antigens. However, the downside of the strong biological activity of LPS is its ability to contribute to vaccine reactogenicity. Modification of the LPS structure allows triggering of a proper immune response needed in a vaccine against a particular pathogen while at the same time lowering its toxicity. Extensive modifications to the basic structure are possible by using our current knowledge of bacterial genes involved in LPS biosynthesis and modification. This review focuses on biosynthetic engineering of the structure of LPS and implications of these modifications for generation of safe adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Zariri
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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CSBF/C10orf99, a novel potential cytokine, inhibits colon cancer cell growth through inducing G1 arrest. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6812. [PMID: 25351403 PMCID: PMC4212244 DOI: 10.1038/srep06812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble proteins that exert their functions by binding specific receptors. Many cytokines play essential roles in carcinogenesis and have been developed for the treatment of cancer. In this study, we identified a novel potential cytokine using immunogenomics designated colon-derived SUSD2 binding factor (CSBF), also known as chromosome 10 open reading frame 99 (C10orf99). CSBF/C10orf99 is a classical secreted protein with predicted molecular mass of 6.5 kDa, and a functional ligand of Sushi Domain Containing 2 (SUSD2). CSBF/C10orf99 has the highest expression level in colon tissue. Both CSBF/C10orf99 and SUSD2 are down-regulated in colon cancer tissues and cell lines with different regulation mechanisms. CSBF/C10orf99 interacts with SUSD2 to inhibit colon cancer cell growth and induce G1 cell cycle arrest by down-regulating cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6). CSBF/C10orf99 displays a bell-shaped activity curve with the optimal effect at ~10 ng/ml. Its growth inhibitory effects can be blocked by sSUSD2-Fc soluble protein. Our results suggest that CSBF/C10orf99 is a novel potential cytokine with tumor suppressor functions.
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Bohannon JK, Hernandez A, Enkhbaatar P, Adams WL, Sherwood ER. The immunobiology of toll-like receptor 4 agonists: from endotoxin tolerance to immunoadjuvants. Shock 2014; 40:451-62. [PMID: 23989337 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is a structural component of the gram-negative outer membrane. The lipid A moiety of LPS binds to the LPS receptor complex expressed by leukocytes, endothelial cells, and parenchymal cells and is the primary component of gram-negative bacteria that is recognized by the immune system. Activation of the LPS receptor complex by native lipid A induces robust cytokine production, leukocyte activation, and inflammation, which is beneficial for clearing bacterial infections at the local level but can cause severe systemic inflammation and shock at higher challenge doses. Interestingly, prior exposure to LPS renders the host resistant to shock caused by subsequent LPS challenge, a phenomenon known as endotoxin tolerance. Treatment with lipid A has also been shown to augment the host response to infection and to serve as a potent vaccine adjuvant. However, the adverse effects associated with the pronounced inflammatory response limit the use of native lipid A as a clinical immunomodulator. More recently, analogs of lipid A have been developed that possess attenuated proinflammatory activity but retain attractive immunomodulatory properties. The lipid A analog monophosphoryl lipid A exhibits approximately 1/1,000th of the toxicity of native lipid A but retains potent immunoadjuvant activity. As such, monophosphoryl lipid A is currently used as an adjuvant in several human vaccine preparations. Because of the potency of lipid A analogs as immunoadjuvants, numerous laboratories are actively working to identify and develop new lipid A mimetics and to optimize their efficacy and safety. Based on those characteristics, lipid A analogs represent an attractive family of immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Bohannon
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; †Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and ‡School of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; and §Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Tieri P, Prana V, Colombo T, Santoni D, Castiglione F. Multi-scale Simulation of T Helper Lymphocyte Differentiation. ADVANCES IN BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12418-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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