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Russ TC, Woelbert E, Davis KAS, Hafferty JD, Ibrahim Z, Inkster B, John A, Lee W, Maxwell M, McIntosh AM, Stewart R. How data science can advance mental health research. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 3:24-32. [PMID: 30932051 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accessibility of powerful computers and availability of so-called big data from a variety of sources means that data science approaches are becoming pervasive. However, their application in mental health research is often considered to be at an earlier stage than in other areas despite the complexity of mental health and illness making such a sophisticated approach particularly suitable. In this Perspective, we discuss current and potential applications of data science in mental health research using the UK Clinical Research Collaboration classification: underpinning research; aetiology; detection and diagnosis; treatment development; treatment evaluation; disease management; and health services research. We demonstrate that data science is already being widely applied in mental health research, but there is much more to be done now and in the future. The possibilities for data science in mental health research are substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom C Russ
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Old Age Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | - Katrina A S Davis
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Hafferty
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zina Ibrahim
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK
- The Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Becky Inkster
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ann John
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - William Lee
- Community and Primary Care Research Group, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
- Devon Partnership NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rob Stewart
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Ernst OK, Bartol T, Sejnowski T, Mjolsness E. Learning dynamic Boltzmann distributions as reduced models of spatial chemical kinetics. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:034107. [PMID: 30037235 PMCID: PMC6056297 DOI: 10.1063/1.5026403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding reduced models of spatially distributed chemical reaction networks requires an estimation of which effective dynamics are relevant. We propose a machine learning approach to this coarse graining problem, where a maximum entropy approximation is constructed that evolves slowly in time. The dynamical model governing the approximation is expressed as a functional, allowing a general treatment of spatial interactions. In contrast to typical machine learning approaches which estimate the interaction parameters of a graphical model, we derive Boltzmann-machine like learning algorithms to estimate directly the functionals dictating the time evolution of these parameters. By incorporating analytic solutions from simple reaction motifs, an efficient simulation method is demonstrated for systems ranging from toy problems to basic biologically relevant networks. The broadly applicable nature of our approach to learning spatial dynamics suggests promising applications to multiscale methods for spatial networks, as well as to further problems in machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver K Ernst
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Thomas Bartol
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | - Eric Mjolsness
- Departments of Computer Science and Mathematics, and Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Stochastic, structural and functional factors influencing AMPA and NMDA synaptic response variability: a review. Neuronal Signal 2017; 1:NS20160051. [PMID: 32714580 PMCID: PMC7366493 DOI: 10.1042/ns20160051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission is the basic mechanism of information transfer between neurons not only in the brain, but along all the nervous system. In this review we will briefly summarize some of the main parameters that produce stochastic variability in the synaptic response. This variability produces different effects on important brain phenomena, like learning and memory, and, alterations of its basic factors can cause brain malfunctioning.
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The influence of synaptic size on AMPA receptor activation: a Monte Carlo model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130924. [PMID: 26107874 PMCID: PMC4479604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological and electron microscope studies have shown that synapses are functionally and morphologically heterogeneous and that variations in size of synaptic junctions are related to characteristics such as release probability and density of postsynaptic AMPA receptors. The present article focuses on how these morphological variations impact synaptic transmission. We based our study on Monte Carlo computational simulations of simplified model synapses whose morphological features have been extracted from hundreds of actual synaptic junctions reconstructed by three-dimensional electron microscopy. We have examined the effects that parameters such as synaptic size or density of AMPA receptors have on the number of receptors that open after release of a single synaptic vesicle. Our results indicate that the maximum number of receptors that will open after the release of a single synaptic vesicle may show a ten-fold variation in the whole population of synapses. When individual synapses are considered, there is also a stochastical variability that is maximal in small synapses with low numbers of receptors. The number of postsynaptic receptors and the size of the synaptic junction are the most influential parameters, while the packing density of receptors or the concentration of extrasynaptic transporters have little or no influence on the opening of AMPA receptors.
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