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Afzal MBS, Ijaz M, Abbas N, Shad SA, Serrão JE. Resistance of Lepidopteran Pests to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins: Evidence of Field and Laboratory Evolved Resistance and Cross-Resistance, Mode of Resistance Inheritance, Fitness Costs, Mechanisms Involved and Management Options. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:315. [PMID: 39057955 PMCID: PMC11281168 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of lepidopteran pests. However, the evolution of resistance in some insect pest populations is a threat and can reduce the effectiveness of Bt toxins. In this review, we summarize the results of 161 studies from 20 countries reporting field and laboratory-evolved resistance, cross-resistance, and inheritance, mechanisms, and fitness costs of resistance to different Bt toxins. The studies refer mainly to insects from the United States of America (70), followed by China (31), Brazil (19), India (12), Malaysia (9), Spain (3), and Australia (3). The majority of the studies revealed that most of the pest populations showed susceptibility and a lack of cross-resistance to Bt toxins. Factors that delay resistance include recessive inheritance of resistance, the low initial frequency of resistant alleles, increased fitness costs, abundant refuges of non-Bt, and pyramided Bt crops. The results of field and laboratory resistance, cross-resistance, and inheritance, mechanisms, and fitness cost of resistance are advantageous for predicting the threat of future resistance and making effective strategies to sustain the effectiveness of Bt crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Babar Shahzad Afzal
- Beekeeping & Hill Fruit Pests Research Station, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Mamuna Ijaz
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Naeem Abbas
- Pesticides and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfraz Ali Shad
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
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Wang Y, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Qian X, Guo D, Coates BS. A chromosome-level genome assembly of the soybean pod borer: insights into larval transcriptional response to transgenic soybean expressing the pesticidal Cry1Ac protein. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:355. [PMID: 38594617 PMCID: PMC11005160 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically modified (GM) crop plants with transgenic expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) pesticidal proteins are used to manage feeding damage by pest insects. The durability of this technology is threatened by the selection for resistance in pest populations. The molecular mechanism(s) involved in insect physiological response or evolution of resistance to Bt is not fully understood. RESULTS To investigate the response of a susceptible target insect to Bt, the soybean pod borer, Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was exposed to soybean, Glycine max, expressing Cry1Ac pesticidal protein or the non-transgenic parental cultivar. Assessment of larval changes in gene expression was facilitated by a third-generation sequenced and scaffolded chromosome-level assembly of the L. glycinivorella genome (657.4 Mb; 27 autosomes + Z chromosome), and subsequent structural annotation of 18,197 RefSeq gene models encoding 23,735 putative mRNA transcripts. Exposure of L. glycinivorella larvae to transgenic Cry1Ac G. max resulted in prediction of significant differential gene expression for 204 gene models (64 up- and 140 down-regulated) and differential splicing among isoforms for 10 genes compared to unexposed cohorts. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) included putative peritrophic membrane constituents, orthologs of Bt receptor-encoding genes previously linked or associated with Bt resistance, and those involved in stress responses. Putative functional Gene Ontology (GO) annotations assigned to DEGs were significantly enriched for 36 categories at GO level 2, respectively. Most significantly enriched cellular component (CC), biological process (BP), and molecular function (MF) categories corresponded to vacuolar and microbody, transport and metabolic processes, and binding and reductase activities. The DEGs in enriched GO categories were biased for those that were down-regulated (≥ 0.783), with only MF categories GTPase and iron binding activities were bias for up-regulation genes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into pathways and processes involved larval response to Bt intoxication, which may inform future unbiased investigations into mechanisms of resistance that show no evidence of alteration in midgut receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhou Wang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Yunyue Zhang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xueyan Qian
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Dongquan Guo
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Brad S Coates
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, 532 Science II, 2310 Pammel Dr., Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Smith EM, Shrestha RB, Gassmann AJ. Inheritance and Fitness Costs of Laboratory-Selected Resistance to Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1 Corn in Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:565-573. [PMID: 36799000 PMCID: PMC10483582 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a serious pest of corn and is currently managed with corn hybrids that produce insecticidal proteins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Bt corn kills rootworm larvae and reduces larval feeding injury to corn roots. The Bt protein Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1, previously named Cry34/35Ab1, has been widely used in transgenic Bt corn for management of western corn rootworm, and field-evolved resistance has been found in some populations. In the United States, the refuge strategy is used to manage Bt resistance, with refuges of non-Bt host plants serving as a source of Bt-susceptible individuals, which in turn reduce the frequency of homozygous resistant individuals within a population. As such, the dominance of resistance strongly influences resistance evolution, with faster evolution of resistance when resistance is not recessive. Additionally, selection for resistance by a Bt crop leads to the accumulation of resistance alleles within refuge populations, thereby reducing the capacity of refuges to delay resistance. However, fitness costs can remove resistance alleles from refuge populations and preserve the dynamic of refuges producing Bt-susceptible genotypes. Bt-susceptible and Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1-resistant western corn rootworm were used to quantify the inheritance and fitness costs of resistance. We found that Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1 resistance was not recessive and had the accompanying fitness costs of slower developmental rate to adulthood and lower egg viability. This research will help improve insect resistance management by providing a better understanding of the risk of western corn rootworm evolving resistance to transgenic corn that produces Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliott M Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ram B Shrestha
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Aaron J Gassmann
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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García M, García-Benítez C, Ortego F, Farinós GP. Monitoring Insect Resistance to Bt Maize in the European Union: Update, Challenges, and Future Prospects. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:275-288. [PMID: 36610405 PMCID: PMC10125040 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic maize producing the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt maize) was approved for cultivation in the European Union (EU) in 1998 to control the corn borers Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre) and Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). In the EU since then, Cry1Ab is the only Bt toxin produced by Bt maize and Spain is the only country where Bt maize has been planted every year. In 2021, about 100,000 hectares of Bt maize producing Cry1Ab were cultivated in the EU, with Spain accounting for 96% and Portugal 4% of this area. In both countries, Bt maize represented less than 25% of all maize planted in 2021, with a maximum regional adoption of 64% Bt maize in northeastern Spain. Insect resistance management based on the high-dose/refuge strategy has been implemented in the EU since 1998. This has been accompanied by monitoring to enable early detection of resistance. The monitoring data from laboratory bioassays show no decrease in susceptibility to Cry1Ab had occurred in either pest as of 2021. Also, control failures have not been reported, confirming that Bt maize producing Cry1Ab remains effective against both pests. Conditions in the EU preventing approval of new genetically modified crops, including maize producing two or more Bt toxins targeting corn borers, may limit the future effectiveness of resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Félix Ortego
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology for Human and Plant Health, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Realized Heritability, Risk Assessment, and Inheritance Pattern in Earias vittella (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Resistant to Dipel ( Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki). Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100686. [PMID: 36287955 PMCID: PMC9610588 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Earias vittella Fabricius is a potential cotton and okra pest in South Asia. The realized heritability, risk assessment, and inheritance mode of Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki (Btk) resistance were determined in the Dipel-selected (DIPEL-SEL) E. vittella. The DIPEL-SEL strain had a 127.56-fold rise in Dipel resistance after nine generations compared to the laboratory reference strain (LAB-PK). The overlapping of 95% fiducial limits in the median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of the F1 (DIPEL-SEL♂ × LAB-PK♀) and F1ǂ (DIPEL-SEL♀ × LAB-PK♂) suggested a lack of sex linkage and an autosomal Dipel resistance. The dominance (DLC) values for the F1 (0.86) and F1ǂ (0.94) indicated incompletely dominant resistance to Dipel. Backcrossing of the F1♀ × Lab-PK♂ revealed a polygenic response of resistance to Dipel. The realized heritability estimation (h2) of resistance to Dipel was 0.19. With 20% to 90% selection mortality, the generations required for a tenfold increase in LC50 of Dipel were 4.7–22.8, 3.1–14.9, and 2.3–11.1 at h2 of 0.19, 0.29, and 0.39, respectively, and a constant slope of 1.56. At slope values of 2.56 and 3.56 with a constant h2 = 0.19, 7.7–37.4 and 10.6–52.0 generations were needed to increase the tenfold LC50 of Dipel in the DIPEL-SEL E. vittella. It is concluded that the DIPEL-SEL E. vittella has an autosomal, incompletely dominant, and polygenic nature of resistance. The h2 of 0.19 suggested that a high proportion of phenotypic variation for the Dipel resistance in E. vittella was heritable genetic variation. The present results will support the creation of an effective and suitable resistance management plan for better control of E. vittella.
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Otim MH, Alibu S, Asea G, Abalo G, Sserumaga JP, Adumo S, Alupo J, Ochen S, Tefera T, Bruce AY, Beyene Y, Meisel B, Tende R, Nang'ayo F, Baguma Y, Mugo S, Oikeh SO. Performance of Bt maize event MON810 in controlling maize stem borers Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca in Uganda. CROP PROTECTION (GUILDFORD, SURREY) 2022; 156:105945. [PMID: 35662834 PMCID: PMC8987732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2022.105945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stem borers are major insect pests of maize in Uganda. A study was conducted in 2014-2016 to assess the performance of Bt hybrids expressing Cry1Ab (event MON810) against the two major stem borer species in Uganda - the African stem borer (Busseola fusca) and the spotted stem borer (Chilo partellus) - under artificial infestation. The study comprised 14 non-commercialized hybrids, including seven pairs of Bt and non-Bt hybrids (isolines), three non-Bt commercial hybrids and a conventional stem borer resistant check. All stem borer damage parameters (leaf damage, number of internodes tunneled and tunnel length) were generally significantly lower in Bt hybrids than in their isolines, the conventionally resistant hybrid, and local commercial hybrids. Mean yields were significantly higher by 29.4-80.5% in the Bt hybrids than in the other three categories of non-Bt hybrids. This study demonstrated that Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab protects against leaf damage and can limit entry of stem borers into the stems of maize plants, resulting in higher yield than in the non-transgenic hybrids. Thus, Bt maize has potential to contribute to the overall management package of stem borers in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Otim
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Alibu
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Godfrey Asea
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grace Abalo
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Pyton Sserumaga
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization’, P.O. Box 5407, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stella Adumo
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jane Alupo
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Ochen
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tadele Tefera
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). ICRAF House, United Nations, Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, 00621, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), ILRI Campus, Gurd Shola, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anani Y. Bruce
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). ICRAF House, United Nations, Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, 00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoseph Beyene
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). ICRAF House, United Nations, Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, 00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Barbara Meisel
- Bayer Crop Science, 27 Wrench Rd, Isando, Kempton Park, 1600, South Africa
| | - Regina Tende
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 340-90100, Katumani, Machakos, Kenya
| | | | - Yona Baguma
- National Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 295, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stephen Mugo
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). ICRAF House, United Nations, Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, 00621, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Resilient Agriculture in Africa (CRA-Africa), PO Box 286-00206, Kiserian, Kenya
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Smith CM. Conventional breeding of insect-resistant crop plants: still the best way to feed the world population. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 45:7-13. [PMID: 33271365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect-resistant crops feed much of the world, using reduced carbon inputs and providing much greater economic returns on investment. Newer, more efficient efforts are urgently needed to speed development of insect-resistant plants before a projected 30% global population increase. Plant resistance researchers must employ genotyping by sequencing and high-throughput phenotyping to identify, map and track resistance genes. In contrast to maize, rice, vegetables and wheat, limited progress has occurred to develop meaningful levels of pest resistance in cassava, cowpea and pigeonpea - major sources of nutrition for nearly 1 billion people. A knowledge void exists about the effects of climate change (elevated CO2) on resistant plants, necessitating efforts to understand this stress. Collaborations with social scientists, extension specialists, economists, spatiotemporal modelers, ecologists, and virologists will be required to develop better ways to integrate insect resistant plants into integrated crop pest management programs.
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Gut-specific arylphorin mediates midgut regenerative response against Cry-induced damage in Achaea janata. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110600. [PMID: 33848588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of insect resistance to biopesticides is a current and pertinent global issue. Earlier, it was established that lepidopteran larvae can recover from Bt intoxication via a midgut regenerative response and subsequently generate resistance. Molecular aspects of restoration of the midgut integrity following toxin exposure are emerging recently. In the present study, we bring out the pivotal role of gut arylphorin in mediating the midgut regenerative response following sublethal Bt exposure in Achaea janata. Bt-induced midgut damage was characterized by microscopic analysis using differential interference contrast (DIC) and immunofluorescence (IF). Extensive disruption of brush-border membrane, associated with the underlying cytoskeletal alterations including F-actin, α-actin and β-tubulin was observed. Single-photon fluorescence microscopy combined with fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) established the metabolic state associated with enhanced stem cell proliferation and migration from the basal side towards the luminal side following the damage. In-silico analysis revealed the phylogenetic relationship of gut arylphorin with closely related insect species and indicated the presence of two different subunits. Transient RNAi knockdown of the arylphorin resulted in diminished expression of mitotic Cyclin B mRNA levels. Human monoclonal Cyclin B antibody cross-reactivity with the Cyclin B located in the stem cells further validate the role of arylphorin as the mitogenic factor responsible for stem cell proliferation and epithelial regeneration. An in-depth understanding of resistance mechanisms will aid in the design of new strategies for the long-term usage and efficacy of Bt technology against pest control.
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Guan F, Hou B, Dai X, Liu S, Liu J, Gu Y, Jin L, Yang Y, Fabrick JA, Wu Y. Multiple origins of a single point mutation in the cotton bollworm tetraspanin gene confers dominant resistance to Bt cotton. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1169-1177. [PMID: 33236463 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are used globally to kill key insect pests and provide numerous benefits, including improved pest management, increased profits, reduced insecticide use, and increased biological control. Unfortunately, such benefits are rapidly being lost by the evolution of Bt resistance by pests. RESULTS The main strategy to delay resistance relies on the use of non-Bt refuge plants to produce sufficient susceptible insects that mate with rare resistant insects emerging from Bt crops, essentially diluting and/or removing resistance alleles from pest populations. A key assumption for the success of this refuge strategy is that inheritance of resistance is recessive. In China, dominant resistance to Cry1Ac Bt cotton by the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is increasing and is associated with a mutation in the tetraspanin HaTSPAN1 gene, conferring more than 125-fold resistance. Here, we used amplicon sequencing to test the hypotheses that the HaTSPAN1 mutation either arose from a single event and spread or that the mutation evolved independently several times throughout northern China. From three laboratory strains and 28 field populations sampled from northern China, we identified six resistant and 50 susceptible haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the HaTSPAN1 mutation arose from at least four independent origins and spread to their current distributions. CONCLUSION The results provide valuable information about the evolutionary origins of dominant resistance to Cry1Ac Bt cotton in northern China and offer rationale for the rapid increase in field-evolved resistance in these areas, where the implementation of additional practical resistance management is needed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Guan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bofeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Dai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jeffrey A Fabrick
- USDA ARS, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Yidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Huang F. Dominance and fitness costs of insect resistance to genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis crops. GM CROPS & FOOD 2021; 12:192-211. [PMID: 33380258 PMCID: PMC7781549 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2020.1852065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of resistance to genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops in pest populations is a major threat to the sustainability of the technology. Incidents of field resistance that have led to control problems of Bt crops or significantly reduced susceptibility of individual Bt proteins in pyramided plants have increased dramatically across the world, especially in recent years. Analysis of globally published data showed that 61.5% and 60.0% of the cases of resistance with major alleles that allowed homozygous resistant genotypes to survival on Bt crops were functionally non-recessive and did not involve fitness costs, respectively. Dominance levels (DFLs) measured on Bt plants ranged from -0.02 to 1.56 with a mean (± sem) of 0.35 ± 0.13 for the 13 cases of single-gene resistance to Bt plants that have been evaluated. Among these, all six cases with field control problems were functionally non-recessive with a mean DFL of 0.63 ± 0.24, which was significantly greater than the DFL (0.11 ± 0.07) of the seven cases without field resistance. In addition, index of fitness costs (IFC) of major resistance was calculated for each case based on the fitness of resistant (R'R') and heterozygous (R'S') genotypes on non-Bt plants divided by the fitness of their susceptible (S'S') counterparts. The estimated IFCs for 15 cases of single-gene resistance were similar for R'R' and R'S', and for the cases with and without field resistance; and the values averaged 1.10 ± 0.12 for R'R' and 1.20 ± 0.18 for R'S'. Limited published data suggest that resistance of insects to dual/multiple-gene Bt crops is likely to be more recessive than the related single-gene resistance, but their IFCs are similar. The quantitative analysis of the global data documents that the prevalence of non-recessive resistance has played an essential role in the widespread evolution of resistance to Bt crops, while the lack of fitness costs is apparently not as critical as the non-recessive resistance. The results suggest that planting of 'high dose' traits is an effective method for Bt crop IRM and more comprehensive management strategies that are also effective for functionally non-recessive resistance should be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangneng Huang
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Comprehensive Transcriptome of the Maize Stalk Borer, Busseola fusca, from Multiple Tissue Types, Developmental Stages, and Parasitoid Wasp Exposures. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:2554-2560. [PMID: 32946579 PMCID: PMC7802516 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the maize stalk borer, is a widespread crop pest in sub-Saharan Africa that has been the focus of biological research and intensive management strategies. Here, we present a comprehensive annotated transcriptome of B. fusca (originally collected in the Western Province of Kenya) based on ten pooled libraries including a wide array of developmental stages, tissue types, and exposures to parasitoid wasps. Parasitoid wasps have been used as a form of biocontrol to try and reduce crop losses with variable success, in part due to differential infectivities and immune responses among wasps and hosts. We identified a number of loci of interest for pest management, including genes potentially involved in chemoreception, immunity, and response to insecticides. The comprehensive sampling design used expands our current understanding of the transcriptome of this species and deepens the list of potential target genes for future crop loss mitigation, in addition to highlighting candidate loci for differential expression and functional genetic analyses in this important pest species.
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Yang F, Head GP, Price PA, Santiago González JC, Kerns DL. Inheritance of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ab2 protein resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3676-3684. [PMID: 32419321 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is a major target pest of pyramided Bt corn and cotton in the United States. Field-evolved practical resistance to Cry1 and Cry2 proteins in H. zea has been documented in multiple locations in the United States. Understanding the genetic basis of Bt resistance is essential in developing insect resistance management (IRM) strategies for the sustainable use of the Bt crop technology. In this study, we characterized the genetic bases of Cry2Ab2 resistance in H. zea using diet-overlay bioassays with two different forms of Cry2Ab2 protein. RESULTS Laboratory bioassays using a Cry2Ab2-resistant (RR) strain, a susceptible (SS) strain, as well as cross and backcross strains, revealed that resistance to Cry2Ab2 was autosomally inherited and controlled by more than one locus. In diet bioassays, the dominance of Cry2Ab2 resistance in H. zea varied from incompletely recessive to incompletely dominant across all tested Cry2Ab2 concentrations of either Bt corn leaf powder or solubilized protein. On leaf tissue of TwinLink cotton (expressing Cry1Ab and Cry2Ae), Cry2Ab2 resistance in H. zea was completely dominant. CONCLUSION These results have significant implications for understanding the widespread field-evolved resistance of H. zea against Cry1 and Cry2 proteins in Bt corn and cotton and should be useful in developing effective IRM strategies for H. zea. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - David L Kerns
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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13
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Coates BS, Abel CA, Swoboda-Bhattarai KA, Palmquist DE, Montezano DG, Zukoff SN, Wang Y, Bradshaw JD, DiFonzo CD, Shields E, Tilmon KJ, Hunt TE, Peterson JA. Geographic Distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1F Toxin Resistance in Western Bean Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in the United States. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2465-2472. [PMID: 32740653 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The western bean cutworm (WBC), Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), can be a severe pest of transgenic corn in the western Plains and Great Lakes regions of North America, including on hybrids expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1F toxin. The level and geographic distribution of Cry1F resistance are not completely known. Neonate S. albicosta from 10 locations between Nebraska and New York state were subjected to dose-response trypsin-activated native Cry1F toxin overlay bioassays. In 2017, the mean estimated lethal concentration causing 50% larval mortality (LC50) ranged from 15.1 to 18.4 µg Cry1F cm-2, and were not significantly different among locations. In 2018, LC50 estimates at Scottsbluff, NE (22.0 µg Cry1F cm-2) and Watertown, NY (21.7 µg Cry1F cm-2) were significantly higher when compared to locations in Michigan (15.8 µg Cry1F cm-2). Significantly lower 14-day larval weight among survivors was correlated with higher Cry1F dose. Results from this study indicate that S. albicosta survivorship on purified Bt Cry1F toxin shows a relatively even distribution across the native and range expansion areas where seasonal field infestations typically occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA
| | - Craig A Abel
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA
| | - Katharine A Swoboda-Bhattarai
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, NE
| | | | - Débora G Montezano
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, NE
| | - Sarah N Zukoff
- Kansas State University, Department of Entomology, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Garden City, KS
| | - Yangzhou Wang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Institute, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jeffrey D Bradshaw
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Entomology, Panhandle Research and Extension Center, Scottsbluff, NE
| | | | - Elson Shields
- Cornell University, Department of Entomology, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - Thomas E Hunt
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Entomology, Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, Concord, NE
| | - Julie A Peterson
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, NE
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14
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Brewer TR, Bonsall MB. Combining refuges with transgenic insect releases for the management of an insect pest with non-recessive resistance to Bt crops in agricultural landscapes. J Theor Biol 2020; 509:110514. [PMID: 33053395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reinforcing the high-dose/refuge strategy with releases of transgenic insects has been suggested as a method for simultaneously managing agricultural pest populations and resistance to transgenic crops. Theoretical and empirical studies have shown that these approaches can work when deployed against closed populations and the assumptions of the HDR strategy are met. However, field-evolved resistance is often linked to non-recessive resistance or refuge non-compliance, and pest management regimes are likely to take place at the landscape-level. It is therefore important to understand how effective such strategies are when resistance is non-recessive, and how they could be employed in agricultural landscapes. We developed a spatially-explicit model to investigate the efficacy of strategies combining refuges with transgenic insect releases to manage a pest with non-recessive resistance in agricultural landscapes. We compared two release strategies, area-wide releases and localised releases targeted at population hotspots, and analysed the effects of refuge and release parameters on population and resistance dynamics. Area-wide releases reliably achieved landscape-level pest eradication. Localised releases also eradicated the pest when low release thresholds were combined with high release ratios, and maintained the pest at low densities when insufficient to achieve extinction. Reinforcing refuges with localised releases also greatly enhanced the probability of resistance extinction. However, when resistance remained in the population, localised releases prevented resistance from reaching fixation rather than greatly delaying or reversing resistance evolution. Our work indicates that combining refuges with simple release policies is effective for landscape-level pest suppression when the HDR assumptions are violated, but more nuanced release strategies may be required to enhance the benefits to resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom R Brewer
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael B Bonsall
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom; St. Peter's College, New Inn Hall Street, Oxford OX1 2DL, United Kingdom
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15
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Bouwer G. A Framework for Effective Bt Maize IRM Programs: Incorporation of Lessons Learned From Busseola fusca Resistance Development. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:717. [PMID: 32754580 PMCID: PMC7365942 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bt maize is genetically engineered to express insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Bt maize is used extensively by South African farmers to reduce yield losses caused by lepidopteran larvae. Starting in the 2004/2005 season, severe Busseola fusca-associated damage to Cry1Ab-expressing Bt maize was noted by South African farmers. The unsatisfactory pest control was eventually attributed to the development of insect resistance to the Cry1Ab protein in the Bt maize hybrids. An assessment of the historical events surrounding the development of resistance by B. fusca showed that there was room for improvement both in the insect resistance management (IRM) strategy selected and the implementation of the strategy. With the recent arrival of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Africa, it is important to have IRM programs that are appropriate for all of the pests that constitute the maize lepidopteran pest complex. After the identification of shortcomings in the IRM programs implemented in South Africa, a framework is proposed for effective Bt maize IRM programs. The IRM framework integrates pre-marketing research, post-marketing monitoring, and two-level remedial action plans (RAPs). The core of the framework is a regulator-approved IRM strategy that is based on comprehensive pre-marketing research and serves to guide stakeholders during the post-marketing phase. The framework will assist technology developers and regulators, especially those with nascent regulatory systems, to select and implement IRM strategies that facilitate sustainable pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Bouwer
- Invertebrate Pathology and Biocontrol Laboratory, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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16
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Raeman R, Hua G, Zhang Q, Adang MJ. Fluorescent analyses of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Fa and Cry1Ab toxin binding sites on brush border membrane vesicles of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), Diatraea grandiosella (Dyar), and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) larvae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 167:104592. [PMID: 32527425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Fa and Cry1Ab proteins are important Cry toxins due to their high, selective toxicity against a number of lepidopteran species, including important pests of corn and cotton. Competition binding assays are a classical tool for investigating Cry toxin interactions with target pest insects. We developed a fluorescence-based binding assay and assessed Cry1Fa and Cry1Ab toxin binding to brush border membrane preparations from lepidopteran corn pests including Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer, ECB), Diatraea grandiosella (south western corn borer, SWCB), and Helicoverpa zea (corn earworm, CEW). Homologous and heterologous competition binding assays with fluorophore-(Alexa488)-labeled Cry1Fa toxin showed that Cry1Fa shares binding site(s) with Cry1Ab toxin in ECB, and SWCB for which Cry1Ab has higher affinity than Cry1Fa. Apart from the shared binding sites, Cry1Ab and Cry1Fa bind an additional site(s) in ECB and SWCB. In CEW, Cry1Fa and Cry1Ab each, has a high affinity binding site(s), which binds the heterologous toxin with low affinity. The Cry1Ab-Cry1Fa toxin binding models for ECB, SWCB and CEW based on our results are considered in the context of what is known about acquired cross-resistance against Cry1Ab and Cry1Fa toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reben Raeman
- Departments of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2603, United States of America
| | - Gang Hua
- Departments of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2603, United States of America
| | - Qi Zhang
- Departments of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2603, United States of America
| | - Michael J Adang
- Departments of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2603, United States of America; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2603, United States of America.
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17
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Hardwick KM, Ojwang' AME, Stomeo F, Maina S, Bichang'a G, Calatayud PA, Filée J, Djikeng A, Miller C, Cepko L, Darby AC, Le Ru B, Schaack S. Draft Genome of Busseola fusca, the Maize Stalk Borer, a Major Crop Pest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:2203-2207. [PMID: 31364706 PMCID: PMC6697066 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca, is an important Lepidopteran pest of cereal crops in Central, East, and Southern Africa. Crop losses due to B. fusca feeding activity vary by region, but can result in total crop loss in areas with high levels of infestation. Genomic resources provide critical insight into the biology of pest species and can allow for the development of effective management tools and strategies to mitigate their impact on agriculture. To this end, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the genome of B. fusca. The total assembled genome size was 492.9 Mb with 19,417 annotated protein-coding genes. Using a comparative approach, we identified a putative expansion in the Chorion gene family, which is involved in the formation of the egg shell structure. Our analysis revealed high repeat content within the B. fusca genome, with LTR sequences comprising the majority of the repetitive sequence. We hope genomic resources will provide a foundation for future work aimed at developing an integrated pest management strategy to reduce B. fusca’s impact on food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M Hardwick
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon.,Phylos Bioscience, Portland, Oregon
| | - Awino Maureiq Edith Ojwang'
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya.,Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Francesca Stomeo
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Solomon Maina
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya.,Agriculture Victoria Research, Horsham, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gladys Bichang'a
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Kenya.,International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul-André Calatayud
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.,Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jonathan Filée
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Miller
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Leah Cepko
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alistair C Darby
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Le Ru
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.,Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sarah Schaack
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon
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18
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Caprio MA, Kurtz R, Catchot A, Kerns D, Reisig D, Gore J, Reay-Jones FPF. The Corn-Cotton Agroecosystem in the Mid-Southern United States: What Insecticidal Event Pyramids Should be Used in Each Crop to Extend Vip3A Durability. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2894-2906. [PMID: 31375824 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) to Cry1A(b/c) and Cry2Ab2 toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) has increased and field efficacy is impacted in transgenic corn and cotton expressing these toxins. A third toxin, Vip3A, is available in pyramids expressing two or more Bt toxins in corn hybrids and cotton varieties, but uncertainty exists regarding deployment strategies. During a growing season, H. zea infests corn and cotton, and debate arises over use of Vip3A toxin in corn where H. zea is not an economic pest. We used a three-locus, spatially explicit simulation model to evaluate when using Vip3A in corn might hasten evolution of resistance to Vip3A, with implications in cotton where H. zea is a key pest. When using a conventional refuge in corn and initial resistance allele frequencies of Cry1A and Cry2A were 10%, transforming corn with Vip3A slowed resistance to these toxins and delayed resistance evolution to the three-toxin pyramid as a whole. When Cry resistance allele frequencies exceeded 30%, transforming corn with Vip3A hastened the evolution of resistance to the three-toxin pyramid in cotton. When using a seed blend refuge strategy, resistance was delayed longest when Vip3A was not incorporated into corn and used only in cotton. Simulations of conventional refuges were generally more durable than seed blends, even when 75% of the required refuge was not planted. Extended durability of conventional refuges compared to other models of resistance evolution are discussed as well as causes for unusual survivorship in seed blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Caprio
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | | | - Angus Catchot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - David Kerns
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX
| | - Dominic Reisig
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, Plymouth, NC
| | - Jeff Gore
- Delta Research & Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS
| | - Francis P F Reay-Jones
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC
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19
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Peterson B, Sanko TJ, Bezuidenhout CC, van den Berg J. Transcriptome and differentially expressed genes of Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae challenged with Cry1Ab toxin. Gene 2019; 710:387-398. [PMID: 31136783 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major insect pest of maize in sub-Saharan Africa, has developed high levels of non-recessive resistance to Cry1Ab toxin expressed in genetically modified Bt maize. Multiple resistance mechanisms to various Cry toxins have been identified in Lepidoptera, but no study has yet been done to determine the mechanism of Cry1Ab resistance in B. fusca. Therefore, the larval transcriptome of B. fusca was sequenced, de novo assembled and characterized. Differential expression analysis was performed to compare gene expression profiles of Cry toxin challenged and unchallenged neonate larvae to assess the molecular basis of the defence mechanism employed by this insect. Several genes associated with Cry toxin resistance in other lepidopteran pests were detected in B. fusca. Results suggest that differential expression of metabolic and immune-related genes might explain Cry1Ab toxin defence in this pest (supplemental file). Transcript expression profiles of neonates demonstrated that 33.59% and 60.31% of the 131 differentially expressed genes were upregulated and downregulated in the toxin-challenged neonate larvae, respectively. Transcripts were grouped into two subclusters according to the similarity of their expression patterns. Transcripts in subcluster 1 were moderately upregulated in the toxin-challenged neonate larvae, and, conversely, downregulated in the unchallenged neonate larvae. The solute carrier organic anion transporter, which is involved in insecticide detoxification, was upregulated in the toxin-challenged neonate larvae. Conversely, most of the transcripts in subcluster 2 were moderately downregulated in the toxin-challenged neonate larvae, and upregulated for neonates feeding on non-challenged maize. Four unidentified transcripts were extremely down-regulated in the toxin-challenged neonate larvae, and upregulated in the unchallenged neonate larvae. Further studies are recommended to establish if there is a direct correlation between these differentially expressed genes and the observed resistance. Elucidation of such defence mechanisms is crucial for developing insect resistance management strategies to ensure sustainable use of genetically modified maize in Africa. Nevertheless, this is the first study on gene expression profiles of B. fusca strains challenged with Cry toxin. The transcriptome characterized in this study provides a significant resource base for future studies on B. fusca and contributes to understanding some of the gene regulation and signalling networks involved in the defence of B. fusca against Cry1Ab toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Peterson
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
| | - Tomasz Janusz Sanko
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Cornelius Carlos Bezuidenhout
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
| | - Johnnie van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
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20
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Strydom E, Erasmus A, du Plessis H, Van den Berg J. Resistance Status of Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations to Single- and Stacked-Gene Bt Maize in South Africa. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:305-315. [PMID: 30321350 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic Bt maize expressing Cry insecticidal δ-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis has been cultivated in South Africa for the control of Busseola fusca since 1998. Busseola fusca is resistant to Cry1Ab Bt maize at many localities throughout the maize production region. Pre-release evaluation (1994-1996) of the inherent susceptibility and post-release assessments (1998-2011) of resistance status of B. fusca focused on a limited number of pest populations. This study reports the current levels of susceptibility of 10 B. fusca populations evaluated between 2013 and 2017 and compared this data with previously reported data on the survival of this pest on Bt maize, including data of pre-release evaluations done during 1994 and 1995. Larval feeding bioassays in which plant tissue of maize events expressing either Cry1Ab or Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2 (stacked event) proteins were conducted and survival and different life history parameters recorded. Results show a shift in levels of susceptibility of B. fusca to Bt maize. Pre-release evaluation of the single-gene event showed very low larval survival on Bt maize leaf tissue while studies 10 yr later and the current study reported survival of up to 40% and 100% on Cry1Ab maize, respectively. While no larvae completed their life cycle on the stacked event, higher LT50 values in this study indicate a shift in susceptibility of B. fusca to the stacked-gene event and highlight the importance of baseline information and monitoring of pest populations for their susceptibility to Bt maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Strydom
- Agricultural Research Council, Grain Crops, Private Bag, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, IPM Program, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - A Erasmus
- Agricultural Research Council, Grain Crops, Private Bag, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - H du Plessis
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, IPM Program, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - J Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, IPM Program, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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21
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Bacillus thuringiensis-Based Gene Pyramiding: a Way Forward for a Combined Horizontal and Vertical Resistance in Plant. BACILLI IN CLIMATE RESILIENT AGRICULTURE AND BIOPROSPECTING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15175-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Badji A, Otim M, Machida L, Odong T, Kwemoi DB, Okii D, Agbahoungba S, Mwila N, Kumi F, Ibanda A, Mugo S, Kyamanywa S, Rubaihayo P. Maize Combined Insect Resistance Genomic Regions and Their Co-localization With Cell Wall Constituents Revealed by Tissue-Specific QTL Meta-Analyses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:895. [PMID: 30026746 PMCID: PMC6041972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial insect attacks on maize leaves, stems, and kernels cause significant yield losses and mycotoxin contaminations. Several small effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) control maize resistance to stem borers and storage pests and are correlated with secondary metabolites. However, efficient use of QTL in molecular breeding requires a synthesis of the available resistance information. In this study, separate meta-analyses of QTL of maize response to stem borers and storage pests feeding on leaves, stems, and kernels along with maize cell wall constituents discovered in these tissues generated 24 leaf (LIR), 42 stem (SIR), and 20 kernel (KIR) insect resistance meta-QTL (MQTL) of a diverse genetic and geographical background. Most of these MQTL involved resistance to several insect species, therefore, generating a significant interest for multiple-insect resistance breeding. Some of the LIR MQTL such as LIR4, 17, and 22 involve resistance to European corn borer, sugarcane borer, and southwestern corn borer. Eleven out of the 42 SIR MQTL related to resistance to European corn borer and Mediterranean corn borer. There KIR MQTL, KIR3, 15, and 16 combined resistance to kernel damage by the maize weevil and the Mediterranean corn borer and could be used in breeding to reduce insect-related post-harvest grain yield loss and field to storage mycotoxin contamination. This meta-analysis corroborates the significant role played by cell wall constituents in maize resistance to insect since the majority of the MQTL contain QTL for members of the hydroxycinnamates group such as p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and other diferulates and derivates, and fiber components such as acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and lignin. Stem insect resistance MQTL display several co-localization between fiber and hydroxycinnamate components corroborating the hypothesis of cross-linking between these components that provide mechanical resistance to insect attacks. Our results highlight the existence of combined-insect resistance genomic regions in maize and set the basis of multiple-pests resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arfang Badji
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- *Correspondence: Arfang Badji
| | - Michael Otim
- Cereals Program, National Crop Resource Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lewis Machida
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas Odong
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Dennis Okii
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Natasha Mwila
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Frank Kumi
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Angele Ibanda
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Mugo
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kyamanywa
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Rubaihayo
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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23
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Sudo M, Takahashi D, Andow DA, Suzuki Y, Yamanaka T. Optimal management strategy of insecticide resistance under various insect life histories: Heterogeneous timing of selection and interpatch dispersal. Evol Appl 2017; 11:271-283. [PMID: 29387161 PMCID: PMC5775500 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although theoretical studies have shown that the mixture strategy, which uses multiple toxins simultaneously, can effectively delay the evolution of insecticide resistance, whether it is the optimal management strategy under different insect life histories and insecticide types remains unknown. To test the robustness of this management strategy over different life histories, we developed a series of simulation models that cover almost all the diploid insect types and have the same basic structure describing pest population dynamics and resistance evolution with discrete time steps. For each of two insecticidal toxins, independent one‐locus two‐allele autosomal inheritance of resistance was assumed. The simulations demonstrated the optimality of the mixture strategy either when insecticide efficacy was incomplete or when some part of the population disperses between patches before mating. The rotation strategy, which uses one insecticide on one pest generation and a different one on the next, did not differ from sequential usage in the time to resistance, except when dominance was low. It was the optimal strategy when insecticide efficacy was high and premating selection and dispersal occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sudo
- Statistical Modeling UnitInstitute for Agro-Environmental Sciences NARO, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan.,Tea Pest Management Unit Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science NARO, Kanaya, Shimada, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - David A Andow
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Yoshito Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo Kyoto Japan
| | - Takehiko Yamanaka
- Statistical Modeling UnitInstitute for Agro-Environmental Sciences NARO, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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Fitness costs and inheritance of Cry2Ab2 resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 149:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Li Y, Gao Y, Wu K. Function and effectiveness of natural refuge in IRM strategies for Bt crops. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 21:1-6. [PMID: 28822481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several strategies involving refuge have been proposed for delaying insect resistance to Bt crops. The report was focused on the unstructured 'natural' refuges that contain plants naturally presented as part of the cropping system in the form of non-Bt plants that differ from Bt plant species, or wild host plants of the target pests. The cases of natural refuges applied in different countries were analyzed, and the factors that favor their success are discussed. The results indicate that the effectiveness of a natural refuge strategy depends on the biological characteristics of the target pest, the spatial and temporal distribution and abundance of the host plants in the agricultural system and the quality of the host plants for the pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Van den Berg J. Insect Resistance Management in Bt Maize: Wild Host Plants of Stem Borers Do Not Serve as Refuges in Africa. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:221-229. [PMID: 28007833 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance evolution by target pests threatens the sustainability of Bt maize in Africa where insect resistance management (IRM) strategies are faced by unique challenges. The assumptions, on which current IRM strategies for stem borers are based, are not all valid for African maize stem borer species. The high dose-refuge strategy which is used to delay resistance evolution relies heavily on the presence of appropriate refuges (non-Bt plants) where pests are not under selection pressure and where sufficient numbers of Bt-susceptible individuals are produced to mate with possible survivors on the Bt maize crop. Misidentification of stem borer species and inaccurate reporting on wild host plant diversity over the past six decades created the perception that grasses will contribute to IRM strategies for these pests in Africa. Desired characteristics of refuge plants are that they should be good pest hosts, implying that larval survival is high and that it produces sufficient numbers of high-quality moths. Refuge plants should also have large cover abundance in areas where Bt maize is planted. While wild host plants may suffice in IRM strategies for polyphagous pests, this is not the case with stenophagous pests. This review discusses data of ecological studies and stem borer surveys conducted over the past decade and shows that wild host plants are unsuitable for development and survival of sufficient numbers of stem borer individuals. These grasses rather act as dead-end-trap plants and do not comply with refuge requirements of producing 500 susceptible individuals for every one resistant individual that survives on Bt maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Jiménez-Galindo JC, Ordás B, Butrón A, Samayoa LF, Malvar RA. QTL Mapping for Yield and Resistance against Mediterranean Corn Borer in Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:698. [PMID: 28533785 PMCID: PMC5420578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The Mediterranean corn borer (MCB), Sesamia nonagrioides, is a major pest of maize, Zea mays, in Mediterranean countries, inflicting significant kernel yield losses. For that reason, it necessary to know the genetic mechanisms that regulate the agronomic and resistance traits. A quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping study for yield, resistance against MCB attack, and other relevant agronomic traits was performed using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross A637 × A509 that is expected to segregate for yield, and ear, and stalk resistance to MCB. 171 RILs were evaluated in 2014 and 2015 at Pontevedra, Spain, along with the two parental inbreds A637 and A509 using a 13 × 14 single lattice design with two replications. A genetic map with 285 SNP markers was used for QTL analysis. Our objectives were to detect QTL for resistance to MCB and tolerance-related agronomic traits, to gain insights on the genetic relationship between resistance to MCB attack and yield, and to establish the best way for simultaneously improving yield and resistance to MCB. Results: Twelve significant QTL were detected for agronomic and resistance traits. QTL at bins 1.10 and 5.04 were especially interesting because the same allelic variant at these QTL simultaneously improved yield and insect resistance. In contrast, in the region 8.04-8.05, QTL showed opposite effects for yield and resistance. Several QTL for indexes which combine yield and resistance traits were found especially in the region 10.02-10.03. Conclusions: Selecting genotypes with the favorable allele of QTL on chromosome 5 (bin 5.01) will decrease tunnel length without affect yield, silking and plant height and QTL on the region 5.04 could be used to improve stalk resistance and yield simultaneously. An allele of QTL on bin 9.07 will increase ear resistance to MCB attack but it could produce later varieties while favorable allele in region 1.10 could improve ear and stalk resistance and yield without secondary negative effects. The region 8.03-8.05 mainly but also the region 10.02-10.03 and 5.04 may play an important role to elucidate the association between yield, other agronomic traits and MCB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C. Jiménez-Galindo
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research CouncilPontevedra, Spain
- National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock ResearchChihuahua, Mexico
- *Correspondence: José C. Jiménez-Galindo
| | - Bernardo Ordás
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research CouncilPontevedra, Spain
| | - Ana Butrón
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research CouncilPontevedra, Spain
| | - Luis F. Samayoa
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rosa A. Malvar
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research CouncilPontevedra, Spain
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Erasmus A, Marais J, Van den Berg J. Movement and survival of Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae within maize plantings with different ratios of non-Bt and Bt seed. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:2287-2294. [PMID: 26990107 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Products of plant biotechnology, for example genetically modified Bt maize, provide useful tools for pest management. The benefits provided by insect-resistant plants are, however, threatened by the evolution of resistance by target pest species. The high-dose/refuge insect resistance management strategy (IRM) as well as seed mixtures are globally used as IRM strategies. Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the target stem borer of Bt maize in Africa, evolved resistance to Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab protein in South Africa. Owing to high larval mobility and subsequent sublethal exposure of larvae moving between non-Bt and Bt plants, more rapid resistance evolution has been proposed as a possibility with deployment of seed mixture strategies. RESULTS Laboratory and field studies were conducted to study B. fusca larval mobility. In the laboratory, different scenarios of B. fusca larval movement between single-gene (Cry1Ab) and stacked-trait (Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2) Bt maize were studied. Data on larval survival and mass over time indicated that Cry proteins do not kill larvae above certain developmental stages. A 2 year field study with the single gene and the stacked event was conducted using seed mixtures containing 5, 10, 15 and 20% non-Bt seed as well as a control treatment (non-Bt seed only). CONCLUSION Larval movement continued for 5 weeks and resulted in a significant incidence of Bt and non-Bt damaged plants, indicating that the movement behaviour of B. fusca is of such a nature that seed mixtures as an IRM strategy may not be effective to delay resistance evolution. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaco Marais
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Johnnie Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Genetic hitchhiking and resistance evolution to transgenic Bt toxins: insights from the African stalk borer Busseola fusca (Noctuidae). Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 118:330-339. [PMID: 27782120 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins were first released, resistance evolution leading to failure in control of pests populations has been observed in a number of species. Field resistance of the moth Busseola fusca was acknowledged 8 years after Bt maize was introduced in South Africa. Since then, field resistance of this corn borer has been observed at several locations, raising questions about the nature, distribution and dynamics of the resistance trait. Using genetic markers, our study identified four outlier loci clearly associated with resistance. In addition, genetic structure at neutral loci reflected extensive gene flow among populations. A realistically parameterised model suggests that resistance could travel in space at speed of several kilometres a year. Markers at outlier loci delineated a geographic region associated with resistance spread. This was an area of approximately 100 km radius, including the location where resistance was first reported. Controlled crosses corroborated these findings and showed significant differences of progeny survival on Bt plants depending on the origin of the resistant parent. Last, our study suggests diverse resistance mutations, which would explain the widespread occurrence of resistant larvae in Bt fields across the main area of maize production in South Africa.
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Bernardi O, Bernardi D, Horikoshi RJ, Okuma DM, Miraldo LL, Fatoretto J, Medeiros FC, Burd T, Omoto C. Selection and characterization of resistance to the Vip3Aa20 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis in Spodoptera frugiperda. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:1794-1802. [PMID: 26733182 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spodoptera frugiperda is one the main target pests of maize events expressing Vip3Aa20 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in Brazil. In this study, we selected a resistant strain of S. frugiperda on Bt maize expressing Vip3Aa20 protein and characterized the inheritance and fitness costs of the resistance. RESULTS The resistance ratio of the Vip3Aa20-resistant strain of S. frugiperda was >3200-fold. Neonates of the Vip3Aa20-resistant strain were able to survive and emerge as fertile adults on Vip3Aa20 maize, while larvae from susceptible and heterozygous strains did not survive. The inheritance of Vip3Aa20 resistance was autosomal recessive and monogenic. Life history studies to investigate fitness cost revealed an 11% reduction in the survival rate until adult stage and a ∼50% lower reproductive rate of the Vip3Aa20-resistant strain compared with susceptible and heterozygous strains. CONCLUSION This is the first characterization of S. frugiperda resistance to Vip3Aa protein. Our results provide useful information for resistance management programs designed to prevent or delay resistance evolution to Vip3Aa proteins in S. frugiperda. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oderlei Bernardi
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Bernardi
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato J Horikoshi
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Okuma
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L Miraldo
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tony Burd
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Celso Omoto
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Coates BS. Bacillus thuringiensis toxin resistance mechanisms among Lepidoptera: progress on genomic approaches to uncover causal mutations in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 15:70-77. [PMID: 27436734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants that express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal (Cry) protein toxins (Bt crops) effectively control feeding by the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, although documented resistance evolution among a number of species in both the laboratory and field has heightened concerns about the durability of this technology. Research has provided major insights into the mutations that alter Bt toxin binding receptor structure and function within the midgut of Lepidoptera that directly impacts the efficacy of Bt toxins, and potentially leads to the evolution of resistance to Bt crops in the field. In this manuscript we provide an overview of available data on the identification of genes involved in high levels of resistance to Cry toxins, with emphasis on resistance described for O. nubilalis as the main target of Bt corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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Genetic Engineering and Sustainable Crop Disease Management: Opportunities for Case-by-Case Decision-Making. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8050495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Campagne P, Smouse PE, Pasquet R, Silvain JF, Le Ru B, Van den Berg J. Impact of violated high-dose refuge assumptions on evolution of Bt resistance. Evol Appl 2016; 9:596-607. [PMID: 27099624 PMCID: PMC4831461 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins have been widely and successfully deployed for the control of target pests, while allowing a substantial reduction in insecticide use. The evolution of resistance (a heritable decrease in susceptibility to Bt toxins) can pose a threat to sustained control of target pests, but a high‐dose refuge (HDR) management strategy has been key to delaying countervailing evolution of Bt resistance. The HDR strategy relies on the mating frequency between susceptible and resistant individuals, so either partial dominance of resistant alleles or nonrandom mating in the pest population itself could elevate the pace of resistance evolution. Using classic Wright‐Fisher genetic models, we investigated the impact of deviations from standard refuge model assumptions on resistance evolution in the pest populations. We show that when Bt selection is strong, even deviations from random mating and/or strictly recessive resistance that are below the threshold of detection can yield dramatic increases in the pace of resistance evolution. Resistance evolution is hastened whenever the order of magnitude of model violations exceeds the initial frequency of resistant alleles. We also show that the existence of a fitness cost for resistant individuals on the refuge crop cannot easily overcome the effect of violated HDR assumptions. We propose a parametrically explicit framework that enables both comparison of various field situations and model inference. Using this model, we propose novel empiric estimators of the pace of resistance evolution (and time to loss of control), whose simple calculation relies on the observed change in resistance allele frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Campagne
- Laboratoire Évolution, Génome et Spéciation CNRS UPR 9034 Unité de Recherche IRD 072 Gif-sur-Yvette France; Université Paris-Sud 11 OrsayFrance; Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources School of Environmental & Biological Sciences Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA; Noctuid Stem Borers Biodiversity in Africa Project Environmental Health Division International Centre for Insect Physiology & Ecology Nairobi Kenya; Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Peter E Smouse
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources School of Environmental & Biological Sciences Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Rémy Pasquet
- Laboratoire Évolution, Génome et Spéciation CNRS UPR 9034 Unité de Recherche IRD 072 Gif-sur-Yvette France; Université Paris-Sud 11 Orsay France; Noctuid Stem Borers Biodiversity in Africa Project Environmental Health Division International Centre for Insect Physiology & Ecology Nairobi Kenya
| | - Jean-François Silvain
- Laboratoire Évolution, Génome et Spéciation CNRS UPR 9034 Unité de Recherche IRD 072 Gif-sur-Yvette France; Université Paris-Sud 11 Orsay France
| | - Bruno Le Ru
- Laboratoire Évolution, Génome et Spéciation CNRS UPR 9034 Unité de Recherche IRD 072 Gif-sur-Yvette France; Université Paris-Sud 11 Orsay France; Noctuid Stem Borers Biodiversity in Africa Project Environmental Health Division International Centre for Insect Physiology & Ecology Nairobi Kenya
| | - Johnnie Van den Berg
- School of Biological Sciences - Zoology North-West University Potchefstroom South Africa
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García M, Ortego F, Hernández-Crespo P, Farinós GP, Castañera P. Inheritance, fitness costs, incomplete resistance and feeding preferences in a laboratory-selected MON810-resistant strain of the true armyworm Mythimna unipuncta. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:1631-1639. [PMID: 25565147 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low efficacy of MON810 maize against Mythimna unipuncta represents a scenario of non-compliance with the 'high-dose' strategy, raising concerns about potential resistance development and outbreaks of this secondary pest. The present study offers insight into the different components related to resistance in a laboratory-selected MON810-resistant (MR) strain of M. unipuncta. RESULTS The resistance in the MR strain is autosomal and inherited as a partially dominant trait. We have found a lack of fitness costs in this strain for essential life history traits, reproductive potential and most of the population growth parameters analysed, the only exception being an increment in the mean generation time. Larvae of the MR strain reared on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize took longer to develop, presented a high adult cumulative emergence time and had lower growth rate than those reared on non-Bt maize, suggesting the existence of incomplete resistance. Feeding preference assays reveal a low discrimination between Bt and conventional maize. CONCLUSION Both resistant and heterozygous larvae of M. unipuncta survive the Cry1Ab toxin expressed on Bt maize, with a weak fitness cost for the homozygous larvae, indicating the potential risk of field-evolved resistance and its relevance to resistance monitoring. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías García
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Ortego
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Hernández-Crespo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema P Farinós
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Castañera
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Samayoa LF, Malvar RA, McMullen MD, Butrón A. Identification of QTL for resistance to Mediterranean corn borer in a maize tropical line to improve temperate germplasm. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:265. [PMID: 26530038 PMCID: PMC4632334 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A QTL mapping study for maize resistance to the Mediterranean corn borer (MCB) was performed with a RIL population derived from the cross B73 × CML103. To develop commercial inbreds of maize resistant to the MCB for use in Europe, it would be useful to transfer resistance from tropical germplasm like the subtropical inbred CML103 to temperate lines. The inbred B73 was chosen as representative of the Stiff Stock heterotic group, a major heterotic group used in hybrid grown in both North American and Europe. The objectives were to study the architecture of genetic factors for resistance to MCB and to check the feasibility of using marker-assisted selection (MAS) for transferring those genetic factors. RESULTS Eight quantitative trait loci (QTL) were declared significant for resistance traits and eight QTL were located for agronomic traits. Alleles from CML103 at QTL significant for tunnel length could reduce tunnel length made for MCB in inbred B73 in more than 8 cm; favorable alleles for yield were also found in CML103 and no genetic correlation coefficient between tunnel length and yield was detected. CONCLUSIONS MAS for transferring resistance genes to corn borer attack from CML103 to B73 could be successful based on cross validation results and a negative effect on yield would not be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Samayoa
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), P.O. Box 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Rosa Ana Malvar
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), P.O. Box 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Michael D McMullen
- Plant Sciences Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service; and Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Ana Butrón
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), P.O. Box 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain.
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Revised annual post‐market environmental monitoring (PMEM) report on the cultivation of genetically modified maize MON 810 in 2013 from Monsanto Europe S.A. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Identification, inheritance, and fitness costs of Cry2Ab2 resistance in a field-derived population of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Coates BS, Siegfried BD. Linkage of an ABCC transporter to a single QTL that controls Ostrinia nubilalis larval resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Fa toxin. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 63:86-96. [PMID: 26093031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Field evolved resistance of insect populations to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystalline (Cry) toxins expressed by crop plants has resulted in reduced control of insect feeding damage to field crops, and threatens the sustainability of Bt transgenic technologies. A single quantitative trait locus (QTL) that determines resistance in Ostrinia nubilalis larvae capable of surviving on reproductive stage transgenic corn that express the Bt Cry1Fa toxin was previously mapped to linkage group 12 (LG12) in a backcross pedigree. Fine mapping with high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) anchor markers, a candidate ABC transporter (abcc2) marker, and de novo mutations predicted from a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data redefined a 268.8 cM LG12. The single QTL on LG12 spanned an approximate 46.1 cM region, in which marker 02302.286 and abcc2 were ≤ 2.81 cM, and the GBS marker 697 was an estimated 1.89 cM distant from the causal genetic factor. This positional mapping data showed that an O. nubilalis genome region encoding an abcc2 transporter is in proximity to a single QTL involved in the inheritance of Cry1F resistance, and will assist in the future identification the mutation(s) involved with this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Genetics Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Samayoa LF, Malvar RA, Olukolu BA, Holland JB, Butrón A. Genome-wide association study reveals a set of genes associated with resistance to the Mediterranean corn borer (Sesamia nonagrioides L.) in a maize diversity panel. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:35. [PMID: 25652257 PMCID: PMC4340109 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corn borers are the primary maize pest; their feeding on the pith results in stem damage and yield losses. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify SNPs associated with resistance to Mediterranean corn borer in a maize diversity panel using a set of more than 240,000 SNPs. RESULTS Twenty five SNPs were significantly associated with three resistance traits: 10 were significantly associated with tunnel length, 4 with stem damage, and 11 with kernel resistance. Allelic variation at each significant SNP was associated with from 6 to 9% of the phenotypic variance. A set of genes containing or physically close to these SNPs are proposed as candidate genes for borer resistance, supported by their involvement in plant defense-related mechanisms in previously published evidence. The linkage disequilibrium decayed (r(2) < 0.10) rapidly within short distance, suggesting high resolution of GWAS associations. CONCLUSIONS Most of the candidate genes found in this study are part of signaling pathways, others act as regulator of expression under biotic stress condition, and a few genes are encoding enzymes with antibiotic effect against insects such as the cystatin1 gene and the defensin proteins. These findings contribute to the understanding the complex relationship between plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Samayoa
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), P.O. Box 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Rosa Ana Malvar
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), P.O. Box 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Bode A Olukolu
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.
| | - James B Holland
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.
| | - Ana Butrón
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), P.O. Box 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain.
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Statement on a request from the European Commission related to an emergency measure notified by France under Article 34 of Regulation (EC) 1829/2003 to prohibit the cultivation of genetically modified maize MON 810. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Ecology of the African Maize Stalk Borer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Special Reference to Insect-Plant Interactions. INSECTS 2014; 5:539-63. [PMID: 26462824 PMCID: PMC4592576 DOI: 10.3390/insects5030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize and sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa. One century after its first description by Fuller in 1901, inaccurate information based on earlier reports are still propagated on its distribution (e.g., absent from the lower altitudes in East Africa) and host plant range (e.g., feeding on a large range of wild grass species). This review provides updated information on the biology, distribution and genetics of B. fusca with emphasis on insect-plant interactions. Related to this, new avenues of stem borer management are proposed.
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Dupas S, le Ru B, Branca A, Faure N, Gigot G, Campagne P, Sezonlin M, Ndemah R, Ong'amo G, Calatayud PA, Silvain JF. Phylogeography in continuous space: coupling species distribution models and circuit theory to assess the effect of contiguous migration at different climatic periods on genetic differentiation inBusseola fusca(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2313-25. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dupas
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation; UPR 9034; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; UR 072; 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
- Université Paris-Sud 11; 91405 Orsay France
| | - B. le Ru
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation; UPR 9034; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; UR 072; 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
- Université Paris-Sud 11; 91405 Orsay France
- Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health; PO Box 30772-00100 Nairobi Kenya
| | - A. Branca
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Bâtiment 360; Université Paris-Sud; F-91405 Orsay France
| | - N. Faure
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation; UPR 9034; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; UR 072; 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - G. Gigot
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation; UPR 9034; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; UR 072; 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - P. Campagne
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation; UPR 9034; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; UR 072; 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - M. Sezonlin
- Département de Zoologie et de Génétique; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques; Université d'Abomey - Calavi; 01 BP 526 Cotonou Bénin
| | - R. Ndemah
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture; PO Box 2008 Messa Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - G. Ong'amo
- Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health; PO Box 30772-00100 Nairobi Kenya
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Nairobi; PO Box 30197 Nairobi Kenya
| | - P.-A. Calatayud
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation; UPR 9034; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; UR 072; 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
- Université Paris-Sud 11; 91405 Orsay France
- Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health; PO Box 30772-00100 Nairobi Kenya
| | - J.-F. Silvain
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation; UPR 9034; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; UR 072; 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
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