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Whitfield SJ, Padgen DB, Knight S, Gwyther RJ, Holley JL, Clark GC, Green AC. Establishment of a Novel Oral Murine Model of Ricin Intoxication and Efficacy Assessment of Ovine Ricin Antitoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E784. [PMID: 33302573 PMCID: PMC7764460 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, produced from the castor beans of Ricinus communis, is a cytotoxin that exerts its action by inactivating ribosomes and causing cell death. Accidental (e.g., ingestion of castor beans) and/or intentional (e.g., suicide) exposure to ricin through the oral route is an area of concern from a public health perspective and no current licensed medical interventions exist to protect from the action of the toxin. Therefore, we examined the oral toxicity of ricin in Balb/C mice and developed a robust food deprivation model of ricin oral intoxication that has enabled the assessment of potential antitoxin treatments. A lethal oral dose was identified and mice were found to succumb to the toxin within 48 h of exposure. We then examined whether a despeciated ovine F(ab')2 antibody fragment, that had previously been demonstrated to protect mice from exposure to aerosolised ricin, could also protect against oral intoxication. Mice were challenged orally with an LD99 of ricin, and 89 and 44% of mice exposed to this otherwise lethal exposure survived after receiving either the parent anti-ricin IgG or F(ab')2, respectively. Combined with our previous work, these results further highlight the benefit of ovine-derived polyclonal antibody antitoxin in providing post-exposure protection against ricin intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Whitfield
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Debbie B. Padgen
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Simon Knight
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Robert J. Gwyther
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Jane L. Holley
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Graeme C. Clark
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, IC2 Building, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - A. Christopher Green
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
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Maltseva DV, Shkurnikov MY, Nersisyan SA, Nikulin SV, Kurnosov AA, Raigorodskaya MP, Osipyants AI, Tonevitsky EA. Hypoxia enhances transcytosis in intestinal enterocytes. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2020.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the intestinal epithelial cell lining is crucial for the normal intestinal function. As a rule, intestinal inflammation is associated with additional tissue hypoxia, leading to the loss of epithelial monolayer integrity. However, in the absence of visible damage to the epithelium, there still might be a risk of infection driven by changes in the intracellular transport of bacteria-containing vesicles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hypoxia on transcytosis using a human intestinal enterocyte model. We found that hypoxia enhances transcytosis of the model protein ricin 1.8-fold. The comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses revealed significant changes in the expression of genes involved in intracellular vesicle transport. Specifically, the expression of apoB (the regulator of lipid metabolism) was changed at both protein (6.5-fold) and mRNA (2.1-fold) levels. Further research is needed into the possible mechanism regulating gene expression in intestinal erythrocytes under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- DV Maltseva
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - MYu Shkurnikov
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia; P. A. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Center, branch of the National Medical Research Radiology Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - SA Nersisyan
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - SV Nikulin
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - AA Kurnosov
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - AI Osipyants
- P. A. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Center, branch of the National Medical Research Radiology Center, Moscow, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - EA Tonevitsky
- Fund for Development of Innovative Scientific-Technological Center Mendeleev Valley, Moscow, Russia
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Acosta W, Cramer CL. Targeting Macromolecules to CNS and Other Hard-to-Treat Organs Using Lectin-Mediated Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030971. [PMID: 32024082 PMCID: PMC7037663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The greatest challenges for therapeutic efficacy of many macromolecular drugs that act on intracellular are delivery to key organs and tissues and delivery into cells and subcellular compartments. Transport of drugs into critical cells associated with disease, including those in organs protected by restrictive biological barriers such as central nervous system (CNS), bone, and eye remains a significant hurdle to drug efficacy and impacts commercial risk and incentives for drug development for many diseases. These limitations expose a significant need for the development of novel strategies for macromolecule delivery. RTB lectin is the non-toxic carbohydrate-binding subunit B of ricin toxin with high affinity for galactose/galactosamine-containing glycolipids and glycoproteins common on human cell surfaces. RTB mediates endocytic uptake into mammalian cells by multiple routes exploiting both adsorptive-mediated and receptor-mediated mechanisms. In vivo biodistribution studies in lysosomal storage disease models provide evidence for the theory that the RTB-lectin transports corrective doses of enzymes across the blood–brain barrier to treat CNS pathologies. These results encompass significant implications for protein-based therapeutic approaches to address lysosomal and other diseases having strong CNS involvement.
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Modeling Host-Pathogen Interactions in the Context of the Microenvironment: Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Comes of Age. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00282-18. [PMID: 30181350 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00282-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues and organs provide the structural and biochemical landscapes upon which microbial pathogens and commensals function to regulate health and disease. While flat two-dimensional (2-D) monolayers composed of a single cell type have provided important insight into understanding host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease mechanisms, these reductionist models lack many essential features present in the native host microenvironment that are known to regulate infection, including three-dimensional (3-D) architecture, multicellular complexity, commensal microbiota, gas exchange and nutrient gradients, and physiologically relevant biomechanical forces (e.g., fluid shear, stretch, compression). A major challenge in tissue engineering for infectious disease research is recreating this dynamic 3-D microenvironment (biological, chemical, and physical/mechanical) to more accurately model the initiation and progression of host-pathogen interactions in the laboratory. Here we review selected 3-D models of human intestinal mucosa, which represent a major portal of entry for infectious pathogens and an important niche for commensal microbiota. We highlight seminal studies that have used these models to interrogate host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease mechanisms, and we present this literature in the appropriate historical context. Models discussed include 3-D organotypic cultures engineered in the rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor, extracellular matrix (ECM)-embedded/organoid models, and organ-on-a-chip (OAC) models. Collectively, these technologies provide a more physiologically relevant and predictive framework for investigating infectious disease mechanisms and antimicrobial therapies at the intersection of the host, microbe, and their local microenvironments.
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Nikulin SV, Mnafki NA, Shilin SA, Gazizov IN, Maltseva DV. Ribosome Inactivation and the Integrity of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Maresca M, Pinton P, Ajandouz EH, Menard S, Ferrier L, Oswald IP. Overview and Comparison of Intestinal Organotypic Models, Intestinal Cells, and Intestinal Explants Used for Toxicity Studies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 430:247-264. [PMID: 30259111 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is a complex organ formed of different types of cell distributed in different layers of tissue. To minimize animal experiments, for decades, researchers have been trying to develop in vitro/ex vivo systems able to mimic the cellular diversity naturally found in the gut. Such models not only help our understanding of the gut physiology but also of intestinal toxicity. This review describes the different systems used to evaluate the effects of drugs/contaminants on intestinal functions and compares their advantages and limitations. The comparison showed that the organotypic model is the best available model to perform intestinal toxicity studies, including on human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Maresca
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Sandrine Menard
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Ferrier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Delaney B. In vitro studies with human intestinal epithelial cell line monolayers for protein hazard characterization. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:425-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jandhyala DM, Wong J, Mantis NJ, Magun BE, Leong JM, Thorpe CM. A Novel Zak Knockout Mouse with a Defective Ribotoxic Stress Response. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8090259. [PMID: 27598200 PMCID: PMC5037485 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin activates the proinflammatory ribotoxic stress response through the mitogen activated protein 3 kinase (MAP3K) ZAK, resulting in activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 and JNK1/2. We had a novel zak−/− mouse generated to study the role of ZAK signaling in vivo during ricin intoxication. To characterize this murine strain, we intoxicated zak−/− and zak+/+ bone marrow–derived murine macrophages with ricin, measured p38 and JNK1/2 activation by Western blot, and measured zak, c-jun, and cxcl-1 expression by qRT-PCR. To determine whether zak−/− mice differed from wild-type mice in their in vivo response to ricin, we performed oral ricin intoxication experiments with zak+/+ and zak−/− mice, using blinded histopathology scoring of duodenal tissue sections to determine differences in tissue damage. Unlike macrophages derived from zak+/+ mice, those derived from the novel zak−/− strain fail to activate p38 and JNK1/2 and have decreased c-jun and cxcl-1 expression following ricin intoxication. Furthermore, compared with zak+/+ mice, zak−/− mice have decreased duodenal damage following in vivo ricin challenge. zak−/− mice demonstrate a distinct ribotoxic stress–associated phenotype in response to ricin and therefore provide a new animal model for in vivo studies of ZAK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakshina M Jandhyala
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - John Wong
- School of Nursing, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Bruce E Magun
- School of Nursing, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - John M Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Cheleste M Thorpe
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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