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Sousa J, Santos-Pereira C, Gomes JS, Costa ÂMA, Santos AO, Franco-Duarte R, Linhares JMM, Sousa SF, Silvério SC, Rodrigues LR. Heterologous expression and structure prediction of a xylanase identified from a compost metagenomic library. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:329. [PMID: 38727750 PMCID: PMC11087322 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Xylanases are key biocatalysts in the degradation of the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages in the xylan backbone of hemicellulose. These enzymes are potentially applied in a wide range of bioprocessing industries under harsh conditions. Metagenomics has emerged as powerful tools for the bioprospection and discovery of interesting bioactive molecules from extreme ecosystems with unique features, such as high temperatures. In this study, an innovative combination of function-driven screening of a compost metagenomic library and automatic extraction of halo areas with in-house MATLAB functions resulted in the identification of a promising clone with xylanase activity (LP4). The LP4 clone proved to be an effective xylanase producer under submerged fermentation conditions. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the xylanase, Xyl4, corresponded to an endo-1,4-β-xylanase belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 10 (GH10). When xyl4 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), the enzyme activity increased about 2-fold compared to the LP4 clone. To get insight on the interaction of the enzyme with the substrate and establish possible strategies to improve its activity, the structure of Xyl4 was predicted, refined, and docked with xylohexaose. Our data unveiled, for the first time, the relevance of the amino acids Glu133 and Glu238 for catalysis, and a close inspection of the catalytic site suggested that the replacement of Phe316 by a bulkier Trp may improve Xyl4 activity. Our current findings contribute to enhancing the catalytic performance of Xyl4 towards industrial applications. KEY POINTS: • A GH10 endo-1,4-β-xylanase (Xyl4) was isolated from a compost metagenomic library • MATLAB's in-house functions were developed to identify the xylanase-producing clones • Computational analysis showed that Glu133 and Glu238 are crucial residues for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Sousa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cátia Santos-Pereira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana S Gomes
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ângela M A Costa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andréia O Santos
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Franco-Duarte
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- IB-S - Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - João M M Linhares
- Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F Sousa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE BioSIM - Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Silvério
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Dotsenko A, Sinelnikov I, Rozhkova A, Zorov I, Sinitsyn A. Flexibility of active center affects thermostability and activity of Penicillium canescens xylanase E. Biochimie 2024; 216:83-89. [PMID: 37820990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Xylanases are used in several industrial applications, such as feed additives, the bleaching of pulp and paper, and the production of bread, food, and drinks. Xylanases are required to remain active after heat treatment at 80-90 °C for 30 s to several minutes due to the conditions of feed pelleting. Also, xylanases need to be active at 60-70 °C for several hours while bleaching of pulp and paper or manufacturing of bread, food, and drinks is performed. Xylanases of the glycoside hydrolase family GH10 are good candidates for application in such processes because of their high thermostability and, in particular, as feed additives because of their insensitivity to protein inhibitors in cereal feeds. In the study, the thermostability of GH10 xylanase E from Penicillium canescens was improved to reach a half-inactivation period of 2 min at 80 °C compared to 21 s for the wild-type enzyme (WT). Enzymatic activity was increased by 22-48 % at 40-70 °C, which improved the action of the enzyme as a feed additive in the gastric system of animals and during bleaching of pulp and paper. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated lower flexibility of the tertiary structure of the engineered enzyme at elevated temperatures compared to WT. The residues W113, Q116, W313, and W321 in the (-1) and (-2) subsites for the substrate binding were less flexible. In the simulations, the engineered enzyme had a comparable content of α-helixes, 310-helixes, β-sheets, and β-bridges as WT, but a lower content of coils and a higher content of β-turns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dotsenko
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology», Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Igor Sinelnikov
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology», Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra Rozhkova
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology», Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Ivan Zorov
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology», Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia; Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Arkady Sinitsyn
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology», Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia; Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Nadhifah H, Rahmani N, Mangunwardoyo W, Yopi, Atikana A, Ratnakomala S, Lisdiyanti P. Xylanopectinolytic enzymes by marine actinomycetes from sediments of Sarena Kecil, North Sulawesi: high potential to produce galacturonic acid and xylooligosaccharides from raw biomass. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:31. [PMID: 36920661 PMCID: PMC10017887 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinomycetes isolated from marine habitats are known to have the potential for novel enzymes that are beneficial in the industry. In-depth knowledge is necessary given the variety of this bacterial group in Indonesia and the lack of published research. Actinomycetes isolates (BLH 5-14) obtained from marine sediments of Sarena Kecil, Bitung, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, showed an ability to produce pectinase and xylanase that have equal or even higher potential for pectic-oligosaccharides (POS) and xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production from raw biomass than from commercial substrates. This study's objective was to characterize both enzymes to learn more for future research and development. RESULTS Pectinase had the highest activity on the 6th day (1.44±0.08 U/mL) at the optimum pH of 8.0 and optimum temperature of 50 °C. Xylanase had the maximum activity on the 6th day (4.33±0.03 U/mL) at optimum pH 6.0 and optimum temperature 60 °C. Hydrolysis and thin layer chromatography also showed that pectinase was able to produce monosaccharides such as galacturonic acid (P1), and xylanase was able to yield oligosaccharides such as xylotriose (X3), xylotetraose (X4), and xylopentaose (X5). BLH 5-14 identified as the genus Streptomyces based on the 16S rDNA sequences and the closely related species Streptomyces tendae (99,78%). CONCLUSIONS In the eco-friendly paper bleaching industry, Streptomyces tendae has demonstrated the potential to create enzymes with properties that can be active in a wide range of pH levels. The oligosaccharides have the potential as prebiotics or dietary supplements with anti-cancer properties. Further research is needed to optimize the production, purification, and development of the application of pectinase and xylanase enzymes produced by Actinomycetes isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Nadhifah
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Pondok Cina, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia
| | - Nanik Rahmani
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, Organization Research of Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia.
| | - Wibowo Mangunwardoyo
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Pondok Cina, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia
| | - Yopi
- Deputy of Regional Research and Innovation Agency, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. M.H. Thamrin No.8, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Akhirta Atikana
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, Organization Research of Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Shanti Ratnakomala
- Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, Organization Research of Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Puspita Lisdiyanti
- Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, Organization Research of Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
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Mon ML, Marrero Díaz de Villegas R, Campos E, Soria MA, Talia PM. Characterization of a novel GH10 alkali-thermostable xylanase from a termite microbiome. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:84. [PMID: 38647897 PMCID: PMC10992782 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the biochemical and molecular structural characteristics of a novel alkali-thermostable GH10 xylanase (Xyl10B) identified in a termite gut microbiome by a shotgun metagenomic approach. This endoxylanase candidate was amplified, cloned, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The recombinant enzyme was active at a broad range of temperatures (37-60 ºC) and pH values (4-10), with optimal activity at 50 ºC and pH 9. Moreover, its activity remained at more than 80% of its maximum at 50 °C for 8 h. In addition, Xyl10B was found to be stable in the presence of salt and several ions and chemical reagents frequently used in the industry. These characteristics make this enzyme an interesting candidate for pulp and paper bleaching industries, since this process requires enzymes without cellulase activity and resistant to high temperatures and alkaline pH (thermo-alkaliphilic enzymes). The products of xylan hydrolysis by Xyl10B (short xylooligosaccharides, xylose and xylobiose) could be suitable for application as prebiotics and in the production of bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Mon
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rubén Marrero Díaz de Villegas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Campos
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Soria
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INBA UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola M Talia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Hu D, Zhao X. Characterization of a New Xylanase Found in the Rumen Metagenome and Its Effects on the Hydrolysis of Wheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6493-6502. [PMID: 35583133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is the main ingredient of poultry diet, but its xylan has an adverse impact on poultry production. A novel xylanase from beef cattle rumen metagenome (RuXyn) and its effect on the wheat hydrolysis were investigated in the present study. The RuXyn coded for 377 amino acids and exhibited low identity (<40%) to previously reported proteins. The RuXyn was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and showed maximum activity at pH 6.0 and 40 °C. The activity of RuXyn could be increased by 79.8 and 36.0% in the presence of Ca2+ and Tween 20, respectively. The soluble xylan and insoluble xylan in wheat could be effectively degraded by RuXyn and xylooligosaccharides produced accounting for more than 80% of the products. This study demonstrates that RuXyn has substantial potential to improve the application of wheat in poultry production by degrading wheat xylan and the accompanying xylooligosaccharides produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Hu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
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6
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Metagenomic Approaches as a Tool to Unravel Promising Biocatalysts from Natural Resources: Soil and Water. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12040385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural resources are considered a promising source of microorganisms responsible for producing biocatalysts with great relevance in several industrial areas. However, a significant fraction of the environmental microorganisms remains unknown or unexploited due to the limitations associated with their cultivation in the laboratory through classical techniques. Metagenomics has emerged as an innovative and strategic approach to explore these unculturable microorganisms through the analysis of DNA extracted from environmental samples. In this review, a detailed discussion is presented on the application of metagenomics to unravel the biotechnological potential of natural resources for the discovery of promising biocatalysts. An extensive bibliographic survey was carried out between 2010 and 2021, covering diverse metagenomic studies using soil and/or water samples from different types and locations. The review comprises, for the first time, an overview of the worldwide metagenomic studies performed in soil and water and provides a complete and global vision of the enzyme diversity associated with each specific environment.
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Paixão DAA, Tomazetto G, Sodré VR, Gonçalves TA, Uchima CA, Büchli F, Alvarez TM, Persinoti GF, da Silva MJ, Bragatto J, Liberato MV, Franco Cairo JPL, Leme AFP, Squina FM. Microbial enrichment and meta-omics analysis identify CAZymes from mangrove sediments with unique properties. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 148:109820. [PMID: 34116762 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although lignocellulose is the most abundant and renewable natural resource for biofuel production, its use remains under exploration because of its highly recalcitrant structure. Its deconstruction into sugar monomers is mainly driven by carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). To develop highly efficient and fast strategies to discover biomass-degrading enzymes for biorefinery applications, an enrichment process combined with integrative omics approaches was used to identify new CAZymes. The lignocellulolytic-enriched mangrove microbial community (LignoManG) established on sugarcane bagasse (SB) was enriched with lignocellulolytic bacteria and fungi such as Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota. These microbial communities were able to degrade up to 55 % of the total SB, indicating the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the LignoManG harbors 18.042 CAZyme sequences such as of cellulases, hemicellulases, carbohydrate esterases, and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. Similarly, our metaproteomic analysis depicted several enzymes from distinct families of different CAZy families. Based on the LignoManG data, a xylanase (coldXynZ) was selected, amplified, cloned, expressed, and biochemically characterized. The enzyme displayed psicrofilic properties, with the highest activity at 15 °C, retaining 77 % of its activity when incubated at 0 °C. Moreover, molecular modeling in silico indicated that coldXynZ is composed of a TIM barrel, which is a typical folding found in the GH10 family, and displayed similar structural features related to cold-adapted enzymes. Collectively, the data generated in this study represent a valuable resource for lignocellulolytic enzymes with potential biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geizecler Tomazetto
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering (BCE), Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Victoria Ramos Sodré
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazi; Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais, Universidade de Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Thiago A Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazi; Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais, Universidade de Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Akemi Uchima
- Laboratório Nacional de Biorenováveis, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Büchli
- Laboratório Nacional de Biorenováveis, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thabata Maria Alvarez
- Graduate Programme in Industrial Biotechnology, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Felix Persinoti
- Laboratório Nacional de Biorenováveis, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio José da Silva
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano Bragatto
- Laboratório Nacional de Biorenováveis, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vizoná Liberato
- Laboratório Nacional de Biorenováveis, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais, Universidade de Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - João Paulo L Franco Cairo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazi; Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais, Universidade de Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Marcio Squina
- Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais, Universidade de Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil.
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Guerrero EB, de Villegas RMD, Soria MA, Santangelo MP, Campos E, Talia PM. Characterization of two GH5 endoglucanases from termite microbiome using synthetic metagenomics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8351-8366. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Neotropical termite microbiomes as sources of novel plant cell wall degrading enzymes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3864. [PMID: 32123275 PMCID: PMC7052144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to characterise the microbial metabolic potential for lignocellulose transformation in the gut of two colonies of Argentine higher termite species with different feeding habits, Cortaritermes fulviceps and Nasutitermes aquilinus. Our goal was to assess the microbial community compositions and metabolic capacity, and to identify genes involved in lignocellulose degradation. Individuals from both termite species contained the same five dominant bacterial phyla (Spirochaetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fibrobacteres and Bacteroidetes) although with different relative abundances. However, detected functional capacity varied, with C. fulviceps (a grass-wood-feeder) gut microbiome samples containing more genes related to amino acid metabolism, whereas N. aquilinus (a wood-feeder) gut microbiome samples were enriched in genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and cellulose degradation. The C. fulviceps gut microbiome was enriched specifically in genes coding for debranching- and oligosaccharide-degrading enzymes. These findings suggest an association between the primary food source and the predicted categories of the enzymes present in the gut microbiomes of each species. To further investigate the termite microbiomes as sources of biotechnologically relevant glycosyl hydrolases, a putative GH10 endo-β-1,4-xylanase, Xyl10E, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Functional analysis of the recombinant metagenome-derived enzyme showed high specificity towards beechwood xylan (288.1 IU/mg), with the optimum activity at 50 °C and a pH-activity range from 5 to 10. These characteristics suggest that Xy110E may be a promising candidate for further development in lignocellulose deconstruction applications.
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Gebbie L, Dam TT, Ainscough R, Palfreyman R, Cao L, Harrison M, O'Hara I, Speight R. A snapshot of microbial diversity and function in an undisturbed sugarcane bagasse pile. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:12. [PMID: 32111201 PMCID: PMC7049217 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane bagasse is a major source of lignocellulosic biomass, yet its economic potential is not fully realised. To add value to bagasse, processing is needed to gain access to the embodied recalcitrant biomaterials. When bagasse is stored in piles in the open for long periods it is colonised by microbes originating from the sugarcane, the soil nearby or spores in the environment. For these microorganisms to proliferate they must digest the bagasse to access carbon for growth. The microbial community in bagasse piles is thus a potential resource for the discovery of useful and novel microbes and industrial enzymes. We used culturing and metabarcoding to understand the diversity of microorganisms found in a uniquely undisturbed bagasse storage pile and screened the cultured organisms for fibre-degrading enzymes. RESULTS Samples collected from 60 to 80 cm deep in the bagasse pile showed hemicellulose and partial lignin degradation. One hundred and four microbes were cultured from different layers and included a high proportion of oleaginous yeast and biomass-degrading fungi. Overall, 70, 67, 70 and 57% of the microbes showed carboxy-methyl cellulase, xylanase, laccase and peroxidase activity, respectively. These percentages were higher in microbes selectively cultured from deep layers, with all four activities found for 44% of these organisms. Culturing and amplicon sequencing showed that there was less diversity and therefore more selection in the deeper layers, which were dominated by thermophiles and acid tolerant organisms, compared with the top of pile. Amplicon sequencing indicated that novel fungi were present in the pile. CONCLUSIONS A combination of culture-dependent and independent methods was successful in exploring the diversity in the bagasse pile. The variety of species that was found and that are known for biomass degradation shows that the bagasse pile was a valuable selective environment for the identification of new microbes and enzymes with biotechnological potential. In particular, lignin-modifying activities have not been reported previously for many of the species that were identified, suggesting future studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Gebbie
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Tuan Tu Dam
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ainscough
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Robin Palfreyman
- Metabolomics Australia, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Li Cao
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Mark Harrison
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Ian O'Hara
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
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Maurício da Fonseca MJ, Jurak E, Kataja K, Master ER, Berrin JG, Stals I, Desmet T, Van Landschoot A, Briers Y. Analysis of the substrate specificity of α-L-arabinofuranosidases by DNA sequencer-aided fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10091-10102. [PMID: 30267127 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzyme discovery is often not accompanied by experimental validation, demonstrating the need for techniques to analyze substrate specificities of carbohydrate-active enzymes in an efficient manner. DNA sequencer-aided fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (DSA-FACE) is utmost appropriate for the analysis of glycoside hydrolases that have complex substrate specificities. DSA-FACE is demonstrated here to be a highly convenient method for the precise identification of the specificity of different α-L-arabinofuranosidases for (arabino)xylo-oligosaccharides ((A)XOS). The method was validated with two α-L-arabinofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.55) with well-known specificity, specifically a GH62 α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Aspergillus nidulans (AnAbf62A-m2,3) and a GH43 α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis (BaAXH-d3). Subsequently, application of DSA-FACE revealed the AXOS specificity of two α-L-arabinofuranosidases with previously unknown AXOS specificities. PaAbf62A, a GH62 α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Podospora anserina strain S mat+, was shown to target the O-2 and the O-3 arabinofuranosyl monomers as side chain from mono-substituted β-D-xylosyl residues, whereas a GH43 α-L-arabinofuranosidase from a metagenomic sample (AGphAbf43) only removes an arabinofuranosyl monomer from the smallest AXOS tested. DSA-FACE excels ionic chromatography in terms of detection limit for (A)XOS (picomolar sensitivity), hands-on and analysis time, and the analysis of the degree of polymerization and binding site of the arabinofuranosyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edita Jurak
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Kim Kataja
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Emma R Master
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRA, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 BBF, Marseille, France
| | - Ingeborg Stals
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Gene Expression and Molecular Characterization of a Xylanase from Chicken Cecum Metagenome. Int J Microbiol 2017; 2017:4018398. [PMID: 28751915 PMCID: PMC5511640 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4018398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A xylanase gene xynAMG1 with a 1,116-bp open reading frame, encoding an endo-β-1,4-xylanase, was cloned from a chicken cecum metagenome. The translated XynAMG1 protein consisted of 372 amino acids including a putative signal peptide of 23 amino acids. The calculated molecular mass of the mature XynAMG1 was 40,013 Da, with a theoretical pI value of 5.76. The amino acid sequence of XynAMG1 showed 59% identity to endo-β-1,4-xylanase from Prevotella bryantii and Prevotella ruminicola and 58% identity to that from Prevotella copri. XynAMG1 has two conserved motifs, DVVNE and TEXD, containing two active site glutamates and an invariant asparagine, characteristic of GH10 family xylanase. The xynAMG1 gene without signal peptide sequence was cloned and fused with thioredoxin protein (Trx.Tag) in pET-32a plasmid and overexpressed in Escherichia coli Tuner™(DE3)pLysS. The purified mature XynAMG1 was highly salt-tolerant and stable and displayed higher than 96% of its catalytic activity in the reaction containing 1 to 4 M NaCl. It was only slightly affected by common organic solvents added in aqueous solution to up to 5 M. This chicken cecum metagenome-derived xylanase has potential applications in animal feed additives and industrial enzymatic processes requiring exposure to high concentrations of salt and organic solvents.
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Mandelli F, Gonçalves TA, Gandin CA, Oliveira ACP, Oliveira Neto M, Squina FM. Characterization and Low-Resolution Structure of an Extremely Thermostable Esterase of Potential Biotechnological Interest from Pyrococcus furiosus. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:757-766. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Goldbeck R, Gonçalves TA, Damásio AR, Brenelli LB, Wolf LD, Paixão DA, Rocha GJ, Squina FM. Effect of hemicellulolytic enzymes to improve sugarcane bagasse saccharification and xylooligosaccharides production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Calzado F, Prates ET, Gonçalves TA, Rubio MV, Zubieta MP, Squina FM, Skaf MS, Damásio AR. Molecular basis of substrate recognition and specificity revealed in family 12 glycoside hydrolases. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2577-2586. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Calzado
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE); Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM); Campinas-SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP 13083862 Brazil
| | - Erica T. Prates
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Thiago A. Gonçalves
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE); Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM); Campinas-SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP 13083862 Brazil
| | - Marcelo V. Rubio
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE); Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM); Campinas-SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP 13083862 Brazil
| | - Mariane P. Zubieta
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE); Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM); Campinas-SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP 13083862 Brazil
| | - Fabio M. Squina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE); Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM); Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Munir S. Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - André R.L. Damásio
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE); Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM); Campinas-SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP 13083862 Brazil
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de Lima EA, Machado CB, Zanphorlin LM, Ward RJ, Sato HH, Ruller R. GH53 Endo-Beta-1,4-Galactanase from a Newly Isolated Bacillus licheniformis CBMAI 1609 as an Enzymatic Cocktail Supplement for Biomass Saccharification. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:415-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Montella S, Amore A, Faraco V. Metagenomics for the development of new biocatalysts to advance lignocellulose saccharification for bioeconomic development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:998-1009. [PMID: 26381035 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1083939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The world economy is moving toward the use of renewable and nonedible lignocellulosic biomasses as substitutes for fossil sources in order to decrease the environmental impact of manufacturing processes and overcome the conflict with food production. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the feedstock is a key technology for bio-based chemical production, and the identification of novel, less expensive and more efficient biocatalysts is one of the main challenges. As the genomic era has shown that only a few microorganisms can be cultured under standard laboratory conditions, the extraction and analysis of genetic material directly from environmental samples, termed metagenomics, is a promising way to overcome this bottleneck. Two screening methodologies can be used on metagenomic material: the function-driven approach of expression libraries and sequence-driven analysis based on gene homology. Both techniques have been shown to be useful for the discovery of novel biocatalysts for lignocellulose conversion, and they enabled identification of several (hemi)cellulases and accessory enzymes involved in (hemi)cellulose hydrolysis. This review summarizes the latest progress in metagenomics aimed at discovering new enzymes for lignocellulose saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Montella
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonella Amore
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Naples , Italy
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Naples , Italy
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18
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Alvarez TM, Liberato MV, Cairo JPLF, Paixão DAA, Campos BM, Ferreira MR, Almeida RF, Pereira IO, Bernardes A, Ematsu GCG, Chinaglia M, Polikarpov I, de Oliveira Neto M, Squina FM. A Novel Member of GH16 Family Derived from Sugarcane Soil Metagenome. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:304-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Mhuantong W, Charoensawan V, Kanokratana P, Tangphatsornruang S, Champreda V. Comparative analysis of sugarcane bagasse metagenome reveals unique and conserved biomass-degrading enzymes among lignocellulolytic microbial communities. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:16. [PMID: 25709713 PMCID: PMC4337096 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the most abundant agricultural wastes, sugarcane bagasse is largely under-exploited, but it possesses a great potential for the biofuel, fermentation, and cellulosic biorefinery industries. It also provides a unique ecological niche, as the microbes in this lignocellulose-rich environment thrive in relatively high temperatures (50°C) with varying microenvironments of aerobic surface to anoxic interior. The microbial community in bagasse thus presents a good resource for the discovery and characterization of new biomass-degrading enzymes; however, it remains largely unexplored. RESULTS We have constructed a fosmid library of sugarcane bagasse and obtained the largest bagasse metagenome to date. A taxonomic classification of the bagasse metagenome reviews the predominance of Proteobacteria, which are also found in high abundance in other aerobic environments. Based on the functional characterization of biomass-degrading enzymes, we have demonstrated that the bagasse microbial community benefits from a large repertoire of lignocellulolytic enzymes, which allows them to digest different components of lignocelluoses into single molecule sugars. Comparative genomic analyses with other lignocellulolytic and non-lignocellulolytic metagenomes show that microbial communities are taxonomically separable by their aerobic "open" or anoxic "closed" environments. Importantly, a functional analysis of lignocellulose-active genes (based on the CAZy classifications) reveals core enzymes highly conserved within the lignocellulolytic group, regardless of their taxonomic compositions. Cellulases, in particular, are markedly more pronounced compared to the non-lignocellulolytic group. In addition to the core enzymes, the bagasse fosmid library also contains some uniquely enriched glycoside hydrolases, as well as a large repertoire of the newly defined auxiliary activity proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a conservation and diversification of carbohydrate-active genes among diverse microbial species in different biomass-degrading niches, and signifies the importance of taking a global approach to functionally investigate a microbial community as a whole, as compared to focusing on individual organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuttichai Mhuantong
- />Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
- />Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
| | - Pattanop Kanokratana
- />Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- />Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand
| | - Verawat Champreda
- />Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand
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20
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Goldbeck R, Damásio ARL, Gonçalves TA, Machado CB, Paixão DAA, Wolf LD, Mandelli F, Rocha GJM, Ruller R, Squina FM. Development of hemicellulolytic enzyme mixtures for plant biomass deconstruction on target biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8513-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Alvarez TM, Paiva JH, Ruiz DM, Cairo JPLF, Pereira IO, Paixão DAA, de Almeida RF, Tonoli CCC, Ruller R, Santos CR, Squina FM, Murakami MT. Structure and function of a novel cellulase 5 from sugarcane soil metagenome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83635. [PMID: 24358302 PMCID: PMC3866126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulases play a key role in enzymatic routes for degradation of plant cell-wall polysaccharides into simple and economically-relevant sugars. However, their low performance on complex substrates and reduced stability under industrial conditions remain the main obstacle for the large-scale production of cellulose-derived products and biofuels. Thus, in this study a novel cellulase with unusual catalytic properties from sugarcane soil metagenome (CelE1) was isolated and characterized. The polypeptide deduced from the celE1 gene encodes a unique glycoside hydrolase domain belonging to GH5 family. The recombinant enzyme was active on both carboxymethyl cellulose and β-glucan with an endo-acting mode according to capillary electrophoretic analysis of cleavage products. CelE1 showed optimum hydrolytic activity at pH 7.0 and 50 °C with remarkable activity at alkaline conditions that is attractive for industrial applications in which conventional acidic cellulases are not suitable. Moreover, its three-dimensional structure was determined at 1.8 Å resolution that allowed the identification of an insertion of eight residues in the β8-α8 loop of the catalytic domain of CelE1, which is not conserved in its psychrophilic orthologs. This 8-residue-long segment is a prominent and distinguishing feature of thermotolerant cellulases 5 suggesting that it might be involved with thermal stability. Based on its unconventional characteristics, CelE1 could be potentially employed in biotechnological processes that require thermotolerant and alkaline cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabata M Alvarez
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joice H Paiva
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego M Ruiz
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo L F Cairo
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela O Pereira
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas A A Paixão
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F de Almeida
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celisa C C Tonoli
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Ruller
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila R Santos
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio M Squina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario T Murakami
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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