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Merkhan M, Mohammad J, Fathi Z, Younis Z, Mahmood SM, Mohammed M. Silent hyperlipidaemia modulated vascular endothelial markers. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e67959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aetiology of ischemic heart diseases is mainly based on atherosclerosis of coronary artery. Inflammation and oxidative reactions are initiating and aggravating the illness resulting in pathological remodelling of vasculaturze at site of injury. Endothelium lining of blood vessels participated in the reaction biochemically through releasing some proteins into circulatory system which further complicate the condition. The aim of this study was to determine early diagnosed hyperlipidaemia-associated changes of the plasma level of some of these endothelial biomolecules. Compared to healthy control, hyperlipidaemic patients have significantly increased arginase, metalloendopeptidase, peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and peroxynitrite with concomitant reduction in arylesterase and nitric oxide. The present study concluded that hyperlipidaemia play a great role in modulation of certain plasma protein markers which might be directly related to patient pathological condition or could be used as a tool for diagnosis or patient follow up indicating the stage of vasculature remodelling, healing, inflammation or resolution.
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Maher S, Mahmoud M, Rizk M, Kalil H. Synthetic melanin nanoparticles as peroxynitrite scavengers, photothermal anticancer and heavy metals removal platforms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19115-19126. [PMID: 30982188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is a ubiquitous natural polyphenolic pigment with versatile applications including physiological functions. This polymeric material is found in a diversity of living organisms from bacteria to mammals. The biocompatibility and thermal stability of melanin nanoparticles make them good candidates to work as free radical scavengers and photothermal anticancer substrates. Research studies have identified melanin as an antioxidative therapeutic agent and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger that includes neutralization of peroxynitrite. In addition, melanin nanoparticles have emerged as an anticancer photothermal platform that has the capability to kill cancer cells. Recently, melanin nanoparticles have been successfully used as chelating agents to purify water from heavy metals, such as hexavalent chromium. This review article highlights some selected aspects of cutting-edge melanin applications. Herein, we will refer to the recent literature that addresses melanin nanoparticles and its useful physicochemical properties as a hot topic in biomaterial science. It is expected that the techniques of Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and time-resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) will have a strong impact on the full characterization of melanin nanoparticles and the subsequent exploration of their physiological and chemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Maher
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Marwa Mahmoud
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Rizk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, Sharourah, Najran, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Haitham Kalil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, 44601, USA.
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Trichosanthis Pericarpium Aqueous Extract Protects H9c2 Cardiomyocytes from Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury by Regulating PI3K/Akt/NO Pathway. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102409. [PMID: 30241309 PMCID: PMC6222483 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichosanthis Pericarpium (TP) is a traditional Chinese medicine for treating cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of TP aqueous extract (TPAE) on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) induced injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes and explored the underlying mechanisms. H9c2 cells were cultured under the hypoxia condition induced by sodium hydrosulfite for 30 min and reoxygenated for 4 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The amounts of LDH, NO, eNOS, and iNOS were tested by ELISA kits. Apoptotic rate was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. QRT-PCR was performed to analyze the relative mRNA expression of Akt, Bcl-2, Bax, eNOS, and iNOS. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of key members in the PI3K/Akt pathway. Results showed that the pretreatment of TPAE remarkably enhanced cell viability and decreased apoptosis induced by H/R. Moreover, TPAE decreased the release of LDH and expression of iNOS. In addition, TPAE increased NO production and Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression of p-Akt and eNOS were activated by TPAE pretreatment. On the contrary, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, LY294002 not only inhibited TPAE-induced p-Akt/eNOS upregulation but alleviated its anti-apoptotic effects. In conclusion, results indicated that TPAE protected against H/R injury in cardiomyocytes, which consequently activated the PI3K/Akt/NO signaling pathway.
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Li JH, Jia JJ, Shen W, Chen SS, Jiang L, Xie HY, Zhou L, Zheng SS. Optimized postconditioning algorithm protects liver graft after liver transplantation in rats. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2018; 17:32-38. [PMID: 29428101 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) causes postoperative complications and influences the outcome of the patients undergoing liver surgery and transplantation. Postconditioning (PostC) is a known manual conditioning to decrease the hepatic IRI. Here we aimed to optimize the applicable PostC protocols and investigate the potential protective mechanism. METHODS Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the sham group (n = 5), standard orthotopic liver transplantation group (OLT, n = 5), PostC group (OLT followed by clamping and re-opening the portal vein for different time intervals, n = 20). PostC group was then subdivided into 4 groups according to the different time intervals: (10 s × 3, 10 s × 6, 30 s × 3, 60 s × 3, n = 5 in each subgroup). Liver function, histopathology, malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), expressions of p-Akt and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) related genes were evaluated. RESULTS Compared to the OLT group, the grafts subjected to PostC algorithm (without significant prolonging the total ischemic time) especially with short stimulus and more cycles (10 s × 6) showed significant alleviation of morphological damage and graft function. Besides, the production of reactive oxidative agents (MDA) and neutrophil infiltration (MPO) were significantly depressed by PostC algorithm. Most of ERS related genes were down-regulated by PostC (10 s × 6), especially ATF4, Casp12, hspa4, ATF6 and ELF2, while p-Akt was up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS PostC algorithm, especially 10 s × 6 algorithm, showed to be effective against rat liver graft IRI. These protective effects may be associated with its antioxidant, inhibition of ERS and activation of p-Akt expression of reperfusion injury salvage kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Univeristy School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jun-Jun Jia
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Univeristy School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Shen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Sha-Sha Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Univeristy School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Li Jiang
- NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hai-Yang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Univeristy School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Univeristy School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Univeristy School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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Slezák J, Kura B, Frimmel K, Zálešák M, Ravingerová T, Viczenczová C, Okruhlicová Ľ, Tribulová N. Preventive and therapeutic application of molecular hydrogen in situations with excessive production of free radicals. Physiol Res 2017; 65 Suppl 1:S11-28. [PMID: 27643933 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of oxygen free radicals has been regarded as a causative common denominator of many pathological processes in the animal kingdom. Hydroxyl and nitrosyl radicals represent the major cause of the destruction of biomolecules either by a direct reaction or by triggering a chain reaction of free radicals. Scavenging of free radicals may act preventively or therapeutically. A number of substances that preferentially react with free radicals can serve as scavengers, thus increasing the internal capacity/activity of endogenous antioxidants and protecting cells and tissues against oxidative damage. Molecular hydrogen (H(2)) reacts with strong oxidants, such as hydroxyl and nitrosyl radicals, in the cells, that enables utilization of its potential for preventive and therapeutic applications. H(2) rapidly diffuses into tissues and cells without affecting metabolic redox reactions and signaling reactive species. H(2) reduces oxidative stress also by regulating gene expression, and functions as an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic agent. There is a growing body of evidence based on the results of animal experiments and clinical observations that H(2) may represent an effective antioxidant for the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases. Application of molecular hydrogen in situations with excessive production of free radicals, in particular, hydroxyl and nitrosyl radicals is relatively simple and effective, therefore, it deserves special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Slezák
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Zálešák M, Kura B, Graban J, Farkašová V, Slezák J, Ravingerová T. Molecular hydrogen potentiates beneficial anti-infarct effect of hypoxic postconditioning in isolated rat hearts: a novel cardioprotective intervention. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:888-893. [PMID: 28350967 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Generation of free radicals through incomplete reduction of oxygen during ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is well described. On the other hand, molecular hydrogen (H2) reduces oxidative stress due to its ability to react with strong oxidants and easily penetrate cells by diffusion, without disturbing metabolic redox reactions. This study was designed to explore cardioprotective potential of hypoxic postconditioning (HpostC) against I/R (30 min global I - 120 min R) in isolated rat hearts using oxygen-free Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB). Furthermore, the possibility to potentiate the effect of HpostC by H2 using oxygen-free KHB saturated with H2 (H2 + HpostC) was tested. HPostC was induced by 4 cycles of 1-minute perfusion with oxygen-free KHB intercepted by 1-minute perfusion with normal KHB, at the onset of reperfusion. H2 + HPostC was applied in a similar manner using H2-enriched oxygen-free KHB. Cardioprotective effects were evaluated on the basis of infarct size (IS, in % of area at risk, AR) reduction, post-I/R recovery of heart function, and occurrence of reperfusion arrhythmias. HPostC significantly reduced IS/AR compared with non-conditioned controls. H2 present in KHB during HPostC further decreased IS/AR compared with the effect of HPostC, attenuated severe arrhythmias, and significantly restored heart function (vs. controls). Cardioprotection by HpostC can be augmented by molecular hydrogen infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Zálešák
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Branislav Kura
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Graban
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Farkašová
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Slezák
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tatiana Ravingerová
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Low-Dose Endotoxin Induces Late Preconditioning, Increases Peroxynitrite Formation, and Activates STAT3 in the Rat Heart. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030433. [PMID: 28282895 PMCID: PMC6155391 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of low-dose endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 24 h before a lethal ischemia induces pharmacological late preconditioning. The exact mechanism of this phenomenon is not clear. Here we aimed to investigate whether low-dose LPS exerts late effects on peroxynitrite formation and activation of Akt, Erk, and STAT3 in the heart. Male Wistar rats were injected with LPS (S. typhimurium; 0.5 mg/kg i.p.) or saline. Twenty-four hours later, hearts were isolated, perfused for 10 min, and then used for biochemical analyses. LPS pretreatment enhanced cardiac formation of the peroxynitrite marker 3-nitrotyrosine. LPS pretreatment also increased cardiac levels of the peroxynitrite precursor nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide. The activities of Ca2+-independent NO synthase and xanthine oxidoreductase increased in LPS-pretreated hearts. LPS pretreatment resulted in significantly enhanced phosphorylation of STAT3 and non-significantly increased phosphorylation of Akt without affecting the activation of Erk. In separate experiments, isolated working hearts were subjected to 30 min global ischemia and 20 min reperfusion. LPS pretreatment significantly improved ischemia-reperfusion-induced deterioration of cardiac function. We conclude that LPS pretreatment enhances cardiac peroxynitrite formation and activates STAT3 24 h later, which may contribute to LPS-induced late preconditioning.
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Understanding pacing postconditioning-mediated cardiac protection: a role of oxidative stress and a synergistic effect of adenosine. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 73:175-185. [PMID: 27864790 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We and others have demonstrated a protective role for pacing postconditioning (PPC) against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the heart; however, the underlying mechanisms behind these protective effects are not completely understood. In this study, we wanted to further characterize PPC-mediated cardiac protection, specifically identify optimal pacing sites; examine the role of oxidative stress; and test the existence of a potential synergistic effect between PPC and adenosine. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion. PPC involved three, 30 s, episodes of alternating left ventricular (LV) and right atrial (RA) pacing. Multiple pacing protocols with different pacing electrode locations were used. To test the involvement of oxidative stress, target-specific agonists or antagonists were infused at the beginning of reperfusion. Hemodynamic data were digitally recorded, and cardiac enzymes, oxidant, and antioxidant status were chemically measured. Pacing at the LV or RV but not at the heart apex or base significantly (P < 0.001) protected against ischemia-reperfusion injury. PPC-mediated protection was completely abrogated in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, ebselen; peroxynitrite (ONOO-) scavenger, uric acid; and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME. Nitric oxide (NO) donor, snap, however significantly (P < 0.05) protected the heart against I/R injury in the absence of PPC. The protective effects of PPC were significantly improved by adenosine. PPC-stimulated protection can be achieved by alternating LV and RA pacing applied at the beginning of reperfusion. NO, ROS, and the product of their interaction ONOO- play a significant role in PPC-induced cardiac protection. Finally, the protective effects of PPC can be synergized with adenosine.
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Yang L, Xie P, Wu J, Yu J, Yu T, Wang H, Wang J, Xia Z, Zheng H. Sevoflurane postconditioning improves myocardial mitochondrial respiratory function and reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by up-regulating HIF-1. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:4415-4424. [PMID: 27830025 PMCID: PMC5095334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sevoflurane postconditioning (SPostC) can exert myocardial protective effects similar to ischemic preconditioning. However, the exact myocardial protection mechanism by SPostC is unclear. Studies indicate that hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) maintains cellular respiration homeostasis by regulating mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activity under hypoxic conditions. This study investigated whether SPostC could regulate the expression of myocardial HIF-1α and to improve mitochondrial respiratory function, thereby relieving myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS The myocardial ischemia-reperfusion rat model was established using the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus. Additionally, postconditioning was performed using sevoflurane alone or in combination with the HIF-1α inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2). The changes in hemodynamic parameters, HIF-1α protein expression levels, mitochondrial respiratory function and enzyme activity, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production rates, and mitochondrial ultrastructure were measured or observed. RESULTS Compared to the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) group, HIF-1α expression in the SPostC group was significantly up-regulated. Additionally, cardiac function indicators, mitochondrial state 3 respiratory rate, respiratory control ratio (RCR), cytochrome C oxidase (CcO), NADH oxidase (NADHO), and succinate oxidase (SUCO) activities, mitochondrial ROS production rate, and mitochondrial ultrastructure were significantly better than those in the I/R group. However, these advantages were completely reversed by the HIF-1α specific inhibitor 2ME2 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The myocardial protective function of SPostC might be associated with the improvement of mitochondrial respiratory function after up-regulation of HIF-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianjiang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong KongPokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi, Xinjiang, China
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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury and Remodeling: Revisited. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1656450. [PMID: 27313825 PMCID: PMC4897712 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1656450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and reductive stress are dual dynamic phases experienced by the cells undergoing adaptation towards endogenous or exogenous noxious stimulus. The former arises due to the imbalance between the reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant defenses, while the latter is due to the aberrant increase in the reducing equivalents. Mitochondrial malfunction is the common denominator arising from the aberrant functioning of the rheostat that maintains the homeostasis between oxidative and reductive stress. Recent experimental evidences suggest that the maladaptation during oxidative stress could play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of major cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infraction, atherosclerosis, and diabetic cardiovascular complications. In this review we have discussed the role of oxidative and reductive stress pathways in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Furthermore, we have provided impetus for the development of subcellular organelle targeted antioxidant drug therapy for thwarting the deterioration of the failing myocardium in the aforementioned cardiovascular conditions.
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Jiang JJ, Li C, Li H, Zhang L, Lin ZH, Fu BJ, Zeng YM. Sevoflurane postconditioning affects post-ischaemic myocardial mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel function and apoptosis in ageing rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:552-61. [PMID: 26924791 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Jiang
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Qingyuan People's Hospital; Qingyuan China
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Qingyuan People's Hospital; Qingyuan China
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Qingyuan People's Hospital; Qingyuan China
| | - Zong-Hang Lin
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Qingyuan People's Hospital; Qingyuan China
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Bao-Jun Fu
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Qingyuan People's Hospital; Qingyuan China
| | - Yin-Ming Zeng
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Qingyuan People's Hospital; Qingyuan China
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Peroxynitrite is Involved in the Apoptotic Death of Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons Induced by Staurosporine, but not by Potassium Deprivation. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:316-27. [PMID: 26700430 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) regulates numerous physiological process and is the main source of reactive nitrogen species (RNS). NO promotes cell survival, but it also induces apoptotic death having been involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. NO and superoxide anion react to form peroxynitrite, which accounts for most of the deleterious effects of NO. The mechanisms by which these molecules regulate the apoptotic process are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the role of NO and peroxynitrite in the apoptotic death of cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGN), which are known to experience apoptosis by staurosporine (St) or potassium deprivation (K5). We found that CGN treated with the peroxynitrite catalyst, FeTTPs were completely rescued from St-induced death, but not from K5-induced death. On the other hand, the inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase partially protected cell viability in CGN treated with K5, but not with St, while the inhibitor L-NAME further reduced the cell viability in St, but it did not affect K5. Finally, an inhibitor of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) diminished the cell viability in K5, but not in St. Altogether, these results shows that NO promotes cell survival in K5 through sGC-cGMP and promotes cell death by other mechanisms, while in St NO promotes cell survival independently of cGMP and peroxynitrite results critical for St-induced death. Our results suggest that RNS are differentially handled by CGN during cell death depending on the death-inducing conditions.
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Cardio-protective effects of combined l-arginine and insulin: Mechanism and therapeutic actions in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Protective Effect of Sevoflurane Postconditioning against Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Ameliorating Mitochondrial Impairment, Oxidative Stress and Rescuing Autophagic Clearance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134666. [PMID: 26263161 PMCID: PMC4532466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Myocardial infarction leads to heart failure. Autophagy is excessively activated in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the protection of sevoflurane postconditioning (SPC) in myocardial I/R is through restored impaired autophagic flux. Methods Except for the sham control (SHAM) group, each rat underwent 30 min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary (LAD) followed by 2 h reperfusion. Cardiac infarction was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride triazole (TTC) staining. Cardiac function was examined by hemodynamics and echocardiography. The activation of autophagy was evaluated by autophagosome accumulation, LC3 conversion and p62 degradation. Potential molecular mechanisms were investigated by immunoblotting, real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining. Results SPC improved the hemodynamic parameters, cardiac dysfunction, histopathological and ultrastructural damages, and decreased myocardial infarction size after myocardial I/R injury (P < 0.05 vs. I/R group). Compared with the cases in I/R group, myocardial ATP and NAD+ content, mitochondrial function related genes and proteins, and the expressions of SOD2 and HO-1 were increased, while the expressions of ROS and Vimentin were decreased in the SPC group (P < 0.05 vs. I/R group). SPC significantly activated Akt/mTOR signaling, and inhibited the formation of Vps34/Beclin1 complex via increasing expression of Bcl2 protein (P < 0.05 vs. I/R group). SPC suppressed elevated expressions of LC3 II/I ratio, Beclin1, Atg5 and Atg7 in I/R rat, which indicated that SPC inhibited over-activation of autophagy, and promoted autophagosome clearance. Meanwhile, SPC significantly suppressed the decline of Opa1 and increases of Drp1 and Parkin induced by I/R injury (P < 0.05 vs. I/R group). Moreover, SPC maintained the contents of ATP by reducing impaired mitochondria. Conclusion SPC protects rat hearts against I/R injury via ameliorating mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress and rescuing autophagic clearance.
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Pipicz M, Varga ZV, Kupai K, Gáspár R, Kocsis GF, Csonka C, Csont T. Rapid ventricular pacing-induced postconditioning attenuates reperfusion injury: effects on peroxynitrite, RISK and SAFE pathways. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3472-83. [PMID: 25827015 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rapid ventricular pacing (RVP) applied before an index ischaemia has anti-ischaemic effects. Here, we investigated whether RVP applied after index ischaemia attenuates reperfusion injury and whether peroxynitrite, reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) and survival activating factor enhancement (SAFE) pathways as well as haem oxygenase 1 (HO1) are involved in the mechanism of RVP-induced postconditioning. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Langendorff perfused rat hearts were subjected to 30 min regional ischaemia and 120 min reperfusion with or without ischaemic postconditioning (6 × 10/10 s reperfusion/ischaemia; IPost) or RVP (6 × 10/10 s non-pacing/rapid pacing at 600 bpm) applied at the onset of reperfusion. KEY RESULTS Meta-analysis of our previous studies revealed an association between longer reperfusion-induced ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation with decreased infarct size. In the present experiments, we tested whether RVP is cardioprotective and found that both IPost and RVP significantly decreased infarct size; however, only RVP attenuated the incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular tachycardia. Both postconditioning methods increased the formation of cardiac 3-nitrotyrosine and superoxide, and non-significantly enhanced Akt phosphorylation at the beginning of reperfusion without affecting ERK1/2 and STAT3, while IPost alone induced HO1. Application of brief ischaemia/reperfusion cycles or RVP without preceding index ischaemia also facilitated peroxynitrite formation; nevertheless, only brief RVP increased STAT3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Short periods of RVP at the onset of reperfusion are cardioprotective and increase peroxynitrite formation similarly to IPost and thus may serve as an alternative postconditioning method. However, downstream mechanisms of the protection elicited by IPost and RVP seem to be partially different. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Conditioning the Heart - Pathways to Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Pipicz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kupai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Renáta Gáspár
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Csaba Csonka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csont
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Pagliaro P, Penna C. Redox signalling and cardioprotection: translatability and mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1974-95. [PMID: 25303224 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease (CAD) remain significant worldwide. The treatment for acute myocardial infarction has improved over the past decades, including early reperfusion of culprit coronary arteries. Although it is mandatory to reperfuse the ischaemic territory as soon as possible, paradoxically this leads to additional myocardial injury, namely ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, in which redox stress plays a pivotal role and for which no effective therapy is currently available. In this review, we report evidence that the redox environment plays a pivotal role not only in I/R injury but also in cardioprotection. In fact, cardioprotective strategies, such as pre- and post-conditioning, result in a robust reduction in infarct size in animals and the role of redox signalling is of paramount importance in these conditioning strategies. Nitrosative signalling and cysteine redox modifications, such as S-nitrosation/S-nitrosylation, are also emerging as very important mechanisms in conditioning cardioprotection. The reasons for the switch from protective oxidative/nitrosative signalling to deleterious oxidative/nitrosative/nitrative stress are not fully understood. The complex regulation of this switch is, at least in part, responsible for the diminished or lack of cardioprotection induced by conditioning protocols observed in ageing animals and with co-morbidities as well as in humans. Therefore, it is important to understand at a mechanistic level the reasons for these differences before proposing a safe and useful transition of ischaemic or pharmacological conditioning. Indeed, more mechanistic novel therapeutic strategies are required to protect the heart from I/R injury and to improve clinical outcomes in patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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17
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Bielmann C, Rignault-Clerc S, Liaudet L, Li F, Kunieda T, Sogawa C, Zehnder T, Waeber B, Feihl F, Rosenblatt-Velin N. Brain natriuretic peptide is able to stimulate cardiac progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in murine hearts after birth. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 110:455. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Andreadou I, Iliodromitis EK, Rassaf T, Schulz R, Papapetropoulos A, Ferdinandy P. The role of gasotransmitters NO, H2S and CO in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection by preconditioning, postconditioning and remote conditioning. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1587-606. [PMID: 24923364 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development of cardioprotective therapeutic agents remains a partly unmet need and a challenge for both medicine and industry, with significant financial and social implications. Protection of the myocardium can be achieved by mechanical vascular occlusions such as preconditioning (PC), when brief episodes of ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) are experienced prior to ischaemia; postconditioning (PostC), when the brief episodes are experienced at the immediate onset of reperfusion; and remote conditioning (RC), when the brief episodes are experienced in another vascular territory. The elucidation of the signalling pathways, which underlie the protective effects of PC, PostC and RC, would be expected to reveal novel molecular targets for cardioprotection that could be modulated by pharmacological agents to prevent reperfusion injury. Gasotransmitters including NO, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and carbon monoxide (CO) are a growing family of regulatory molecules that affect physiological and pathological functions. NO, H2S and CO share several common properties; they are beneficial at low concentrations but hazardous in higher amounts; they relax smooth muscle cells, inhibit apoptosis and exert anti-inflammatory effects. In the cardiovascular system, NO, H2S and CO induce vasorelaxation and promote cardioprotection. In this review article, we summarize current knowledge on the role of the gasotransmitters NO, H2S and CO in myocardial I/R injury and cardioprotection provided by conditioning strategies and highlight future perspectives in cardioprotection by NO, H2S, CO, as well as their donor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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19
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Bibli SI, Iliodromitis EK, Lambertucci C, Zoga A, Lougiakis N, Dagres N, Volpini R, Dal Ben D, Kremastinos DT, Tsantili Kakoulidou A, Cristalli G, Andreadou I. Pharmacological postconditioning of the rabbit heart with non-selective, A1, A2A and A3 adenosine receptor agonists. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1140-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
We investigated the effects of novel selective and non-selective adenosine receptor agonists (ARs) on cardioprotection.
Methods
Male rabbits divided into six groups were subjected to 30-min heart ischaemia and 3-h reperfusion: (1) control group, (2) postconditioning (PostC) group, (3) group A: treated with the non-selective agonist (S)-PHPNECA, (4) group B: treated with the A1 agonist CCPA, (5) group C: treated with the A2A agonist VT 7 and (6) group D: treated with the A3 agonist AR 170. The infarcted (I) and the areas at risk (R) were estimated as %I/R. In additional rabbits of all groups, heart samples were taken for determination of Akt, eNOS and STAT 3 at the 10th reperfusion minute.
Key findings
(S)-PHPNECA and CCPA reduced the infarct size (17.2 ± 2.9% and 17.9 ± 2.0% vs 46.8 ± 1.9% in control, P < 0.05), conferring a benefit similar to PostC (26.4 ± 0.3%). Selective A2A and A3 receptor agonists did not reduce the infarct size (39.5 ± 0.8% and 38.7 ± 3.5%, P = NS vs control). Akt, eNOS and STAT 3 were significantly activated after non-selective A1 ARs and PostC.
Conclusions
Non-selective and A1 but not A2A and A3 ARs agonists are essential for triggering cardioprotection. The molecular mechanism involves both RISK and the JAK/STAT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia-Iris Bibli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios K Iliodromitis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Anastasia Zoga
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Lougiakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Dagres
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Th Kremastinos
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Gloria Cristalli
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
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Sawicki G. Intracellular regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity: new strategies in treatment and protection of heart subjected to oxidative stress. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:130451. [PMID: 24455428 PMCID: PMC3886579 DOI: 10.1155/2013/130451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Much is known regarding cardiac energy metabolism in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Under aerobic conditions, the heart prefers to metabolize fatty acids, which contribute to 60-80% of the required ATP. During ischemia, anaerobic glycolysis increases and becomes an important source of ATP for preservation of ion gradients. With reperfusion, fatty acid oxidation quickly recovers and again predominates as the major source of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Although a number of molecular mechanisms have been implicated in the development of I/R injury, their relative contributions remain to be determined. One such mechanism involves the proteolytic degradation of contractile proteins, such as troponin I (TnI), myosin heavy chain, titin, and the myosin light chains (MLC1 and MLC2) by matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). However, very little is known about intracellular regulation of MMP-2 activity under physiological and pathological conditions. Greater understanding of the mechanisms that govern MMP-2 activity may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at preservation of the contractile function of the heart subjected to myocardial infarction (MI) or I/R. This review discusses the intracellular mechanisms controlling MMP-2 activity and highlights a new intracellular therapeutic direction for the prevention and treatment of heart injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Sawicki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5E5
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wrovasc Integrated Cardiovascular Centre, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- *Grzegorz Sawicki:
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