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Hayward JA, Makota FV, Cihalova D, Leonard RA, Rajendran E, Zwahlen SM, Shuttleworth L, Wiedemann U, Spry C, Saliba KJ, Maier AG, van Dooren GG. A screen of drug-like molecules identifies chemically diverse electron transport chain inhibitors in apicomplexan parasites. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011517. [PMID: 37471441 PMCID: PMC10403144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexans are widespread parasites of humans and other animals, and include the causative agents of malaria (Plasmodium species) and toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii). Existing anti-apicomplexan therapies are beset with issues around drug resistance and toxicity, and new treatment options are needed. The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is one of the few processes that has been validated as a drug target in apicomplexans. To identify new inhibitors of the apicomplexan ETC, we developed a Seahorse XFe96 flux analyzer approach to screen the 400 compounds contained within the Medicines for Malaria Venture 'Pathogen Box' for ETC inhibition. We identified six chemically diverse, on-target inhibitors of the ETC in T. gondii, at least four of which also target the ETC of Plasmodium falciparum. Two of the identified compounds (MMV024937 and MMV688853) represent novel ETC inhibitor chemotypes. MMV688853 belongs to a compound class, the aminopyrazole carboxamides, that were shown previously to target a kinase with a key role in parasite invasion of host cells. Our data therefore reveal that MMV688853 has dual targets in apicomplexans. We further developed our approach to pinpoint the molecular targets of these inhibitors, demonstrating that all target Complex III of the ETC, with MMV688853 targeting the ubiquinone reduction (Qi) site of the complex. Most of the compounds we identified remain effective inhibitors of parasites that are resistant to Complex III inhibitors that are in clinical use or development, indicating that they could be used in treating drug resistant parasites. In sum, we have developed a versatile, scalable approach to screen for compounds that target the ETC in apicomplexan parasites, and used this to identify and characterize novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni A. Hayward
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - F. Victor Makota
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniela Cihalova
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Leonard
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Esther Rajendran
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Soraya M. Zwahlen
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Laura Shuttleworth
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ursula Wiedemann
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Christina Spry
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Saliba
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alexander G. Maier
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Giel G. van Dooren
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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2
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Alday PH, Nilsen A, Doggett JS. Structure-activity relationships of Toxoplasma gondii cytochrome bc1 inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:997-1011. [PMID: 35772172 PMCID: PMC9561756 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2096588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxoplasma gondii is a prolific apicomplexan parasite that infects human and nonhuman animals worldwide and can cause severe brain and eye disease. Safer, more effective therapies for toxoplasmosis are needed. Cytochrome bc1 inhibitors are remarkably effective against toxoplasmosis and other apicomplexan-caused diseases. AREAS COVERED This work reviews T. gondii cytochrome bc1 inhibitors. Emphasis is placed on the structure-activity relationships of these inhibitors with regard to efficacy, pharmacokinetics, selectivity of T. gondii cytochrome bc1 over host, safety, and potential therapeutic strategies. EXPERT OPINION Cytochrome bc1 inhibitors are highly promising compounds for toxoplasmosis that have been effective in clinical and preclinical studies. Clinical experience with atovaquone previously validated cytochrome bc1 as a tractable drug target and, over the past decade, optimization of cytochrome bc1 inhibitors has resulted in improved bioavailability, metabolic stability, potency, blood-brain barrier penetration, and selectivity for the T. gondii cytochrome bc1 over the mammalian bc1. Recent studies have demonstrated preclinical safety, identified novel therapeutic strategies for toxoplasmosis using synergistic combinations or long-acting administration and provided insight into their role in chronic infection. This research has identified drug candidates that are more effective than clinically used drugs in preclinical measures of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Holland Alday
- Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aaron Nilsen
- Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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3
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Yang Y, Tang T, Li X, Michel T, Ling L, Huang Z, Mulaka M, Wu Y, Gao H, Wang L, Zhou J, Meunier B, Ke H, Jiang L, Rao Y. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of multiple targeting antimalarials. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2900-2913. [PMID: 34589403 PMCID: PMC8463279 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria still threatens global health seriously today. While the current discoveries of antimalarials are almost totally focused on single mode-of-action inhibitors, multi-targeting inhibitors are highly desired to overcome the increasingly serious drug resistance. Here, we performed a structure-based drug design on mitochondrial respiratory chain of Plasmodium falciparum and identified an extremely potent molecule, RYL-581, which binds to multiple protein binding sites of P. falciparum simultaneously (allosteric site of type II NADH dehydrogenase, Qo and Qi sites of cytochrome bc1). Antimalarials with such multiple targeting mechanism of action have never been reported before. RYL-581 kills various drug-resistant strains in vitro and shows good solubility as well as in vivo activity. This structure-based strategy for designing RYL-581 from starting compound may be helpful for other medicinal chemistry projects in the future, especially for drug discovery on membrane-associated targets.
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Jacobsen L, Husen P, Solov'yov IA. Inhibition Mechanism of Antimalarial Drugs Targeting the Cytochrome bc 1 Complex. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:1334-1345. [PMID: 33617262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) is the main parasite known to cause malaria in humans. The antimalarial drug atovaquone is known to inhibit the Qo-site of the cytochrome bc1 complex of P. falciparum, which ultimately blocks ATP synthesis, leading to cell death. Through the years, mutations of the P. falciparum cytochrome bc1 complex, causing resistance to atovaquone, have emerged. The present investigation applies molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study how the specific mutations Y279S and L282V, known to cause atovaquone resistance in malarial parasites, affect the inhibition mechanism of two known inhibitors. Binding free energy estimates were obtained through free energy perturbation calculations but were unable to confidently resolve the effects of mutations due to the great complexity of the binding environment. Meanwhile, basic mechanistic considerations from the MD simulations provide a detailed characterization of inhibitor binding modes and indicate that the Y279S mutation weakens the natural binding of the inhibitors, while no conclusive effect of the L282V mutation could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Jacobsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Peter Husen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Department of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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5
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Mounkoro P, Michel T, Blandin S, Golinelli-Cohen MP, Davioud-Charvet E, Meunier B. Investigating the mode of action of the redox-active antimalarial drug plasmodione using the yeast model. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:269-278. [PMID: 31238126 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites and remains a major public health issue in subtropical areas. Plasmodione (3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-menadione) is a novel early lead compound displaying fast-acting antimalarial activity. Treatment with this redox active compound disrupts the redox balance of parasite-infected red blood cells. In vitro, the benzoyl analogue of plasmodione can act as a subversive substrate of the parasite flavoprotein NADPH-dependent glutathione reductase, initiating a redox cycling process producing ROS. Whether this is also true in vivo remains to be investigated. Here, we used the yeast model to investigate the mode of action of plasmodione and uncover enzymes and pathways involved in its activity. We showed that plasmodione is a potent inhibitor of yeast respiratory growth, that in drug-treated cells, the ROS-sensitive aconitase was impaired and that cells with a lower oxidative stress defence were highly sensitive to the drug, indicating that plasmodione may act via an oxidative stress. We found that the mitochondrial respiratory chain flavoprotein NADH-dehydrogenases play a key role in plasmodione activity. Plasmodione and metabolites act as substrates of these enzymes, the reaction resulting in ROS production. This in turn would damage ROS-sensitive enzymes leading to growth arrest. Our data further suggest that plasmodione is a pro-drug whose activity is mainly mediated by its benzhydrol and benzoyl metabolites. Our results in yeast are coherent with existing data obtained in vitro and in Plasmodium falciparum, and provide additional hypotheses that should be investigated in parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mounkoro
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Michel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Blandin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, UPR9022/U1257, Mosquito Immune Responses (MIR), F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Golinelli-Cohen
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS, UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIMA-UMR 7042, Team Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, ECPM 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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Nugraha AB, Tuvshintulga B, Guswanto A, Tayebwa DS, Rizk MA, Gantuya S, El-Saber Batiha G, Beshbishy AM, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Screening the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box against piroplasm parasites. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2019; 10:84-90. [PMID: 31254719 PMCID: PMC6603297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diminazene aceturate (DA) and imidocarb dipropionate are commonly used in livestock as antipiroplasm agents. However, toxic side effects are common in animals treated with these two drugs. Therefore, evaluations of novel therapeutic agents with high efficacy against piroplasm parasites and low toxicity to host animals are of paramount importance. In this study, the 400 compounds in the Pathogen Box provided by the Medicines for Malaria Venture foundation were screened against Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia caballi, and Theileria equi. A fluorescence-based method using SYBR Green 1 stain was used for initial in vitro screening and determination of the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The initial in vitro screening performed using a 1 μM concentration as baseline revealed nine effective compounds against four tested parasites. Two "hit" compounds, namely MMV021057 and MMV675968, that showed IC50 < 0.3 μM and a selectivity index (SI)> 100 were selected. The IC50s of MMV021057 and MMV675968 against B. bovis, B. bigemina, T. equi and B. caballi were 23, 39, 229, and 146 nM, and 2.9, 3, 25.7, and 2.9 nM, respectively. In addition, a combination of MMV021057 and DA showed additive or synergistic effects against four tested parasites, while combinations of MMV021057 with MMV675968 and of MMV675968 with DA showed antagonistic effects. In mice, treated with 50 mg/kg MMV021057 and 25 mg/kg MMV675968 inhibited the growth of Babesia microti by 54 and 64%, respectively, as compared to the untreated group on day 8. Interestingly, a combination treatment with 6.25 mg/kg DA and 25 mg/kg MMV021057 inhibited B. microti by 91.6%, which was a stronger inhibition than that by single treatments with 50 mg/kg MMV021057 and 25 mg/kg DA, which showed 54 and 83% inhibition, respectively. Our findings indicated that MMV021057, MMV675968, and the combination treatment with MMV021057 and DA are prospects for further development of antipiroplasm drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arifin Budiman Nugraha
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan; Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Bumduuren Tuvshintulga
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Azirwan Guswanto
- Balai Veteriner Subang (DIC Subang), Jl. Terusan Garuda 33/11 Blok Werasari Dangdeur, Subang, Jawa Barat, 41212, Indonesia
| | - Dickson Stuart Tayebwa
- (f)Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Sambuu Gantuya
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Al-Beheira, 22511, Egypt
| | - Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 Sen-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Dreinert A, Wolf A, Mentzel T, Meunier B, Fehr M. The cytochrome bc complex inhibitor Ametoctradin has an unusual binding mode. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:567-576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Song Z, Iorga BI, Mounkoro P, Fisher N, Meunier B. The antimalarial compound
ELQ
‐400 is an unusual inhibitor of the
bc
1
complex, targeting both
Q
o
and
Q
i
sites. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1346-1356. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Song
- Translational Research Institute Henan Provincial People's Hospital School of Medicine Henan University Zhengzhou China
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA CNRS Université Paris‐Sud Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Bogdan I. Iorga
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS UPR 2301 Labex LERMIT Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Pierre Mounkoro
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA CNRS Université Paris‐Sud Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Nicholas Fisher
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research Laboratory Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA CNRS Université Paris‐Sud Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
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9
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Casida JE, Durkin KA. Pesticide Chemical Research in Toxicology: Lessons from Nature. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:94-104. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John E. Casida
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of
Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley 94720, United States
| | - Kathleen A. Durkin
- Molecular Graphics and Computational Facility, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, United States
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Song Z, Laleve A, Vallières C, McGeehan JE, Lloyd RE, Meunier B. Human Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Variants Studied in Yeast: Not All Are Silent Polymorphisms. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:933-41. [PMID: 27291790 PMCID: PMC5094555 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Variations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (mt‐cyb) are frequently found within the healthy population, but also occur within a spectrum of mitochondrial and common diseases. mt‐cyb encodes the core subunit (MT‐CYB) of complex III, a central component of the oxidative phosphorylation system that drives cellular energy production and homeostasis. Despite significant efforts, most mt‐cyb variations identified are not matched with corresponding biochemical data, so their functional and pathogenic consequences in humans remain elusive. While human mtDNA is recalcitrant to genetic manipulation, it is possible to introduce human‐associated point mutations into yeast mtDNA. Using this system, we reveal direct links between human mt‐cyb variations in key catalytic domains of MT‐CYB and significant changes to complex III activity or drug sensitivity. Strikingly, m.15257G>A (p.Asp171Asn) increased the sensitivity of yeast to the antimalarial drug atovaquone, and m.14798T>C (p.Phe18Leu) enhanced the sensitivity of yeast to the antidepressant drug clomipramine. We demonstrate that while a small number of mt‐cyb variations had no functional effect, others have the capacity to alter complex III properties, suggesting they could play a wider role in human health and disease than previously thought. This compendium of new mt‐cyb‐biochemical relationships in yeast provides a resource for future investigations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Song
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, 91198, France
| | - Anaïs Laleve
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, 91198, France
| | - Cindy Vallières
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, 91198, France
| | - John E McGeehan
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Rhiannon E Lloyd
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomedicine, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, 91198, France
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11
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Song Z, Clain J, Iorga BI, Vallières C, Lalève A, Fisher N, Meunier B. Interplay between the hinge region of iron sulphur protein and the Qo site in the bc1 complex - Analysis of Plasmodium-like mutations in the yeast enzyme. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1487-94. [PMID: 26301481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory chain bc1 complex is central to mitochondrial bioenergetics and the target of antiprotozoals. We characterized a modified yeast bc1 complex that more closely resemble Plasmodium falciparum enzyme. The mutant version was generated by replacing ten cytochrome b Qo site residues by P. falciparum equivalents. The Plasmodium-like changes caused a major dysfunction of the catalytic mechanism of the bc1 complex resulting in superoxide overproduction and respiratory growth defect. The defect was corrected by substitution of the conserved residue Y279 by a phenylalanine, or by mutations in or in the vicinity of the hinge domain of the iron-sulphur protein. It thus appears that side-reactions can be prevented by the substitution Y279F or the modification of the iron-sulphur protein hinge region. Interestingly, P. falciparum - and all the apicomplexan - contains an unusual hinge region. We replaced the yeast hinge region by the Plasmodium version and combined it with the Plasmodium-like version of the Qo site. This combination restored the respiratory growth competence. It could be suggested that, in the apicomplexan, the hinge region and the cytochrome b Qo site have co-evolved to maintain catalytic efficiency of the bc1 complex Qo site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Song
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérôme Clain
- UMR 216, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, UPR 2301, Labex LERMIT, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cindy Vallières
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anaïs Lalève
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicholas Fisher
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA..
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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12
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Subtle changes in endochin-like quinolone structure alter the site of inhibition within the cytochrome bc1 complex of Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:1977-82. [PMID: 25605352 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04149-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome bc1 complex (cyt bc1) is the third component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is the target of several potent antimalarial compounds, including the naphthoquinone atovaquone (ATV) and the 4(1H)-quinolone ELQ-300. Mechanistically, cyt bc1 facilitates the transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and contains both oxidative (Qo) and reductive (Qi) catalytic sites that are amenable to small-molecule inhibition. Although many antimalarial compounds, including ATV, effectively target the Qo site, it has been challenging to design selective Qi site inhibitors with the ability to circumvent clinical ATV resistance, and little is known about how chemical structure contributes to site selectivity within cyt bc1. Here, we used the proposed Qi site inhibitor ELQ-300 to generate a drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum clone containing an I22L mutation at the Qi region of cyt b. Using this D1 clone and the Y268S Qo mutant strain, P. falciparum Tm90-C2B, we created a structure-activity map of Qi versus Qo site selectivity for a series of endochin-like 4(1H)-quinolones (ELQs). We found that Qi site inhibition was associated with compounds containing 6-position halogens or aryl 3-position side chains, while Qo site inhibition was favored by 5,7-dihalogen groups or 7-position substituents. In addition to identifying ELQ-300 as a preferential Qi site inhibitor, our data suggest that the 4(1H)-quinolone scaffold is compatible with binding to either site of cyt bc1 and that minor chemical changes can influence Qo or Qi site inhibition by the ELQs.
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13
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Biolistic Transformation for Delivering DNA into the Mitochondria. Fungal Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10142-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Siregar JE, Kurisu G, Kobayashi T, Matsuzaki M, Sakamoto K, Mi-ichi F, Watanabe YI, Hirai M, Matsuoka H, Syafruddin D, Marzuki S, Kita K. Direct evidence for the atovaquone action on the Plasmodium cytochrome bc1 complex. Parasitol Int 2014; 64:295-300. [PMID: 25264100 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atovaquone, a coenzyme Q analogue has been indicated to specifically target the cytochrome bc1 complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the malarial parasite and other protozoan. Various mutations in the quinone binding site of the cytochrome b gene of Plasmodium spp. such as M133I, L144S, L271V, K272R, Y268C, Y268S, Y268N, and V284F are suggesting to associate with resistance to atovaquone. There is no direct evidence of relation between the mutations and resistance to atovaquone in Plasmodium parasite that has been available. Technical difficulties in isolating active assayable mitochondria in the malarial parasite hinder us to obtain direct biochemical evidence to support the relation between the mutations and drug resistance. The establishment of a mitochondrial isolation method for the malaria parasite has allowed us to test the degree of resistance of Plasmodium berghei isolates to atovaquone directly. We have tested the activity of dihydroorotate (DHO)-cytochrome c reductase in various P. berghei atovaquone resistant clones in the presence of a wide concentration range of atovaquone. Our results show the IC(50) of P. berghei atovaquone resistant clones is much higher (1.5 up to 40 nM) in comparison to the atovaquone sensitive clones (0.132-0.465 nM). The highest IC(50) was revealed in clones carrying Y268C and Y268N mutations (which play an important role in atovaquone resistance in Plasmodium falciparum), with an approximately 100-fold increase. The findings indicate the importance of the mutation in the quinone binding site of the cytochrome b gene and that provide a direct evidence for the atovaquone inhibitory mechanism in the cytochrome bc1 complex of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine E Siregar
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motomichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Sakamoto
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Fumika Mi-ichi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoh-ichi Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirai
- Department of Medical Zoology, Jichi Medical School, Minami-kawachi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuoka
- Department of Medical Zoology, Jichi Medical School, Minami-kawachi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Sangkot Marzuki
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Pathological Mutations of the Mitochondrial Human Genome: the Instrumental Role of the Yeast S. cerevisiae. Diseases 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/diseases2010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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