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Escribá PV, Gil-Agudo ÁM, Vidal Samsó J, Sánchez-Raya J, Salvador-de la Barrera S, Soto-León V, León-Álvarez N, Méndez Ferrer B, Membrilla-Mesa MD, Redondo Galán C, Benito-Penalva J, Montoto-Marqués A, Medel Rebollo J, Palazón García R, Gutiérrez Henares F, Miralles M, Torres M, Nieto-Librero AB, García Marco D, Gómez C, Jimeno D, Oliviero A. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentric, phase IIA clinical trial for evaluating the safety, tolerability, and therapeutic efficacy of daily oral administration of NFX88 to treat neuropathic pain in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2024:10.1038/s41393-024-01006-4. [PMID: 38898145 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-024-01006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group multicentric phase IIA clinical trial. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety and tolerability of oral administration of NFX-88 in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) and explore its efficacy in pain control. SETTING A total of 7 spinal cord injury rehabilitation units in Spain. METHODS A total of 61 adult with traumatic complete or incomplete spinal cord injury (C4-T12 level), were randomised 1:1:1:1 to a placebo, NFX88 1.05 g, 2.1 g, 4.2 g/day for up to 12 weeks. The placebo or NFX-88 was administered as add-on therapy to pre-existing pregabalin (150-300 mg per day). Safety and tolerability were evaluated, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was the primary measure to explore the efficacy of NFX-88 in pain control. RESULTS No severe treatment-related adverse effects were reported for any of the four study groups. 44 SCI individuals completed the study and were analysed. The data obtained from the VAS analysis and the PainDETECT Questionnaire (PD-Q) suggested that the combination of NFX88 with pregabalin is more effective than pregabalin with placebo at reducing neuropathic pain (NP) in individuals with SCI and that the dose 2.10 g/day causes the most dramatic pain relief. CONCLUSIONS NFX88 treatment was found to be highly safe and well tolerated, with the dose of 2.10 g/day being the most effective at causing pain relief. Thus, the promising efficacy of this first-in-class lipid mediator deserves further consideration in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joan Vidal Samsó
- Fundación Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Miguel David Membrilla-Mesa
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Benito-Penalva
- Fundación Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Marc Miralles
- Universidad Islas Baleares, Palma, Islas Baleares, Spain
| | - Manuel Torres
- Universidad Islas Baleares, Palma, Islas Baleares, Spain
| | - Ana B Nieto-Librero
- Departamento de Estadística, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Oliviero
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
- Hospital Los Madroños, Brunete, Madrid, Spain.
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Misao T, Fukushima K, Fujino H. Novel anti-cancer effect of 2-arachidonoylglycerol via processing body formation in HCA-7 human colon cancer cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 174:106861. [PMID: 38876400 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) has been reported to exhibit anticancer effects, including against colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the detailed mechanisms have not been clarified. Herein, we demonstrated that 2-AG suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced by prostaglandin E2 in human colon cancer HCA-7 cells. The suppression of COX-2 expression by 2-AG was through the acceleration of processing body (P-body) formation followed by COX-2 mRNA degradation. These effects were restored by TAK-715, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Therefore, the effect of 2-AG on COX-2 may be distinct from conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs inhibit the function of COX-2, whereas 2-AG suppresses the protein expression of COX-2. Recently, the cardiovascular risks of NSAIDs were reported by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States. Therefore, elucidation of the effect of 2-AG is expected to contribute to the development of an alternative and novel therapeutic option that would have no or fewer risks regarding cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Misao
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Keijo Fukushima
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Fujino
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sun J, Zhang W, Guo Z, Ma Q. Arachidonic acid metabolism in health and disease. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e363. [PMID: 37746665 PMCID: PMC10511835 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA), an n-6 essential fatty acid, is a major component of mammalian cells and can be released by phospholipase A2. Accumulating evidence indicates that AA plays essential biochemical roles, as it is the direct precursor of bioactive lipid metabolites of eicosanoids such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid obtained from three distinct enzymatic metabolic pathways: the cyclooxygenase pathway, lipoxygenase pathway, and cytochrome P450 pathway. AA metabolism is involved not only in cell differentiation, tissue development, and organ function but also in the progression of diseases, such as hepatic fibrosis, neurodegeneration, obesity, diabetes, and cancers. These eicosanoids are generally considered proinflammatory molecules, as they can trigger oxidative stress and stimulate the immune response. Therefore, interventions in AA metabolic pathways are effective ways to manage inflammatory-related diseases in the clinic. Currently, inhibitors targeting enzymes related to AA metabolic pathways are an important area of drug discovery. Moreover, many advances have also been made in clinical studies of AA metabolic inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Herein, we review the discovery of AA and focus on AA metabolism in relation to health and diseases. Furthermore, inhibitors targeting AA metabolism are summarized, and potential clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryOrthopedic Oncology InstituteThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yingxiang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryOrthopedic Oncology InstituteThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryOrthopedic Oncology InstituteThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of PathologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryOrthopedic Oncology InstituteThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Qiong Ma
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryOrthopedic Oncology InstituteThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Department of PathologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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Structural Basis of the Interaction of the G Proteins, Gαi 1, Gβ 1γ 2 and Gαi 1β 1γ 2, with Membrane Microdomains and Their Relationship to Cell Localization and Activity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020557. [PMID: 36831093 PMCID: PMC9953545 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
GPCRs receive signals from diverse messengers and activate G proteins that regulate downstream signaling effectors. Efficient signaling is achieved through the organization of these proteins in membranes. Thus, protein-lipid interactions play a critical role in bringing G proteins together in specific membrane microdomains with signaling partners. Significantly, the molecular basis underlying the membrane distribution of each G protein isoform, fundamental to fully understanding subsequent cell signaling, remains largely unclear. We used model membranes with lipid composition resembling different membrane microdomains, and monomeric, dimeric and trimeric Gi proteins with or without single and multiple mutations to investigate the structural bases of G protein-membrane interactions. We demonstrated that cationic amino acids in the N-terminal region of the Gαi1 and C-terminal region of the Gγ2 subunit, as well as their myristoyl, palmitoyl and geranylgeranyl moieties, define the differential G protein form interactions with membranes containing different lipid classes (PC, PS, PE, SM, Cho) and the various microdomains they may form (Lo, Ld, PC bilayer, charged, etc.). These new findings in part explain the molecular basis underlying amphitropic protein translocation to membranes and localization to different membrane microdomains and the role of these interactions in cell signal propagation, pathophysiology and therapies targeted to lipid membranes.
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Sessa L, Concilio S, Fominaya J, Eletto D, Piotto S, Busquets X. A new serotonin 2A receptor antagonist with potential benefits in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Life Sci 2023; 314:121315. [PMID: 36581095 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) could be a new pharmacological target for NASH, an evolution of NAFLD characterized by hepatic steatosis, cytoskeletal alterations, and hepatic inflammation that can arise with or without fibrosis. SJT4a is a synthetic β-carboline antagonist for 5-HT2AR developed by SJT molecular research to treat NASH. We performed a combined in silico/in vivo study on this potential drug to elucidate its activity and possible mechanism of action. The in silico protocol compares SJT4a with four known 5-HT2AR ligands with different activities (LSD, methiothepin, zotepine, risperidone). We performed molecular docking calculations, evaluation of binding energy by AI-based methods and Molecular Dynamics simulations of the five ligand-target complexes. Moreover, we used a pseudo-semantic analysis to evaluate the potential mechanism of action of SJT4a. In silico predictions and pseudo-semantic analysis suggested antagonistic activity for SJT4a. The in silico prediction was confirmed by [3H]-5HT radioligand binding together with SJT4a competition analysis in CHO-K1 cell cultures expressing 5-HT2AR. SJT4a was then tested in vivo. We investigated the effect of 8 weeks of treatment with SJT4A on metabolic parameters, liver pathology, NAFLD activity score, and fibrosis stage in male DIO-NASH C57BL/6 J mice diet-induced obesity fed with an obesogenic diet compared with DIO-NASH and LEAN-CHOW vehicles. In our tests, SJT4a showed intense activity in diminishing the most relevant hallmarks of NASH in the DIO-NASH mice model. We proposed a possible mode of action for SJT4a based on its 5-HT2AR antagonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sessa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano 84084, SA, Italy; Bionam Center for Biomaterials, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano 84084, SA, Italy
| | - Simona Concilio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano 84084, SA, Italy; Bionam Center for Biomaterials, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano 84084, SA, Italy
| | - Jesús Fominaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Daniela Eletto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano 84084, SA, Italy
| | - Stefano Piotto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano 84084, SA, Italy; Bionam Center for Biomaterials, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano 84084, SA, Italy.
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain.
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Sarkar A, Santoro J, Di Biasi L, Marrafino F, Piotto S. YAMACS: a graphical interface for GROMACS. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:4645-4646. [PMID: 35997557 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY A graphical user interface for the GROMACS program has been developed as plugins for YASARA molecular graphics suite. The most significant GROMACS methods can be run entirely via a windowed menu system, and the results are shown on screen in real time. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION YAMACS is written in Python and is freely available for download at https://github.com/YAMACS-SML/YAMACS and is supported on Linux. It has been released under GPL-3.0 license. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadeep Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA 84084, Italy
| | - Jacopo Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA 84084, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Biasi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA 84084, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Piotto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA 84084, Italy.,Bionam Center for Biomaterials, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA 84084, Italy
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lncRNA ZFAS1 Positively Facilitates Endothelial Ferroptosis via miR-7-5p/ACSL4 Axis in Diabetic Retinopathy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9004738. [PMID: 36092160 PMCID: PMC9453005 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9004738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested the significant role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) in regulating ferroptosis, while its regulatory mechanism in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unelucidated. In this work, we first demonstrated that lncRNA zinc finger antisense 1 (ZFAS1) is upregulated in high glucose-cultured human retinal endothelial cells (hRECs) and ZFAS1 inhibition attenuated high glucose- (HG-) induced ferroptosis, which was evidenced by cell viability, total iron and ferrous iron levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression detection. Mechanistically, we validated that ZFAS1 may act as a competing endogenous RNA by competitively binding with microRNA-7-5p (miR-7-5p) and modulating the expression of its downstream molecule acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), which is now identified as a classic driver gene of ferroptosis process. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that HG-induced ZFAS1 elevation activates ferroptosis in hRECs and the ZFAS1/miR-7-5p/ACSL4 axis may serve as a therapeutic target for endothelial dysfunction in DR.
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Lipids in Pathophysiology and Development of the Membrane Lipid Therapy: New Bioactive Lipids. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120919. [PMID: 34940418 PMCID: PMC8708953 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Membranes are mainly composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins, constituting a checkpoint for the entry and passage of signals and other molecules. Their composition can be modulated by diet, pathophysiological processes, and nutritional/pharmaceutical interventions. In addition to their use as an energy source, lipids have important structural and functional roles, e.g., fatty acyl moieties in phospholipids have distinct impacts on human health depending on their saturation, carbon length, and isometry. These and other membrane lipids have quite specific effects on the lipid bilayer structure, which regulates the interaction with signaling proteins. Alterations to lipids have been associated with important diseases, and, consequently, normalization of these alterations or regulatory interventions that control membrane lipid composition have therapeutic potential. This approach, termed membrane lipid therapy or membrane lipid replacement, has emerged as a novel technology platform for nutraceutical interventions and drug discovery. Several clinical trials and therapeutic products have validated this technology based on the understanding of membrane structure and function. The present review analyzes the molecular basis of this innovative approach, describing how membrane lipid composition and structure affects protein-lipid interactions, cell signaling, disease, and therapy (e.g., fatigue and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, tumor, infectious diseases).
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Sessa L, Nardiello AM, Santoro J, Concilio S, Piotto S. Hydroxylated Fatty Acids: The Role of the Sphingomyelin Synthase and the Origin of Selectivity. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100787. [PMID: 34677553 PMCID: PMC8539438 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids acting as key modulators of many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Hydroxylation patterns have a major influence on the biophysical properties of sphingolipids. In this work, we have studied the mechanism of action of hydroxylated lipids in sphingomyelin synthase (SMS). The structures of the two human isoforms, SMS1 and SMS2, have been generated through neural network supported homology. Furthermore, we have elucidated the reaction mechanism that allows SMS to recover the choline head from a phosphocholine (PC) and transfer it to ceramide, and we have clarified the role of the hydroxyl group in the interaction with the enzyme. Finally, the effect of partial inhibition of SMS on the levels of PC and sphingomyelin was calculated for different rate constants solving ordinary differential equation systems.
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Torres M, Rosselló CA, Fernández-García P, Lladó V, Kakhlon O, Escribá PV. The Implications for Cells of the Lipid Switches Driven by Protein-Membrane Interactions and the Development of Membrane Lipid Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072322. [PMID: 32230887 PMCID: PMC7177374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane contains a variety of receptors that interact with signaling molecules. However, agonist-receptor interactions not always activate a signaling cascade. Amphitropic membrane proteins are required for signal propagation upon ligand-induced receptor activation. These proteins localize to the plasma membrane or internal compartments; however, they are only activated by ligand-receptor complexes when both come into physical contact in membranes. These interactions enable signal propagation. Thus, signals may not propagate into the cell if peripheral proteins do not co-localize with receptors even in the presence of messengers. As the translocation of an amphitropic protein greatly depends on the membrane's lipid composition, regulation of the lipid bilayer emerges as a novel therapeutic strategy. Some of the signals controlled by proteins non-permanently bound to membranes produce dramatic changes in the cell's physiology. Indeed, changes in membrane lipids induce translocation of dozens of peripheral signaling proteins from or to the plasma membrane, which controls how cells behave. We called these changes "lipid switches", as they alter the cell's status (e.g., proliferation, differentiation, death, etc.) in response to the modulation of membrane lipids. Indeed, this discovery enables therapeutic interventions that modify the bilayer's lipids, an approach known as membrane-lipid therapy (MLT) or melitherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Torres
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma, Spain; (M.T.); (C.A.R.); (P.F.-G.); (V.L.)
- Department of R&D, Laminar Pharmaceuticals SL. ParcBit, Ed. Naorte B, E-07121 Palma, Spain
| | - Catalina Ana Rosselló
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma, Spain; (M.T.); (C.A.R.); (P.F.-G.); (V.L.)
- Department of R&D, Laminar Pharmaceuticals SL. ParcBit, Ed. Naorte B, E-07121 Palma, Spain
| | - Paula Fernández-García
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma, Spain; (M.T.); (C.A.R.); (P.F.-G.); (V.L.)
- Department of R&D, Laminar Pharmaceuticals SL. ParcBit, Ed. Naorte B, E-07121 Palma, Spain
| | - Victoria Lladó
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma, Spain; (M.T.); (C.A.R.); (P.F.-G.); (V.L.)
- Department of R&D, Laminar Pharmaceuticals SL. ParcBit, Ed. Naorte B, E-07121 Palma, Spain
| | - Or Kakhlon
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Pablo Vicente Escribá
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma, Spain; (M.T.); (C.A.R.); (P.F.-G.); (V.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Chemometrics-Assisted Identification of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from the Green Alga Klebsormidium flaccidum var. zivo. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051048. [PMID: 32110943 PMCID: PMC7179104 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The green alga Klebsormidium flaccidum var. zivo is a rich source of proteins, polyphenols, and bioactive small-molecule compounds. An approach involving chromatographic fractionation, anti-inflammatory activity testing, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling, chemometric analysis, and subsequent MS-oriented isolation was employed to rapidly identify its small-molecule anti-inflammatory compounds including hydroxylated fatty acids, chlorophyll-derived pheophorbides, carotenoids, and glycoglycerolipids. Pheophorbide a, which decreased intracellular nitric oxide production by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase, was the most potent compound identified with an IC50 value of 0.24 µM in lipopolysaccharides-induced macrophages. It also inhibited nuclear factor kappaB activation with an IC50 value of 32.1 µM in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced chondrocytes. Compared to conventional bioassay-guided fractionation, this approach is more efficient for rapid identification of multiple chemical classes of bioactive compounds from a complex natural product mixture.
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Franco I, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Vrtačnik P, Lundberg TR, Eriksson M, Gustafsson T. Healthy skeletal muscle aging: The role of satellite cells, somatic mutations and exercise. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 346:157-200. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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de Ruyck J, Roos G, Krammer EM, Prévost M, Lensink MF, Bouckaert J. Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Action: X-ray Crystallography at the Basis of Structure-based and Ligand-based Drug Design. BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788010016-00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems are recognized for their complexity and diversity and yet we sometimes manage to cure disease via the administration of small chemical drug molecules. At first, active ingredients were found accidentally and at that time there did not seem a need to understand the molecular mechanism of drug functioning. However, the urge to develop new drugs, the discovery of multipurpose characteristics of some drugs, and the necessity to remove unwanted secondary drug effects, incited the pharmaceutical sector to rationalize drug design. This did not deliver success in the years directly following its conception, but it drove the evolution of biochemical and biophysical techniques to enable the characterization of molecular mechanisms of drug action. Functional and structural data generated by biochemists and structural biologists became a valuable input for computational biologists, chemists and bioinformaticians who could extrapolate in silico, based on variations in the structural aspects of the drug molecules and their target. This opened up new avenues with much improved predictive power because of a clearer perception of the role and impact of structural elements in the intrinsic affinity and specificity of the drug for its target. In this chapter, we review how crystal structures can initiate structure-based drug design in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. de Ruyck
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the University of Lille 50 Avenue de Halley 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - G. Roos
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the University of Lille 50 Avenue de Halley 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Structure and Function of Biological Membranes CP 206/2, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - E.-M. Krammer
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the University of Lille 50 Avenue de Halley 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Structure and Function of Biological Membranes CP 206/2, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - M. Prévost
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Structure and Function of Biological Membranes CP 206/2, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - M. F. Lensink
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the University of Lille 50 Avenue de Halley 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - J. Bouckaert
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the University of Lille 50 Avenue de Halley 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
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Escribá PV. Membrane-lipid therapy: A historical perspective of membrane-targeted therapies - From lipid bilayer structure to the pathophysiological regulation of cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1493-1506. [PMID: 28577973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of membrane lipid composition, structure and functions has led to the investigation of their role in cell signaling, both in healthy and pathological cells. As a consequence, therapies based on the regulation of membrane lipid composition and structure have been recently developed. This novel field, known as Membrane Lipid Therapy, is growing and evolving rapidly, providing treatments that are now in use or that are being studied for their application to oncological disorders, Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord injury, stroke, diabetes, obesity, and neuropathic pain. This field has arisen from relevant discoveries on the behavior of membranes in recent decades, and it paves the way to adopt new approaches in modern pharmacology and nutrition. This innovative area will promote further investigation into membranes and the development of new therapies with molecules that target the cell membrane. Due to the prominent roles of membranes in the cells' physiology and the paucity of therapeutic approaches based on the regulation of the lipids they contain, it is expected that membrane lipid therapy will provide new treatments for numerous pathologies. The first on-purpose rationally designed molecule in this field, minerval, is currently being tested in clinical trials and it is expected to enter the market around 2020. However, it seems feasible that during the next few decades other membrane regulators will also be marketed for the treatment of human pathologies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo V Escribá
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Escribá PV. WITHDRAWN: Membrane-lipid therapy: A historical perspective of membrane-targeted therapies-From lipid bilayer structure to the pathophysiological regulation of cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2017:S0005-2736(17)30139-6. [PMID: 28476630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.017. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo V Escribá
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Ciardo MG, Ferrer-Montiel A. Lipids as central modulators of sensory TRP channels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1615-1628. [PMID: 28432033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family is involved in a diversity of physiological processes including sensory and homeostatic functions, as well as muscle contraction and vasomotor control. Their dysfunction contributes to the etiology of several diseases, being validated as therapeutic targets. These ion channels may be activated by physical or chemical stimuli and their function is highly influenced by signaling molecules activated by extracellular signals. Notably, as integral membrane proteins, lipid molecules also modulate their membrane location and function either by direct interaction with the channel structure or by modulating the physico-chemical properties of the cellular membrane. This lipid-based modulatory effect is being considered an alternative and promising approach to regulate TRP channel dysfunction in diseases. Here, we review the current progress in this exciting field highlighting a complex channel regulation by a large diversity of lipid molecules and suggesting some diseases that may benefit from a membrane lipid therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Ferrer-Montiel
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. De la Universidad s/n, Elche, Spain.
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17
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Piotto S, Sessa L, Iannelli P, Concilio S. Computational study on human sphingomyelin synthase 1 (hSMS1). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1517-1525. [PMID: 28411172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human sphingomyelin synthase 1 (hSMS1) is the last enzyme for sphingomyelin (SM) biosynthesis. It has been discovered that in different human tumor tissues the SM levels are lower compared to normal tissues and the activation of hSMS1, to restore the normal levels of SM, inhibits cell cycle proliferation of cancer cells. Since the importance of SM and other lipid metabolism genes in the malignant transformation, we decided to explore the hSMS1 mechanism of action. Enzymes capable to regulate the formation of lipids are therefore of paramount importance. Here we present a computational study on sphingomyelin synthases hSMS1. The full structure of the enzyme was obtained by means of homology and ab initio techniques. Further molecular dynamics and docking studies permitted to identify putative binding sites and to identify the key residues for binding. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Piotto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Lucia Sessa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Pio Iannelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Simona Concilio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Ugidos IF, Santos-Galdiano M, Pérez-Rodríguez D, Anuncibay-Soto B, Font-Belmonte E, López DJ, Ibarguren M, Busquets X, Fernández-López A. Neuroprotective effect of 2-hydroxy arachidonic acid in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1648-1656. [PMID: 28315303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stroke modifies the composition of cell membranes by eliciting the breakdown of membrane phospholipids whose products, such as arachidonic acid (AA), are released in the cytosol. The action of enzymes such as cyclooxygenases on AA leads to inflammatory stimuli and increases the cell oxidative stress. We report here the neuroprotective effect of 2-hydroxyarachidonic acid (2OAA), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor derived from AA, as a promising neuroprotective therapy against stroke. The effect of a single dose of 2OAA, administered intragastrically 1h after the ischaemic insult, in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was tested after 24h of reperfusion. Infarct volume was measured by TTC method to evaluate the neuroprotective effect. Levels of phospholipids and neutral lipids were measured by thin-layer chromatography. The expression of cPLA2 and sPLA2 phospholipases responsible for the cleavage of membrane phospholipids, as well as the expression of antioxidant enzymes, was measured by qPCR. Lipid peroxidation was measured as the concentration of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal. The treatment with 2OAA reduced the infarct volume and prevented ischaemia-induced increases in transcription levels of free fatty acid (FFAs), as well as in both phospholipases A2 (cPLA2 and sPLA2). The lipid peroxidation and the transcription levels of antioxidant enzymes induced by ischaemia were also decreased by this treatment. We conclude that 2OAA treatment results in a strong neuroprotective effect that seems to rely on a decrease in PLA2 transcriptional activity. This would reduce their action on the membrane phospholipids reducing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated by FFAs. Based on the transcriptional activity of the antioxidant enzymes, we conclude that the treatment prevents oxidative stress rather than promoting the antioxidant response. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Ugidos
- Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain.
| | - M Santos-Galdiano
- Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain.
| | - D Pérez-Rodríguez
- Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain.
| | - B Anuncibay-Soto
- Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain.
| | - E Font-Belmonte
- Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain.
| | - D J López
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - M Ibarguren
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - X Busquets
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - A Fernández-López
- Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain.
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Ugidos IF, Pérez-Rodríguez D, Fernández-López A. A role for lipids as agents to alleviate stroke damage: the neuroprotective effect of 2-hydroxy arachidonic acid. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1273-1275. [PMID: 28966640 PMCID: PMC5607820 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.213545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irene F Ugidos
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Diego Pérez-Rodríguez
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Piotto S, Di Biasi L, Fino R, Parisi R, Sessa L, Concilio S. Yada: a novel tool for molecular docking calculations. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2016; 30:753-759. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-016-9953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sessa L, Di Biasi L, Concilio S, Cattaneo G, De Santis A, Iannelli P, Piotto S. A New Flexible Protocol for Docking Studies. COMMUNICATIONS IN COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32695-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Escribá PV, Busquets X, Inokuchi JI, Balogh G, Török Z, Horváth I, Harwood JL, Vígh L. Membrane lipid therapy: Modulation of the cell membrane composition and structure as a molecular base for drug discovery and new disease treatment. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:38-53. [PMID: 25969421 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays we understand cell membranes not as a simple double lipid layer but as a collection of complex and dynamic protein-lipid structures and microdomains that serve as functional platforms for interacting signaling lipids and proteins. Membrane lipids and lipid structures participate directly as messengers or regulators of signal transduction. In addition, protein-lipid interactions participate in the localization of signaling protein partners to specific membrane microdomains. Thus, lipid alterations change cell signaling that are associated with a variety of diseases including cancer, obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular pathologies, etc. This article reviews the newly emerging field of membrane lipid therapy which involves the pharmacological regulation of membrane lipid composition and structure for the treatment of diseases. Membrane lipid therapy proposes the use of new molecules specifically designed to modify membrane lipid structures and microdomains as pharmaceutical disease-modifying agents by reversing the malfunction or altering the expression of disease-specific protein or lipid signal cascades. Here, we provide an in-depth analysis of this emerging field, especially its molecular bases and its relevance to the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo V Escribá
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jin-ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gábor Balogh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Török
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Horváth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
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Marquês JT, Antunes CA, Santos FC, de Almeida RF. Biomembrane Organization and Function. ADVANCES IN PLANAR LIPID BILAYERS AND LIPOSOMES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adplan.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ibarguren M, López DJ, Escribá PV. The effect of natural and synthetic fatty acids on membrane structure, microdomain organization, cellular functions and human health. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:1518-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Khmelinskaia A, Ibarguren M, de Almeida RFM, López DJ, Paixão VA, Ahyayauch H, Goñi FM, Escribá PV. Changes in membrane organization upon spontaneous insertion of 2-hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acids in the lipid bilayer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:2117-2128. [PMID: 24490728 DOI: 10.1021/la403977f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent research regarding 2-hydroxylated fatty acids (2OHFAs) showed clear evidence of their benefits in the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Monolayer compressibility isotherms and isothermal titration calorimetry of 2OHFA (C18-C22) in phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine/sphingomyelin/cholesterol (1:1:1:1 mole ratio), a mixture that mimics the composition of mammalian plasma membrane, were performed to assess the membrane binding capacity of 2OHFAs and their natural, nonhydroxylated counterparts. The results show that 2OHFAs are surface-active substances that bind membranes through exothermic, spontaneous processes. The main effects of 2OHFAs are a decrease in lipid order, with a looser packing of the acyl chains, and a decreased dipole potential, regardless of the 2OHFAs' relative affinity for the lipid bilayer. The strongest effects are usually observed for 2-hydroxyarachidonic (C20:4) acid, and the weakest one, for 2-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (C22:6). In addition, 2OHFAs cause increased hydration, except in gel-phase membranes, which can be explained by the 2OHFA preference for membrane defects. Concerning the membrane dipole potential, the magnitude of the reduction induced by 2OHFAs was particularly marked in the liquid-ordered (lo) phase (cholesterol/sphingomyelin-rich) membranes, those where order reduction was the smallest, suggesting a disruption of cholesterol-sphingolipid interactions that are responsible for the large dipole potential in those membranes. Moreover, 2OHFA effects were larger than for both lo and ld phases separately in model membranes with liquid disordered (ld)/lo coexistence when both phases were present in significant amounts, possibly because of the facilitating effect of ld/lo domain interfaces. The specific and marked changes induced by 2OHFAs in several membrane properties suggest that the initial interaction with the membrane and subsequent reorganization might constitute an important step in their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Khmelinskaia
- Centro de Quimica e Bioquimica, DQB, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisboa Portugal
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