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Rødland GE, Temelie M, Eek Mariampillai A, Hauge S, Gilbert A, Chevalier F, Savu DI, Syljuåsen RG. Potential Benefits of Combining Proton or Carbon Ion Therapy with DNA Damage Repair Inhibitors. Cells 2024; 13:1058. [PMID: 38920686 PMCID: PMC11201490 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of charged particle radiotherapy is currently increasing, but combination therapy with DNA repair inhibitors remains to be exploited in the clinic. The high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation delivered by charged particles causes clustered DNA damage, which is particularly effective in destroying cancer cells. Whether the DNA damage response to this type of damage is different from that elicited in response to low-LET radiation, and if and how it can be targeted to increase treatment efficacy, is not fully understood. Although several preclinical studies have reported radiosensitizing effects when proton or carbon ion irradiation is combined with inhibitors of, e.g., PARP, ATR, ATM, or DNA-PKcs, further exploration is required to determine the most effective treatments. Here, we examine what is known about repair pathway choice in response to high- versus low-LET irradiation, and we discuss the effects of inhibitors of these pathways when combined with protons and carbon ions. Additionally, we explore the potential effects of DNA repair inhibitors on antitumor immune signaling upon proton and carbon ion irradiation. Due to the reduced effect on healthy tissue and better immune preservation, particle therapy may be particularly well suited for combination with DNA repair inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro Elise Rødland
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mihaela Temelie
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Adrian Eek Mariampillai
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Hauge
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Antoine Gilbert
- UMR6252 CIMAP, Team Applications in Radiobiology with Accelerated Ions, CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN-Université de Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France (F.C.)
| | - François Chevalier
- UMR6252 CIMAP, Team Applications in Radiobiology with Accelerated Ions, CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN-Université de Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France (F.C.)
| | - Diana I. Savu
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Randi G. Syljuåsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
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Fabbrizi MR, Doggett TJ, Hughes JR, Melia E, Dufficy ER, Hill RM, Goula A, Phoenix B, Parsons JL. Inhibition of key DNA double strand break repair protein kinases enhances radiosensitivity of head and neck cancer cells to X-ray and proton irradiation. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:282. [PMID: 38866739 PMCID: PMC11169544 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionising radiation (IR) is widely used in cancer treatment, including for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), where it induces significant DNA damage leading ultimately to tumour cell death. Among these lesions, DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are the most threatening lesion to cell survival. The two main repair mechanisms that detect and repair DSBs are non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Among these pathways, the protein kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) and the DNA dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-Pkcs) play key roles in the sensing of the DSB and subsequent coordination of the downstream repair events. Consequently, targeting these kinases with potent and specific inhibitors is considered an approach to enhance the radiosensitivity of tumour cells. Here, we have investigated the impact of inhibition of ATM, ATR and DNA-Pkcs on the survival and growth of six radioresistant HPV-negative HNSCC cell lines in combination with either X-ray irradiation or proton beam therapy, and confirmed the mechanistic pathway leading to cell radiosensitisation. Using inhibitors targeting ATM (AZD1390), ATR (AZD6738) and DNA-Pkcs (AZD7648), we observed that this led to significantly decreased clonogenic survival of HNSCC cell lines following both X-ray and proton irradiation. Radiosensitisation of HNSCC cells grown as 3D spheroids was also observed, particularly following ATM and DNA-Pkcs inhibition. We confirmed that the inhibitors in combination with X-rays and protons led to DSB persistence, and increased micronuclei formation. Cumulatively, our data suggest that targeting DSB repair, particularly via ATM and DNA-Pkcs inhibition, can exacerbate the impact of ionising radiation in sensitising HNSCC cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Fabbrizi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Thomas J Doggett
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan R Hughes
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Emma Melia
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Dufficy
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Rhianna M Hill
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amalia Goula
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Ben Phoenix
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Jason L Parsons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
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Lohberger B, Barna S, Glänzer D, Eck N, Leithner A, Georg D. DNA-PKcs Inhibition Sensitizes Human Chondrosarcoma Cells to Carbon Ion Irradiation via Cell Cycle Arrest and Telomere Capping Disruption. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6179. [PMID: 38892366 PMCID: PMC11173223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to overcome the resistance to radiotherapy in human chondrosarcoma cells, the prevention from efficient DNA repair with a combined treatment with the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) inhibitor AZD7648 was explored for carbon ion (C-ion) as well as reference photon (X-ray) irradiation (IR) using gene expression analysis, flow cytometry, protein phosphorylation, and telomere length shortening. Proliferation markers and cell cycle distribution changed significantly after combined treatment, revealing a prominent G2/M arrest. The expression of the G2/M checkpoint genes cyclin B, CDK1, and WEE1 was significantly reduced by IR alone and the combined treatment. While IR alone showed no effects, additional AZD7648 treatment resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in AKT phosphorylation and an increase in Chk2 phosphorylation. Twenty-four hours after IR, the key genes of DNA repair mechanisms were reduced by the combined treatment, which led to impaired DNA repair and increased radiosensitivity. A time-dependent shortening of telomere length was observed in both cell lines after combined treatment with AZD7648 and 8 Gy X-ray/C-ion IR. Our data suggest that the inhibition of DNA-PKcs may increase sensitivity to X-rays and C-ion IR by impairing its functional role in DNA repair mechanisms and telomere end protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Lohberger
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5-7, 8036 Graz, Austria; (D.G.); (N.E.); (A.L.)
| | - Sandra Barna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.B.); (D.G.)
- MedAustron-Ion Therapy Center, Viktor-Kaplan Strasse 2, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Dietmar Glänzer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5-7, 8036 Graz, Austria; (D.G.); (N.E.); (A.L.)
| | - Nicole Eck
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5-7, 8036 Graz, Austria; (D.G.); (N.E.); (A.L.)
| | - Andreas Leithner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5-7, 8036 Graz, Austria; (D.G.); (N.E.); (A.L.)
| | - Dietmar Georg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.B.); (D.G.)
- MedAustron-Ion Therapy Center, Viktor-Kaplan Strasse 2, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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Buglewicz DJ, Buglewicz JKF, Hirakawa H, Kato TA, Liu C, Fang Y, Kusumoto T, Fujimori A, Sai S. The impact of DNA double-strand break repair pathways throughout the carbon ion spread-out Bragg peak beam. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:4548-4557. [PMID: 37786999 PMCID: PMC10727999 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following carbon ion beam irradiation in mammalian cells, such as used in carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT), it has been suggested that the balance between whether nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR) is utilized depends on the DNA double-strand break (DSB) complexity. Here, we quantified DSB distribution and identified the importance of each DSB repair pathway at increasing depths within the carbon ion spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) beam range. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines were irradiated in a single biological system capable of incorporating the full carbon ion SOBP beam range. Cytotoxicity and DSB distribution/repair kinetics were examined at increasing beam depths using cell survival as an endpoint and γ-H2AX as a surrogate marker for DSBs. We observed that proximal SOBP had the highest number of total foci/cell and lowest survival, while distal SOBP had the most dense tracks. Both NHEJ- and HR-deficient CHO cells portrayed an increase in radiosensitivity throughout the full carbon beam range, although NHEJ-deficient cells were the most radiosensitive cell line from beam entrance up to proximal SOBP and demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in ability to repair DSBs. In contrast, HR-deficient cells had the greatest ratio of survival fraction at entrance depth to the lowest survival fraction within the SOBP and demonstrated a linear energy transfer (LET)-dependent decrease in ability to repair DSBs. Collectively, our results provide insight into treatment planning and potential targets to inhibit, as HR was a more beneficial pathway to inhibit than NHEJ to enhance the cell killing effect of CIRT in targeted tumor cells within the SOBP while maintaining limited unwanted damage to surrounding healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Buglewicz
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy ResearchInstitute of Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology (QST)ChibaJapan
| | | | - Hirokazu Hirakawa
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy ResearchInstitute of Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology (QST)ChibaJapan
| | - Takamitsu A. Kato
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Cuihua Liu
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy ResearchInstitute of Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology (QST)ChibaJapan
| | - YaQun Fang
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy ResearchInstitute of Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology (QST)ChibaJapan
| | - Tamon Kusumoto
- Department of Radiation Measurement and Dose Assessment, Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology (QST)ChibaJapan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy ResearchInstitute of Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology (QST)ChibaJapan
| | - Sei Sai
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy ResearchInstitute of Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology (QST)ChibaJapan
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Du TQ, Liu R, Zhang Q, Luo H, Chen Y, Tan M, Wang Q, Wu X, Liu Z, Sun S, Yang K, Tian J, Wang X. Does particle radiation have superior radiobiological advantages for prostate cancer cells? A systematic review of in vitro studies. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:306. [PMID: 36572945 PMCID: PMC9793637 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charged particle beams from protons to carbon ions provide many significant physical benefits in radiation therapy. However, preclinical studies of charged particle therapy for prostate cancer are extremely limited. The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate the biological effects of charged particles on prostate cancer from the perspective of in vitro studies. METHODS We conducted a systematic review by searching EMBASE (OVID), Medline (OVID), and Web of Science databases to identify the publications assessing the radiobiological effects of charged particle irradiation on prostate cancer cells. The data of relative biological effectiveness (RBE), surviving fraction (SF), standard enhancement ratio (SER) and oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) were extracted. RESULTS We found 12 studies met the eligible criteria. The relative biological effectiveness values of proton and carbon ion irradiation ranged from 0.94 to 1.52, and 1.67 to 3.7, respectively. Surviving fraction of 2 Gy were 0.17 ± 0.12, 0.55 ± 0.20 and 0.53 ± 0.16 in carbon ion, proton, and photon irradiation, respectively. PNKP inhibitor and gold nanoparticles were favorable sensitizing agents, while it was presented poorer performance in GANT61. The oxygen enhancement ratio values of photon and carbon ion irradiation were 2.32 ± 0.04, and 1.77 ± 0.13, respectively. Charged particle irradiation induced more G0-/G1- or G2-/M-phase arrest, more expression of γ-H2AX, more apoptosis, and lower motility and/or migration ability than photon irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Both carbon ion and proton irradiation have advantages over photon irradiation in radiobiological effects on prostate cancer cell lines. Carbon ion irradiation seems to have further advantages over proton irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qi Du
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuning Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Luo
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanliang Chen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyu Tan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Wu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Shilong Sun
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Kehu Yang
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Tian
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Rd, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China
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Kumari S, Sharma S, Advani D, Khosla A, Kumar P, Ambasta RK. Unboxing the molecular modalities of mutagens in cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62111-62159. [PMID: 34611806 PMCID: PMC8492102 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of the majority of human cancers is associated with a myriad of environmental causes, including physical, chemical, and biological factors. DNA damage induced by such mutagens is the initial step in the process of carcinogenesis resulting in the accumulation of mutations. Mutational events are considered the major triggers for introducing genetic and epigenetic insults such as DNA crosslinks, single- and double-strand DNA breaks, formation of DNA adducts, mismatched bases, modification in histones, DNA methylation, and microRNA alterations. However, DNA repair mechanisms are devoted to protect the DNA to ensure genetic stability, any aberrations in these calibrated mechanisms provoke cancer occurrence. Comprehensive knowledge of the type of mutagens and carcinogens and the influence of these agents in DNA damage and cancer induction is crucial to develop rational anticancer strategies. This review delineated the molecular mechanism of DNA damage and the repair pathways to provide a deep understanding of the molecular basis of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. A relationship between DNA adduct formation and cancer incidence has also been summarized. The mechanistic basis of inflammatory response and oxidative damage triggered by mutagens in tumorigenesis has also been highlighted. We elucidated the interesting interplay between DNA damage response and immune system mechanisms. We addressed the current understanding of DNA repair targeted therapies and DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment and discussed how antiviral agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, and immunotherapeutic agents combined with traditional approaches lay the foundations for future cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kumari
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Sudhanshu Sharma
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Dia Advani
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Akanksha Khosla
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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Key biological mechanisms involved in high-LET radiation therapies with a focus on DNA damage and repair. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e15. [PMID: 35357290 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage and repair studies are at the core of the radiation biology field and represent also the fundamental principles informing radiation therapy (RT). DNA damage levels are a function of radiation dose, whereas the type of damage and biological effects such as DNA damage complexity, depend on radiation quality that is linear energy transfer (LET). Both levels and types of DNA damage determine cell fate, which can include necrosis, apoptosis, senescence or autophagy. Herein, we present an overview of current RT modalities in the light of DNA damage and repair with emphasis on medium to high-LET radiation. Proton radiation is discussed along with its new adaptation of FLASH RT. RT based on α-particles includes brachytherapy and nuclear-RT, that is proton-boron capture therapy (PBCT) and boron-neutron capture therapy (BNCT). We also discuss carbon ion therapy along with combinatorial immune-based therapies and high-LET RT. For each RT modality, we summarise relevant DNA damage studies. Finally, we provide an update of the role of DNA repair in high-LET RT and we explore the biological responses triggered by differential LET and dose.
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8
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Bannik K, Madas B, Jarke S, Sutter A, Siemeister G, Schatz C, Mumberg D, Zitzmann-Kolbe S. DNA repair inhibitors sensitize cells differently to high and low LET radiation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23257. [PMID: 34853427 PMCID: PMC8636489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate effects of high LET α-radiation in combination with inhibitors of DDR (DNA-PK and ATM) and to compare the effect with the radiosensitizing effect of low LET X-ray radiation. The various cell lines were irradiated with α-radiation and with X-ray. Clonogenic survival, the formation of micronuclei and cell cycle distribution were studied after combining of radiation with DDR inhibitors. The inhibitors sensitized different cancer cell lines to radiation. DNA-PKi affected survival rates in combination with α-radiation in selected cell lines. The sensitization enhancement ratios were in the range of 1.6–1.85 in cancer cells. ATMi sensitized H460 cells and significantly increased the micronucleus frequency for both radiation qualities. ATMi in combination with α-radiation reduced survival of HEK293. A significantly elicited cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase after co-treatment of ATMi with α-radiation and X-ray. The most prominent treatment effect was observed in the HEK293 by combining α-radiation and inhibitions. ATMi preferentially sensitized cancer cells and normal HEK293 cells to α-radiation. DNA-PKi and ATMi can sensitize cancer cells to X-ray, but the effectiveness was dependent on cancer cells itself. α-radiation reduced proliferation in primary fibroblast without G2/M arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bannik
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany.,, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sabrina Jarke
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan-ICB GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Siemeister
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan-ICB GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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Carbon Ion Radiobiology. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103022. [PMID: 33080914 PMCID: PMC7603235 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Radiotherapy with carbon ions has been used for over 20 years in Asia and Europe and is now planned in the USA. The physics advantages of carbon ions compared to X-rays are similar to those of protons, but their radiobiological features are quite distinct and may lead to a breakthrough in the treatment of some cancers characterized by high mortality. Abstract Radiotherapy using accelerated charged particles is rapidly growing worldwide. About 85% of the cancer patients receiving particle therapy are irradiated with protons, which have physical advantages compared to X-rays but a similar biological response. In addition to the ballistic advantages, heavy ions present specific radiobiological features that can make them attractive for treating radioresistant, hypoxic tumors. An ideal heavy ion should have lower toxicity in the entrance channel (normal tissue) and be exquisitely effective in the target region (tumor). Carbon ions have been chosen because they represent the best combination in this direction. Normal tissue toxicities and second cancer risk are similar to those observed in conventional radiotherapy. In the target region, they have increased relative biological effectiveness and a reduced oxygen enhancement ratio compared to X-rays. Some radiobiological properties of densely ionizing carbon ions are so distinct from X-rays and protons that they can be considered as a different “drug” in oncology, and may elicit favorable responses such as an increased immune response and reduced angiogenesis and metastatic potential. The radiobiological properties of carbon ions should guide patient selection and treatment protocols to achieve optimal clinical results.
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10
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BVAN08 enhances radiosensitivity via downregulation of DNA-PKcs towards hepatic tumor xenograft. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Zhang J, Si J, Gan L, Zhou R, Guo M, Zhang H. Harnessing the targeting potential of differential radiobiological effects of photon versus particle radiation for cancer treatment. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1695-1711. [PMID: 32691425 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the major modalities for malignancy treatment. High linear energy transfer (LET) charged-particle beams, like proton and carbon ions, exhibit favourable depth-dose distributions and radiobiological enhancement over conventional low-LET photon irradiation, thereby marking a new era in high precision medicine. Tumour cells have developed multicomponent signal transduction networks known as DNA damage responses (DDRs), which initiate cell-cycle checkpoints and induce double-strand break (DSB) repairs in the nucleus by nonhomologous end joining or homologous recombination pathways, to manage ionising radiation (IR)-induced DNA lesions. DNA damage induction and DSB repair pathways are reportedly dependent on the quality of radiation delivered. In this review, we summarise various types of DNA lesion and DSB repair mechanisms, upon irradiation with low and high-LET radiation, respectively. We also analyse factors influencing DNA repair efficiency. Inhibition of DNA damage repair pathways and dysfunctional cell-cycle checkpoint sensitises tumour cells to IR. Radio-sensitising agents, including DNA-PK inhibitors, Rad51 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, ATM/ATR inhibitors, chk1 inhibitors, wee1 kinase inhibitors, Hsp90 inhibitors, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors have been found to enhance cell killing by IR through interference with DDRs, cell-cycle arrest, or other cellular processes. The cotreatment of these inhibitors with IR may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Si
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Research Center for Ecological Impacts and Environmental Health Effects of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, China
| | - Menghuan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Zicari S, Sharma AL, Sahu G, Dubrovsky L, Sun L, Yue H, Jada T, Ochem A, Simon G, Bukrinsky M, Tyagi M. DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) enhances HIV transcription by promoting RNA polymerase II activity and recruitment of transcription machinery at HIV LTR. Oncotarget 2020; 11:699-726. [PMID: 32133046 PMCID: PMC7041937 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite reductions in mortality from the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the presence of latent or transcriptionally silent proviruses prevents HIV cure/eradication. We have previously reported that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) facilitates HIV transcription by interacting with the RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) complex recruited at HIV LTR. In this study, using different cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-infected patients, we found that DNA-PK stimulates HIV transcription at several stages, including initiation, pause-release and elongation. We are reporting for the first time that DNA-PK increases phosphorylation of RNAP II C-terminal domain (CTD) at serine 5 (Ser5) and serine 2 (Ser2) by directly catalyzing phosphorylation and by augmenting the recruitment of the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) at HIV LTR. Our findings suggest that DNA-PK expedites the establishment of euchromatin structure at HIV LTR. DNA-PK inhibition/knockdown leads to the severe impairment of HIV replication and reactivation of latent HIV provirus. DNA-PK promotes the recruitment of Tripartite motif-containing 28 (TRIM28) at LTR and assists the release of paused RNAP II through TRIM28 phosphorylation. These results provide the mechanisms through which DNA-PK controls the HIV gene expression and, likely, can be extended to cellular gene expression, including during cell malignancy, where the role of DNA-PK has been well-established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zicari
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice-Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Adhikarimayum Lakhikumar Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Geetaram Sahu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Larisa Dubrovsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Lin Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Han Yue
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Tejaswi Jada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Alex Ochem
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Wernher and Beit Building (South), Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gary Simon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC 20037, USA
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13
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Sui J, Zhang S, Chen BPC. DNA-dependent protein kinase in telomere maintenance and protection. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:2. [PMID: 31988640 PMCID: PMC6969447 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-0199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which is the key regulator of canonical non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), the predominant mechanism of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in mammals. DNA-PK consists of the DNA-binding Ku70/80 heterodimer and the catalytic subunit DNA-PKcs. They assemble at DNA ends, forming the active DNA-PK complex, which initiates NHEJ-mediated DSB repair. Paradoxically, both Ku and DNA-PKcs are associated with telomeres, and they play crucial roles in protecting the telomere against fusions. Herein, we discuss possible mechanisms and contributions of Ku and DNA-PKcs in telomere regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangdong Sui
- 1Radiation Oncology Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030 China
| | - Shichuan Zhang
- 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Benjamin P C Chen
- 3Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 2201 Inwood Rd., Dallas, TX 75390-9187 USA
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14
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Bannik K, Madas B, Jarzombek M, Sutter A, Siemeister G, Mumberg D, Zitzmann-Kolbe S. Radiobiological effects of the alpha emitter Ra-223 on tumor cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18489. [PMID: 31811257 PMCID: PMC6898438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy is an emerging innovative approach for the treatment of advanced cancers, in which targeting agents deliver radionuclides directly to tumors and metastases. The biological effects of α-radiation are still not fully understood - partly due to the lack of sufficiently accurate research methods. The range of α-particles is <100 μm, and therefore, standard in vitro assays may underestimate α-radiation-specific radiation effects. In this report we focus on α-radiation-induced DNA lesions, DNA repair as well as cellular responses to DNA damage. Herein, we used Ra-223 to deliver α-particles to various tumor cells in a Transwell system. We evaluated the time and dose-dependent biological effects of α-radiation on several tumor cell lines by biological endpoints such as clonogenic survival, cell cycle distribution, comet assay, foci analysis for DNA damage, and calculated the absorbed dose by Monte-Carlo simulations. The radiobiological effects of Ra-223 in various tumor cell lines were evaluated using a novel in vitro assay designed to assess α-radiation-mediated effects. The α-radiation induced increasing levels of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) as detected by the formation of 53BP1 foci in a time- and dose-dependent manner in tumor cells. Short-term exposure (1–8 h) of different tumor cells to α-radiation was sufficient to double the number of cells in G2/M phase, reduced cell survival to 11–20% and also increased DNA fragmentation measured by tail intensity (from 1.4 to 3.9) dose-dependently. The α-particle component of Ra-223 radiation caused most of the Ra-223 radiation-induced biological effects such as DNA DSBs, cell cycle arrest and micronuclei formation, leading ultimately to cell death. The variable effects of α-radiation onto the different tumor cells demonstrated that tumor cells show diverse sensitivity towards damage caused by α-radiation. If these differences are caused by genetic alterations and if the sensitivity could be modulated by the use of DNA damage repair inhibitors remains a wide field for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balázs Madas
- MTA Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Konings K, Belmans N, Vermeesen R, Baselet B, Lamers G, Janssen A, Isebaert S, Baatout S, Haustermans K, Moreels M. Targeting the Hedgehog pathway in combination with X‑ray or carbon ion radiation decreases migration of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1339-1348. [PMID: 31638201 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of carbon ion therapy for cancer treatment is becoming more widespread due to the advantages of carbon ions compared with X‑rays. Breast cancer patients may benefit from these advantages, as the surrounding healthy tissues receive a lower dose, and the increased biological effectiveness of carbon ions can better control radioresistant cancer cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is linked to the development and progression of breast cancer, as well as to resistance to X‑irradiation and the migratory capacity of cancer cells. Hence, there is an increasing interest in targeting the Hh pathway in combination with radiotherapy. Several studies have already investigated this treatment strategy with conventional radiotherapy. However, to the best of our knowledge, the combination of Hh inhibitors with particle therapy has not yet been explored. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of the Hh inhibitor GANT61 as an effective modulator of radiosensitivity and migration potential in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells, and compare potential differences between carbon ion irradiation and X‑ray exposure. Although Hh targeting was not able to radiosensitise cells to any radiation type used, the combination of GANT61 with X‑rays or carbon ions (energy: 95 MeV/n; linear energy transfer: 73 keV/µm) was more effective in decreasing MCF‑7 cell migration compared with either radiation type alone. Gene expression of the Hh pathway was affected to different degrees in response to X‑ray and carbon ion irradiation, as well as in response to the combination of GANT61 with irradiation. In conclusion, combining Hh inhibition with radiation (X‑rays or carbon ions) more effectively decreased breast cancer cell migration compared with radiation treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Konings
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Niels Belmans
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Randy Vermeesen
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Greta Lamers
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Ann Janssen
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sofie Isebaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Flemish‑Brabant, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Karin Haustermans
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Flemish‑Brabant, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Antwerp, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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16
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Choi C, Son A, Lee GH, Shin SW, Park S, Ahn SH, Chung Y, Yu JI, Park HC. Targeting DNA-dependent protein kinase sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to proton beam irradiation through apoptosis induction. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218049. [PMID: 31194786 PMCID: PMC6563991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the implications of genetic variations in the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of proton beam irradiation over conventional X-ray irradiation. Proton beam radiotherapy is a reasonable radiotherapy option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the impact of genetic difference on the HCC RBE remains unknown. Here, we determined proton RBE in human HCC cells by exposing them to various doses of either 6-MV X-rays or 230-MeV proton beams. Clonogenic survival assay revealed variable radiosensitivity of human HCC cell lines with survival fraction at 2 Gy ranging from 0.38 to 0.83 and variable proton RBEs with 37% survival fraction ranging from 1.00 to 1.48. HCC cells appeared more sensitive to proton irradiation than X-rays, with more persistent activation of DNA damage repair proteins over time. Depletion of a DNA damage repair gene, DNA-PKcs, by siRNA dramatically increased the sensitivity of HCC cells to proton beams with a decrease in colony survival and an increase in apoptosis. Our findings suggest that there are large variations in proton RBE in HCC cells despite the use of a constant RBE of 1.1 in the clinic and targeting DNA-PKcs in combination with proton beam therapy may be a promising regimen for treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Arang Son
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ga-Haeng Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Won Shin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Hee Ahn
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonsun Chung
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Il Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Chul Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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17
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Shishkin SS, Kovalev LI, Pashintseva NV, Kovaleva MA, Lisitskaya K. Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins Involved in the Functioning of Telomeres in Malignant Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E745. [PMID: 30744200 PMCID: PMC6387250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are structurally and functionally distinct proteins containing specific domains and motifs that enable the proteins to bind certain nucleotide sequences, particularly those found in human telomeres. In human malignant cells (HMCs), hnRNP-A1-the most studied hnRNP-is an abundant multifunctional protein that interacts with telomeric DNA and affects telomerase function. In addition, it is believed that other hnRNPs in HMCs may also be involved in the maintenance of telomere length. Accordingly, these proteins are considered possible participants in the processes associated with HMC immortalization. In our review, we discuss the results of studies on different hnRNPs that may be crucial to solving molecular oncological problems and relevant to further investigations of these proteins in HMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S Shishkin
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt, 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Leonid I Kovalev
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt, 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalya V Pashintseva
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt, 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Marina A Kovaleva
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt, 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ksenia Lisitskaya
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt, 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
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18
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Ray S, Cekanaviciute E, Lima IP, Sørensen BS, Costes SV. Comparing Photon and Charged Particle Therapy Using DNA Damage Biomarkers. Int J Part Ther 2018; 5:15-24. [PMID: 31773017 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-18-00018.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment modalities for cancer radiation therapy have become increasingly diversified given the growing number of facilities providing proton and carbon-ion therapy in addition to the more historically accepted photon therapy. An understanding of high-LET radiobiology is critical for optimization of charged particle radiation therapy and potential DNA damage response. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary and comparison of these types of therapy monitored primarily by using DNA damage biomarkers. We focus on their relative profiles of dose distribution and mechanisms of action from the level of nucleic acid to tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayoni Ray
- USRA/NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
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19
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Lee Y, Okayasu R. Strategies to Enhance Radiosensitivity to Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy. Int J Part Ther 2018; 5:114-121. [DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-18-00014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Younghyun Lee
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology/National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan
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20
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Prakash A, Garcia-Moreno JF, Brown JAL, Bourke E. Clinically Applicable Inhibitors Impacting Genome Stability. Molecules 2018; 23:E1166. [PMID: 29757235 PMCID: PMC6100577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in technology have facilitated the molecular profiling (genomic and transcriptomic) of tumours, and has led to improved stratification of patients and the individualisation of treatment regimes. To fully realize the potential of truly personalised treatment options, we need targeted therapies that precisely disrupt the compensatory pathways identified by profiling which allow tumours to survive or gain resistance to treatments. Here, we discuss recent advances in novel therapies that impact the genome (chromosomes and chromatin), pathways targeted and the stage of the pathways targeted. The current state of research will be discussed, with a focus on compounds that have advanced into trials (clinical and pre-clinical). We will discuss inhibitors of specific DNA damage responses and other genome stability pathways, including those in development, which are likely to synergistically combine with current therapeutic options. Tumour profiling data, combined with the knowledge of new treatments that affect the regulation of essential tumour signalling pathways, is revealing fundamental insights into cancer progression and resistance mechanisms. This is the forefront of the next evolution of advanced oncology medicine that will ultimately lead to improved survival and may, one day, result in many cancers becoming chronic conditions, rather than fatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Prakash
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Juan F Garcia-Moreno
- Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland.
| | - James A L Brown
- Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Emer Bourke
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland.
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21
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Bhattacharya S, Asaithamby A. Repurposing DNA repair factors to eradicate tumor cells upon radiotherapy. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S822-S839. [PMID: 30613483 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.05.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Almost 50% of all cancer patients undergo radiation therapy (RT) during treatment, with varying success. The main goal of RT is to kill tumor cells by damaging their DNA irreversibly while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. The outcome of RT is often determined by how tumors recognize and repair their damaged DNA. A growing body of evidence suggests that tumors often show abnormal expression of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair genes that are absent from normal cells. Defects in a specific DNA repair pathway make tumor cells overly dependent on alternative or backup pathways to repair their damaged DNA. These tumor cell-specific abnormalities in the DNA damage response (DDR) machinery can potentially be used as biomarkers for treatment outcomes or as targets for sensitization to ionizing radiation (IR). An improved understanding of genetic or epigenetic alterations in the DNA repair pathways specific to cancer cells has paved the way for new treatments that combine pharmacological exploitation of tumor-specific molecular vulnerabilities with IR. Inhibiting DNA repair pathways has the potential to greatly enhance the therapeutic ratio of RT. In this review, we will discuss DNA repair pathways in active cells and how these pathways are deregulated in tumors. We will also describe the impact of targeting cancer-specific aberrations in the DDR as a treatment strategy to improve the efficacy of RT. Finally, we will address the current roadblocks and future prospects of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souparno Bhattacharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aroumougame Asaithamby
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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22
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Carbon Ion Radiotherapy: A Review of Clinical Experiences and Preclinical Research, with an Emphasis on DNA Damage/Repair. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9060066. [PMID: 28598362 PMCID: PMC5483885 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9060066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to conventional photon-based external beam radiation (PhXRT), carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) has superior dose distribution, higher linear energy transfer (LET), and a higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE). This enhanced RBE is driven by a unique DNA damage signature characterized by clustered lesions that overwhelm the DNA repair capacity of malignant cells. These physical and radiobiological characteristics imbue heavy ions with potent tumoricidal capacity, while having the potential for simultaneously maximally sparing normal tissues. Thus, CIRT could potentially be used to treat some of the most difficult to treat tumors, including those that are hypoxic, radio-resistant, or deep-seated. Clinical data, mostly from Japan and Germany, are promising, with favorable oncologic outcomes and acceptable toxicity. In this manuscript, we review the physical and biological rationales for CIRT, with an emphasis on DNA damage and repair, as well as providing a comprehensive overview of the translational and clinical data using CIRT.
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23
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Xiong H, Nie X, Zou Y, Gong C, Li Y, Wu H, Qiu H, Yang L, Zhuang L, Zhang P, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xiong H. Twist1 Enhances Hypoxia Induced Radioresistance in Cervical Cancer Cells by Promoting Nuclear EGFR Localization. J Cancer 2017; 8:345-353. [PMID: 28261334 PMCID: PMC5332884 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Twist1 is a crucial transcription factor that regulates epithelial mesenchymal transition and involves in metastasis. Recent evidence suggests that Twist1 plays important role in hypoxia-induced radioresistance, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here we investigated the change of Twist1 expression in human cervical squamous cancer cell line SiHa after hypoxia treatment. We also explored the role of Twist1 in radioresistance by manipulating the expression level of Twist1. We observed that hypoxia treatment elevated the expression of Twist1 in SiHa cells. Knockdown of Twist1 with siRNA increased the radiosensitivity of SiHa cells under hypoxia condition, accompanied by reduced levels of nuclear Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Conversely, overexpression of Twist1 led to increased radioresistance of SiHa cells, which in turn increased nuclear EGFR localization and expression levels of nuclear DNA-PK. Moreover, concomitant high expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and Twist1 in primary tumors of cervical cancer patients correlated with the worse prognosis after irradiation treatment. Taken together, these data provide new insights into molecular mechanism underlying hypoxia-induced radioresistance in cervical cancer cells, and suggest that Twist1 is a promising molecular target to improve the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin Nie
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanmei Zou
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Liang Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Huihua Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Miao GY, Zhou X, Zhang X, Xie Y, Sun C, Liu Y, Gan L, Zhang H. Telomere-Mitochondrion Links Contribute to Induction of Senescence in MCF-7 Cells after Carbon-Ion Irradiation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:1993-8. [PMID: 27221886 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.4.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of carbon-ion irradiation on cancer cell telomere function have not been comprehensively studied. In our previous report cancer cells with telomere dysfunction were more sensitive to carbon-ion irradiation, but the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. Here we found that telomerase activity was suppressed by carbon-ion irradiation via hTERT down-regulation. Inhibition of telomere activity by MST-312 further increased cancer cell radiosensitivity to carbon-ion radiation. hTERT suppression caused by either carbon-ion irradiation or MST-312 impaired mitochondrial function, as indicated by decreased membrane potential, mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial mass, total ATP levels and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). PGC-1α expression was repressed after carbion-ion irradiation, and hTERT inhibition by MST-312 could further exacerbate this effect. Lowering the mitochondrial ROS level by MitoTEMPO could partially counteract the induction of cellular senescence induced by carbon-ion radiation and MST-312 incubation. Taken together, the current data suggest that telomere-mitochondrion links play a role in the induction of senescence in MCF-7 cells after carbon-ion irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ying Miao
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gansu Province, China E-mail :
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25
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Waks Z, Weissbrod O, Carmeli B, Norel R, Utro F, Goldschmidt Y. Driver gene classification reveals a substantial overrepresentation of tumor suppressors among very large chromatin-regulating proteins. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38988. [PMID: 28008934 PMCID: PMC5180091 DOI: 10.1038/srep38988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compiling a comprehensive list of cancer driver genes is imperative for oncology diagnostics and drug development. While driver genes are typically discovered by analysis of tumor genomes, infrequently mutated driver genes often evade detection due to limited sample sizes. Here, we address sample size limitations by integrating tumor genomics data with a wide spectrum of gene-specific properties to search for rare drivers, functionally classify them, and detect features characteristic of driver genes. We show that our approach, CAnceR geNe similarity-based Annotator and Finder (CARNAF), enables detection of potentially novel drivers that eluded over a dozen pan-cancer/multi-tumor type studies. In particular, feature analysis reveals a highly concentrated pool of known and putative tumor suppressors among the <1% of genes that encode very large, chromatin-regulating proteins. Thus, our study highlights the need for deeper characterization of very large, epigenetic regulators in the context of cancer causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Waks
- Machine Learning for Healthcare and Life Sciences, IBM Research - Haifa, Mount Carmel Campus, Israel
| | - Omer Weissbrod
- Machine Learning for Healthcare and Life Sciences, IBM Research - Haifa, Mount Carmel Campus, Israel
| | - Boaz Carmeli
- Machine Learning for Healthcare and Life Sciences, IBM Research - Haifa, Mount Carmel Campus, Israel
| | - Raquel Norel
- Computational Biology Center, IBM T. J. Watson Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Filippo Utro
- Computational Biology Center, IBM T. J. Watson Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Yaara Goldschmidt
- Machine Learning for Healthcare and Life Sciences, IBM Research - Haifa, Mount Carmel Campus, Israel
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26
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Sunada S, Kanai H, Lee Y, Yasuda T, Hirakawa H, Liu C, Fujimori A, Uesaka M, Okayasu R. Nontoxic concentration of DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441 radio-sensitizes lung tumor cells with little effect on double strand break repair. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1250-5. [PMID: 27341700 PMCID: PMC5021029 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High‐linear energy transfer (LET) heavy ions have been increasingly employed as a useful alternative to conventional photon radiotherapy. As recent studies suggested that high LET radiation mainly affects the nonhomologous end‐joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA double strand break (DSB) repair, we further investigated this concept by evaluating the combined effect of an NHEJ inhibitor (NU7441) at a non‐toxic concentration and carbon ions. NU7441‐treated non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 and H1299 cells were irradiated with X‐rays and carbon ions (290 MeV/n, 50 keV/μm). Cell survival was measured by clonogenic assay. DNA DSB repair, cell cycle distribution, DNA fragmentation and cellular senescence induction were studied using a flow cytometer. Senescence‐associated protein p21 was detected by western blotting. In the present study, 0.3 μM of NU7441, nontoxic to both normal and tumor cells, caused a significant radio‐sensitization in tumor cells exposed to X‐rays and carbon ions. This concentration did not seem to cause inhibition of DNA DSB repair but induced a significant G2/M arrest, which was particularly emphasized in p53‐null H1299 cells treated with NU7441 and carbon ions. In addition, the combined treatment induced more DNA fragmentation and a higher degree of senescence in H1299 cells than in A549 cells, indicating that DNA‐PK inhibitor contributes to various modes of cell death in a p53‐dependent manner. In summary, NSCLC cells irradiated with carbon ions were radio‐sensitized by a low concentration of DNA‐PK inhibitor NU7441 through a strong G2/M cell cycle arrest. Our findings may contribute to further effective radiotherapy using heavy ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Sunada
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Kanai
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Younghyun Lee
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasuda
- Research Center for Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirakawa
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Cuihua Liu
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Uesaka
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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27
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Wieringa HW, van der Zee AGJ, de Vries EGE, van Vugt MATM. Breaking the DNA damage response to improve cervical cancer treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 42:30-40. [PMID: 26643553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Every year, cervical cancer affects ∼500,000 women worldwide, and ∼275,000 patients die of this disease. The addition of platin-based chemotherapy to primary radiotherapy has increased 5-year survival of advanced-stage cervical cancer patients, which is, however, still only 66%. One of the factors thought to contribute to treatment failure is the ability of tumor cells to repair chemoradiotherapy-induced DNA damage. Therefore, sensitization of tumor cells for chemoradiotherapy via inhibition of the DNA damage response (DDR) as a novel strategy to improve therapy effect, is currently studied pre-clinically as well as in the clinic. Almost invariably, cervical carcinogenesis involves infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), which inactivates part of the DNA damage response. This HPV-mediated partial inactivation of the DDR presents therapeutic targeting of the residual DDR as an interesting approach to achieve chemoradio-sensitization for cervical cancer. How the DDR can be most efficiently targeted, however, remains unclear. The fact that cisplatin and radiotherapy activate multiple signaling axes within the DDR further complicates a rational choice of therapeutic targets within the DDR. In this review, we provide an overview of the current preclinical and clinical knowledge about targeting the DDR in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylke W Wieringa
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ate G J van der Zee
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Zhou X, Wang Y, Si J, Zhou R, Gan L, Di C, Xie Y, Zhang H. Laser controlled singlet oxygen generation in mitochondria to promote mitochondrial DNA replication in vitro. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16925. [PMID: 26577055 PMCID: PMC4649627 DOI: 10.1038/srep16925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports have shown that a certain level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can promote mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication. However, it is unclear whether it is the mitochondrial ROS that stimulate mtDNA replication and this requires further investigation. Here we employed a photodynamic system to achieve controlled mitochondrial singlet oxygen (1O2) generation. HeLa cells incubated with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were exposed to laser irradiation to induce 1O2 generation within mitochondria. Increased mtDNA copy number was detected after low doses of 630 nm laser light in ALA-treated cells. The stimulated mtDNA replication was directly linked to mitochondrial 1O2 generation, as verified using specific ROS scavengers. The stimulated mtDNA replication was regulated by mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and mtDNA polymerase γ. MtDNA control region modifications were induced by 1O2 generation in mitochondria. A marked increase in 8-Oxoguanine (8-oxoG) level was detected in ALA-treated cells after irradiation. HeLa cell growth stimulation and G1-S cell cycle transition were also observed after laser irradiation in ALA-treated cells. These cellular responses could be due to a second wave of ROS generation detected in mitochondria. In summary, we describe a controllable method of inducing mtDNA replication in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine Institute of Nuclear Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Key laboratory of Heavy-ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yupei Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine Institute of Nuclear Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Key laboratory of Heavy-ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jing Si
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine Institute of Nuclear Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Key laboratory of Heavy-ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine Institute of Nuclear Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Key laboratory of Heavy-ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine Institute of Nuclear Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Key laboratory of Heavy-ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cuixia Di
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine Institute of Nuclear Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Key laboratory of Heavy-ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine Institute of Nuclear Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Key laboratory of Heavy-ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine Institute of Nuclear Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Key laboratory of Heavy-ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
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29
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Ma H, Takahashi A, Yoshida Y, Adachi A, Kanai T, Ohno T, Nakano T. Combining carbon ion irradiation and non-homologous end-joining repair inhibitor NU7026 efficiently kills cancer cells. Radiat Oncol 2015; 10:225. [PMID: 26553138 PMCID: PMC4638098 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-015-0536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous data demonstrated that targeting non-homologous end-joining repair (NHEJR) yields a higher radiosensitivity than targeting homologous recombination repair (HRR) to heavy ions using DNA repair gene knockouts (KO) in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF). In this study, we determined if combining the use of an NHEJR inhibitor with carbon (C) ion irradiation was more efficient in killing human cancer cells compared with only targeting a HRR inhibitor. Methods The TP53-null human non-small cell lung cancer cell line H1299 was used for testing the radiosensitizing effect of NHEJR-related DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) inhibitor NU7026, HRR-related Rad51 inhibitor B02, or both to C ion irradiation using colony forming assays. The mechanism underlying the inhibitor radiosensitization was determined by flow cytometry after H2AX phosphorylation staining. HRR-related Rad54-KO, NHEJR-related Lig4-KO, and wild-type TP53-KO MEF were also included to confirm the suppressing effect specificity of these inhibitors. Results NU7026 showed significant sensitizing effect to C ion irradiation in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, B02 showed a slight sensitizing effect to C ion irradiation. The addition of NU7026 significantly increased H2AX phosphorylation after C ion and x-ray irradiations in H1299 cells, but not B02. NU7026 had no effect on radiosensitivity to Lig4-KO MEF and B02 had no effect on radiosensitivity to Rad54-KO MEF in both irradiations. Conclusion These results suggest that inhibitors targeting the NHEJR pathway could significantly enhance radiosensitivity of human cancer cells to C ion irradiation, rather than targeting the HRR pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13014-015-0536-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8511, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Akihisa Takahashi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8511, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8511, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Akiko Adachi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8511, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Tatsuaki Kanai
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8511, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Ohno
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8511, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8511, Gunma, Japan. .,Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8511, Gunma, Japan.
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30
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Li Y, Li H, Peng W, He XY, Huang M, Qiu D, Xue YB, Lu L. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit inhibitor reverses acquired radioresistance in lung adenocarcinoma by suppressing DNA repair. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1328-34. [PMID: 25815686 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying lung cancer radioresistance remain to be fully elucidated. The DNA repair pathway is a predominant target of radiotherapy, which is considered to be involved in the acquired radioresistance of cancer cells. The present study aimed to establish a radioresistant cell model using the A549 human lung cancer cell line, and to further investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the radioresistance. The A549R radioresistant lung cancer cell variant was established by exposing the parental A549 cells to repeated γ-ray irradiation at a total dose of 60 Gy. Colony formation assays were then used to determine cell survival following γ-ray exposure. The established radioresistant cells were subsequently treated with or without the NU7026 DNA-PKcs inhibitor. The levels of DNA damage were determined by counting the number of fluorescent γ-H2AX foci in the cells. The cellular capacity for DNA repair was assessed using antibodies for the detection of various DNA repair pathway proteins. The radioresistant sub-clones exhibited significantly decreased survival following NU7026 treatment, compared with the parental cells, as determined by colony formation assays (P<0.05), and this finding was found to be dose-dependent. Treatment with the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) inhibitor significantly reduced γ-H2AX foci formation (P<0.05) following acute radiation exposure in the radioresistant sub-clones, compared with the parental control cells. The decreased levels of γ-H2AX were accompanied by an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells in the radioresistant cell line following post-radiation treatment with the DNA-PKcs inhibitor. The expression levels of proteins associated with the DNA repair pathway were altered markedly in the cells treated with NU7026. The results of the present study suggested that radioresistance may be associated with enhanced DNA repair following exposure to radiation, resulting in reduced apoptosis. Therefore, the quantity of γ-H2AX determines the radioresistance of cells. The DNA repair pathway is important in mediating radioresistance, and treatment with the DNA-PKcs inhibitor, NU7026 restored the acquired radiation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Wen Peng
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yun He
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Dong Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Bo Xue
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Liang Lu
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
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31
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Kelley MR, Logsdon D, Fishel ML. Targeting DNA repair pathways for cancer treatment: what's new? Future Oncol 2015; 10:1215-37. [PMID: 24947262 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in DNA repair pathways predispose cells to accumulating DNA damage. A growing body of evidence indicates that tumors accumulate progressively more mutations in DNA repair proteins as cancers progress. DNA repair mechanisms greatly affect the response to cytotoxic treatments, so understanding those mechanisms and finding ways to turn dysregulated repair processes against themselves to induce tumor death is the goal of all DNA repair inhibition efforts. Inhibition may be direct or indirect. This burgeoning field of research is replete with promise and challenge, as more intricacies of each repair pathway are discovered. In an era of increasing concern about healthcare costs, use of DNA repair inhibitors can prove to be highly effective stewardship of R&D resources and patient expenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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32
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Gurung RL, Lim HK, Venkatesan S, Lee PSW, Hande MP. Targeting DNA-PKcs and telomerase in brain tumour cells. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:232. [PMID: 25307264 PMCID: PMC4213508 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients suffering from brain tumours such as glioblastoma and medulloblastoma have poor prognosis with a median survival of less than a year. Identifying alternative molecular targets would enable us to develop different therapeutic strategies for better management of these tumours. METHODS Glioblastoma (MO59K and KNS60) and medulloblastoma cells (ONS76) were used in this study. Telomerase inhibitory effects of MST-312, a chemically modified-derivative of epigallocatechin gallate, in the cells were assessed using telomere repeat amplification protocol. Gene expression analysis following MST-312 treatment was done by microarray. Telomere length was measured by telomere restriction fragments analysis. Effects of MST-312 on DNA integrity were evaluated by single cell gel electrophoresis, immunofluorescence assay and cytogenetic analysis. Phosphorylation status of DNA-PKcs was measured with immunoblotting and effects on cell proliferation were monitored with cell titre glow and trypan blue exclusion following dual inhibition. RESULTS MST-312 showed strong binding affinity to DNA and displayed reversible telomerase inhibitory effects in brain tumour cells. In addition to the disruption of telomere length maintenance, MST-312 treatment decreased brain tumour cell viability, induced cell cycle arrest and double strand breaks (DSBs). DNA-PKcs activation was observed in telomerase-inhibited cells presumably as a response to DNA damage. Impaired DNA-PKcs in MO59J cells or in MO59K cells treated with DNA-PKcs inhibitor, NU7026, caused a delay in the repair of DSBs. In contrast, MST-312 did not induce DSBs in telomerase negative osteosarcoma cells (U2OS). Combined inhibition of DNA-PKcs and telomerase resulted in an increase in telomere signal-free chromosomal ends in brain tumour cells as well. Interestingly, continual exposure of brain tumour cells to telomerase inhibitor led to population of cells, which displayed resistance to telomerase inhibition-mediated cell arrest. DNA-PKcs ablation in these cells, however, confers higher cell sensitivity to telomerase inhibition, inducing cell death. CONCLUSIONS Efficient telomerase inhibition was achieved with acute exposure to MST-312 and this resulted in subtle but significant increase in DSBs. Activation of DNA-PKcs might indicate the requirement of NHEJ pathway in the repair telomerase inhibitor induced DNA damage. Therefore, our results suggest a potential strategy in combating brain tumour cells with dual inhibition of telomerase and NHEJ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - M Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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Takahashi A, Kubo M, Ma H, Nakagawa A, Yoshida Y, Isono M, Kanai T, Ohno T, Furusawa Y, Funayama T, Kobayashi Y, Nakano T. Nonhomologous end-joining repair plays a more important role than homologous recombination repair in defining radiosensitivity after exposure to high-LET radiation. Radiat Res 2014; 182:338-44. [PMID: 25117625 DOI: 10.1667/rr13782.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by ionizing radiation pose a major threat to cell survival. The cell can respond to the presence of DSBs through two major repair pathways: homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Higher levels of cell death are induced by high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation when compared to low-LET radiation, even at the same physical doses, due to less effective and efficient DNA repair. To clarify whether high-LET radiation inhibits all repair pathways or specifically one repair pathway, studies were designed to examine the effects of radiation with different LET values on DNA DSB repair and radiosensitivity. Embryonic fibroblasts bearing repair gene (NHEJ-related Lig4 and/or HR-related Rad54) knockouts (KO) were used and their responses were compared to wild-type cells. The cells were exposed to X rays, spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) carbon ion beams as well as with carbon, iron, neon and argon ions. Cell survival was measured with colony-forming assays. The sensitization enhancement ratio (SER) values were calculated using the 10% survival dose of wild-type cells and repair-deficient cells. Cellular radiosensitivity was listed in descending order: double-KO cells > Lig4-KO cells > Rad54-KO cells > wild-type cells. Although Rad54-KO cells had an almost constant SER value, Lig4-KO cells showed a high-SER value when compared to Rad54-KO cells, even with increasing LET values. These results suggest that with carbon-ion therapy, targeting NHEJ repair yields higher radiosensitivity than targeting homologous recombination repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Takahashi
- a Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University, Japan
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