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Rybicki BA, Sadasivan SM, Chen Y, Kravtsov O, Palangmonthip W, Arora K, Gupta NS, Williamson S, Bobbitt K, Chitale DA, Tang D, Rundle AG, Iczkowski KA. Growth and differentiation factor 15 and NF-κB expression in benign prostatic biopsies and risk of subsequent prostate cancer detection. Cancer Med 2021; 10:3013-3025. [PMID: 33784024 PMCID: PMC8085972 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF‐15), also known as macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC‐1), may act as both a tumor suppressor and promotor and, by regulating NF‐κB and macrophage signaling, promote early prostate carcinogenesis. To determine whether expression of these two inflammation‐related proteins affect prostate cancer susceptibility, dual immunostaining of benign prostate biopsies for GDF‐15 and NF‐κB was done in a study of 503 case‐control pairs matched on date, age, and race, nested within a historical cohort of 10,478 men. GDF‐15 and NF‐κB expression levels were positively correlated (r = 0.39; p < 0.0001), and both were significantly lower in African American (AA) compared with White men. In adjusted models that included both markers, the odds ratio (OR) for NF‐κB expression was statistically significant, OR =0.87; p = 0.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.77–0.99, while GDF‐15 expression was associated with a nominally increased risk, OR =1.06; p = 0.27; 95% CI =0.96–1.17. When modeling expression levels by quartiles, the highest quartile of NF‐κB expression was associated with almost a fifty percent reduction in prostate cancer risk (OR =0.51; p = 0.03; 95% CI =0.29–0.92). In stratified models, NF‐κB had the strongest negative association with prostate cancer in non‐aggressive cases (p = 0.03), older men (p = 0.03), and in case‐control pairs with longer follow‐up (p = 0.02). Risk associated with GDF‐15 expression was best fit using nonlinear regression modeling where both first (p = 0.02) and second (p = 0.03) order GDF‐15 risk terms were associated with significantly increased risk. This modeling approach also revealed significantly increased risk associated with GDF‐15 expression for subsamples defined by AA race, aggressive disease, younger age, and in case‐control pairs with longer follow‐up. Therefore, although positively correlated in benign prostatic biopsies, NF‐κB and GDF‐15 expression appear to exert opposite effects on risk of prostate tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sudha M Sadasivan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yalei Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Watchareepohn Palangmonthip
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Pathology, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kanika Arora
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nilesh S Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sean Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kevin Bobbitt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Deliang Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew G Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Chu GCY, Chung LWK, Gururajan M, Hsieh CL, Josson S, Nandana S, Sung SY, Wang R, Wu JB, Zhau HE. Regulatory signaling network in the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer bone and visceral organ metastases and the development of novel therapeutics. Asian J Urol 2018; 6:65-81. [PMID: 30775250 PMCID: PMC6363607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes cell signaling network of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) to bone and visceral organs in the context of tumor microenvironment and for the development of novel therapeutics. The article focuses on our recent progress in the understanding of: 1) The plasticity and dynamics of tumor–stroma interaction; 2) The significance of epigenetic reprogramming in conferring cancer growth, invasion and metastasis; 3) New insights on altered junctional communication affecting PCa bone and brain metastases; 4) Novel strategies to overcome therapeutic resistance to hormonal antagonists and chemotherapy; 5) Genetic-based therapy to co-target tumor and bone stroma; 6) PCa-bone-immune cell interaction and TBX2-WNTprotein signaling in bone metastasis; 7) The roles of monoamine oxidase and reactive oxygen species in PCa growth and bone metastasis; and 8) Characterization of imprinting cluster of microRNA, in tumor–stroma interaction. This article provides new approaches and insights of PCa metastases with emphasis on basic science and potential for clinical translation. This article referenced the details of the various approaches and discoveries described herein in peer-reviewed publications. We dedicate this article in our fond memory of Dr. Donald S. Coffey who taught us the spirit of sharing and the importance of focusing basic science discoveries toward translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Murali Gururajan
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Bristol-Myer Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sajni Josson
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Oncoveda Cancer Research Center, Genesis Biotechnology Group, Hamilton, NJ, USA
| | - Srinivas Nandana
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Shian-Ying Sung
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Boyang Wu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Li Q, Yin L, Jones LW, Chu GCY, Wu JBY, Huang JM, Li Q, You S, Kim J, Lu YT, Mrdenovic S, Wang R, Freeman MR, Garraway I, Lewis MS, Chung LWK, Zhau HE. Keratin 13 expression reprograms bone and brain metastases of human prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84645-84657. [PMID: 27835867 PMCID: PMC5356688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lethal progression of prostate cancer metastasis can be improved by developing animal models that recapitulate the clinical conditions. We report here that cytokeratin 13 (KRT13), an intermediate filament protein, plays a directive role in prostate cancer bone, brain, and soft tissue metastases. KRT13 expression was elevated in bone, brain, and soft tissue metastatic prostate cancer cell lines and in primary and metastatic clinical prostate, lung, and breast cancer specimens. When KRT13 expression was determined at a single cell level in primary tumor tissues of 44 prostate cancer cases, KRT13 level predicted bone metastasis and the overall survival of prostate cancer patients. Genetically enforced KRT13 expression in human prostate cancer cell lines drove metastases toward mouse bone, brain and soft tissues through a RANKL-independent mechanism, as KRT13 altered the expression of genes associated with EMT, stemness, neuroendocrine/neuromimicry, osteomimicry, development, and extracellular matrices, but not receptor activator NF-κB ligand (RANKL) signaling networks in prostate cancer cells. Our results suggest new inhibitors targeting RANKL-independent pathways should be developed for the treatment of prostate cancer bone and soft tissue metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Li
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Current address: Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence W Jones
- Urological Research, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Huntington Memorial Hospital, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gina C-Y Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason B-Y Wu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jen-Ming Huang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Quanlin Li
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Tsung Lu
- John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stefan Mrdenovic
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Isla Garraway
- Department of Urology and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Division of Urology, Greater Los Angeles Veteran's Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Lewis
- Sepulveda Research Corporation VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Manca P, Pantano F, Iuliani M, Ribelli G, De Lisi D, Danesi R, Del Re M, Vincenzi B, Tonini G, Santini D. Determinants of bone specific metastasis in prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 112:59-66. [PMID: 28325265 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common type of cancer in Western countries. Although the majority of patients with PCa have a minimally aggressive disease, some of them will experience relapse and formation of metastasis. Bone metastasis are a major cause of quality of life impairment and death among patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Different "bone targeted therapies" and several follow-up strategies were developed in order to optimize bone metastasis prevention and treatment. Nevertheless there is still a great clinical need of identifying patients more likely to benefit from those interventions as not all patients will develop metastatic disease and not all patients with metastatic disease will develop bone metastasis. Here we review markers predictive of bone metastasis occurrence that have been tested in clinical settings, particularly focusing on the ability of such markers to predict bone metastasis over visceral metastasis occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Manca
- Medical Oncology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Pantano
- Medical Oncology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Iuliani
- Medical Oncology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ribelli
- Medical Oncology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Delia De Lisi
- Medical Oncology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Romano Danesi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Bruno Vincenzi
- Medical Oncology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Tonini
- Medical Oncology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniele Santini
- Medical Oncology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.
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5
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SRC family kinase FYN promotes the neuroendocrine phenotype and visceral metastasis in advanced prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44072-83. [PMID: 26624980 PMCID: PMC4792542 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
FYN is a SRC family kinase (SFK) that has been shown to be up-regulated in human prostate cancer (PCa) tissues and cell lines. In this study, we observed that FYN is strongly up-regulated in human neuroendocrine PCa (NEPC) tissues and xenografts, as well as cells derived from a NEPC transgenic mouse model. In silico analysis of FYN expression in prostate cancer cell line databases revealed an association with the expression of neuroendocrine (NE) markers such as CHGA, CD44, CD56, and SYP. The loss of FYN abrogated the invasion of PC3 and ARCaPM cells in response to MET receptor ligand HGF. FYN also contributed to the metastatic potential of NEPC cells in two mouse models of visceral metastasis with two different cell lines (PC3 and TRAMPC2-RANKL). The activation of MET appeared to regulate neuroendocrine (NE) features as evidenced by increased expression of NE markers in PC3 cells with HGF. Importantly, the overexpression of FYN protein in DU145 cells was directly correlated with the increase of CHGA. Thus, our data demonstrated that the neuroendocrine differentiation that occurs in PCa cells is, at least in part, regulated by FYN kinase. Understanding the role of FYN in the regulation of NE markers will provide further support for ongoing clinical trials of SFK and MET inhibitors in castration-resistant PCa patients.
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6
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Hu HJ, Lin XL, Liu MH, Fan XJ, Zou WW. Curcumin mediates reversion of HGF-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via inhibition of c-Met expression in DU145 cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:1499-1505. [PMID: 26893768 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling pathway results in cancer cell scattering and invasion, and has been reported to participate in several types of cancer, including prostate and colorectal cancer. The downstream phosphorylation cascade of HGF, particularly the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway, regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the mechanism by which these signaling pathways govern EMT, and whether certain kinases are able to respond to specific EMT effectors, remains to be elucidated. In the present study, an increase in the levels of vimentin, rather than co-regulation of certain EMT marker proteins, was observed in response to HGF-induced EMT in DU145 prostate cancer cells. In addition, it was observed that curcumin abrogated HGF-induced DU145 cell scattering and invasion. Furthermore, curcumin was able to effectively inhibit the HGF-induced increase in the levels of vimentin by downregulating the expression of phosphorylated c-Met, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Snail. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that curcumin was able to reverse HGF-induced EMT, possibly by inhibiting c-Met expression in DU145 prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou, Affiliated Huizhou Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong 516002, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Long Lin
- Department of Pathology, The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou, Affiliated Huizhou Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong 516002, P.R. China
| | - Mi-Hua Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Juan Fan
- Department of Pathology, The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou, Affiliated Huizhou Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong 516002, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wen Zou
- Department of Pathology, The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou, Affiliated Huizhou Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong 516002, P.R. China
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7
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Li Q, Li Q, Nuccio J, Liu C, Duan P, Wang R, Jones LW, Chung LWK, Zhau HE. Metastasis initiating cells in primary prostate cancer tissues from transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) predicts castration-resistant progression and survival of prostate cancer patients. Prostate 2015; 75:1312-21. [PMID: 25990623 PMCID: PMC4736544 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that the activation of RANK and c-Met signaling components in both experimental mouse models and human prostate cancer (PC) specimens predicts bone metastatic potential and PC patient survival. This study addresses whether a population of metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) known to express a stronger RANKL, phosphorylated c-Met (p-c-Met), and neuropilin-1 (NRP1) signaling network than bystander or dormant cells (BDCs) can be detected in PC tissues from patients subjected to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for urinary obstruction prior to the diagnosis of PC with or without prior hormonal manipulation, and whether the relative abundance of MICs over BDCs could predict castration-resistant progression and PC patient survival. METHODS We employed a multiplexed quantum-dot labeling (mQDL) protocol to detect and quantify MICs and BDCs at the single cell level in TURP tissues obtained from 44 PC patients with documented overall survival and castration resistance status. RESULTS PC tissues with a higher number of MICs and an activated RANK signaling network, including increased expression of RANKL, p-c-Met, and NRP1 compared to BDCs, were found to correlate with the development of castration resistance and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The assessment of PC cells with MIC and BDC phenotypes in primary PC tissues from hormone-naïve patients can predict the progression to castration resistance and the overall survival of PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Li
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Los Angeles, California
| | - Quanlin Li
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jill Nuccio
- Urological Research, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Huntington Memorial Hospital, Pasadena, California
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peng Duan
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lawrence W. Jones
- Urological Research, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Huntington Memorial Hospital, Pasadena, California
- Correspondence to: Lawrence W. Jones, MD, Urological Research, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Huntington Memorial Hospital, 99 North El Molino Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91101.
| | - Leland W. K. Chung
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Correspondence to: Haiyen E. Zhau, PhD, and Leland W. K. Chung, PhD, Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 103, Los Angeles, CA 90048. (HEZ); (LWKC)
| | - Haiyen E. Zhau
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Los Angeles, California
- Correspondence to: Haiyen E. Zhau, PhD, and Leland W. K. Chung, PhD, Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 103, Los Angeles, CA 90048. (HEZ); (LWKC)
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8
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Shi C, Wu JB, Chu GCY, Li Q, Wang R, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Kim HL, Wang J, Zhau HE, Pan D, Chung LWK. Heptamethine carbocyanine dye-mediated near-infrared imaging of canine and human cancers through the HIF-1α/OATPs signaling axis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10114-26. [PMID: 25361418 PMCID: PMC4259409 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging agents are promising tools for noninvasive cancer imaging. This study explored the specific uptake and retention of a NIR heptamethine carbocyanine MHI-148 dye by canine cancer cells and tissues and human prostate cancer (PCa) specimens and also the dye uptake mechanisms. The accumulation of MHI-148 was detected specifically in canine cancer cells and tissues and freshly harvested human PCa tissues xenografted in mice by NIR fluorescence microscopy and whole-body NIR optical imaging. Specific dye uptake in canine spontaneous tumors was further confirmed by PET imaging. Higher hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) protein and mRNA expression was demonstrated by multiplex quantum dots labeling and qPCR in tumors over that of normal tissues. Treating cancer cells with HIF-1α stabilizers activated HIF-1α downstream target genes, induced OATP superfamily gene expression and enhanced cellular uptake and retention of NIR dyes. Moreover, silencing HIF-1α by siRNA significantly decreased OATP mRNA expression and blocked NIR dye uptake in cancer cells. Together, these results demonstrated the preferential uptake of NIR dyes by canine and human cancer cells and tissues via the HIF-1α/OATPs signaling axis, which provides insights into future application of these dyes for cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China. Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jason Boyang Wu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gina C-Y Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Qinlong Li
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Caiqin Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Hyung L Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Dongfeng Pan
- Department of Radiology, the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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9
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Abstract
Cancer metastasis is highly inefficient and complex. Common features of metastatic cancer cells have been observed using cancer cell lines and genetically reconstituted mouse and human tumor xenograft models. These include cancer cell interaction with the tumor microenvironment and the ability of cancer cells to sense extracellular stimuli and adapt to adverse growth conditions. This review summarizes the coordinated response of cancer cells to soluble growth factors, such as RANKL, by a unique feed forward mechanism employing coordinated upregulation of RANKL and c-Met with downregulation of androgen receptor. The RANK-mediated signal network was found to drive epithelial to mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells, promote osteomimicry and the ability of prostate cancer cells to assume stem cell and neuroendocrine phenotypes, and confer the ability of prostate cancer cells to home to bone. Prostate cancer cells with activated RANK-mediated signal network were observed to recruit and even transform the non-tumorigenic prostate cancer cells to participate in bone and soft tissue colonization. The coordinated regulation of cancer cell invasion and metastasis by the feed forward mechanism involving RANKL, c-Met, transcription factors, and VEGF-neuropilin could offer new therapeutic opportunities to target prostate cancer bone and soft tissue metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Samuel Orchin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA,
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10
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Ziaee S, Chung LWK. Induction of integrin α2 in a highly bone metastatic human prostate cancer cell line: roles of RANKL and AR under three-dimensional suspension culture. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:208. [PMID: 25200184 PMCID: PMC4171564 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastasis can be markedly enhanced by increased receptor activator of NF kappa-B ligand (RANKL) expression in PCa cells. Molecular mechanisms that account for the increased predilection of PCa for bone include increased bone turnover, promotion of PCa cell growth and survival in the bone environment, and recruitment of bystander dormant cells to participate in bone metastasis. The current study tests the hypothesis that PCa cells acquire high adhesion to bone matrix proteins, which controls PCa bone colonization, under the RANKL/RANK and AR axes. Methods We used a highly bone metastatic RANKL-overexpressing LNCaP PCa cell line, LNCaPRANKL, as a model to pursue the molecular mechanisms underlying the increased adhesion of PCa cells to collagens. A three-dimensional (3-D) suspension PCa organoid model was developed. The functions of integrin α2 in cell adhesion and survival were evaluated by flow cytometry and western blot. AR expression and functionality were compared in 2-D monolayer versus 3-D suspension cultures using AR promoter- and PSA promoter-luciferase activity. AR role in cell adhesion was assessed using an adhesion assay. Results LNCaPRANKL cells were shown to adhere tightly to ColI matrix through increased α2 integrin expression. This increased adhesion, concomitant with activation of the FAK and Akt pathways, was further enhanced by culturing LNCaPRANKL cells in 3-D suspension. Under the influence of 3-D suspension culture, AR was restored in LNCaPRANKL cells via downregulation of AP-4 transcription factor, and supported increased α2 integrin expression and adhesion to ColI. Conclusion 3-D suspension culture and in vivo PCa tumor growth restore AR through downregulation of AP-4, enhancing integrin α2 expression and adhesion to ColI which is rich in bone matrices. The interactions of PCa with ColI, mediated by integrin α2 and AR expression, could be a key molecular event accounting for PCa bone metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-208) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Nandana S, Chung LWK. Prostate cancer progression and metastasis: potential regulatory pathways for therapeutic targeting. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:92-101. [PMID: 25374910 PMCID: PMC4219303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal metastasis in advanced prostate cancer (PCa) patients remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Research utilizing animal models during the past decade has reached a consensus that PCa progression and distant metastasis can be tackled at the molecular level. Although there are a good number of models that have shown to facilitate the study of PCa initiation and progression at the primary site, models that mimic the distant dissemination of cancer cells, particularly bone metastasis, are scarce. Despite this limitation, the field has gleaned valuable knowledge on the underlying molecular mechanisms and pathways of PCa progression, including local invasion and distant metastasis, and has moved forward in developing the concepts of current therapeutic modalities. The purpose of this review is to put together recent work on pathways that are currently being targeted for therapy, as well as other prospective novel therapeutic targets to be developed in the future against metastatic and potentially lethal PCa in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nandana
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leland WK Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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12
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Liu F, Liu Q, Wang G, Gu W. Ramucirumab in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: The sex, race, and age issues. Cancer 2014; 120:2379. [PMID: 24797897 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Liu
- The Fourth Hospital; Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Qingyi Liu
- The Fourth Hospital; Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Guiying Wang
- The Fourth Hospital; Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Weikuan Gu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Campbell Clinic and Pathology; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis Tennessee
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13
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Chu GCY, Zhau HE, Wang R, Rogatko A, Feng X, Zayzafoon M, Liu Y, Farach-Carson MC, You S, Kim J, Freeman MR, Chung LWK. RANK- and c-Met-mediated signal network promotes prostate cancer metastatic colonization. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:311-26. [PMID: 24478054 PMCID: PMC3959765 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) metastasis to bone is lethal and there is no adequate animal model for studying the mechanisms underlying the metastatic process. Here, we report that receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expressed by PCa cells consistently induced colonization or metastasis to bone in animal models. RANK-mediated signaling established a premetastatic niche through a feed-forward loop, involving the induction of RANKL and c-Met, but repression of androgen receptor (AR) expression and AR signaling pathways. Site-directed mutagenesis and transcription factor (TF) deletion/interference assays identified common TF complexes, c-Myc/Max, and AP4 as critical regulatory nodes. RANKL-RANK signaling activated a number of master regulator TFs that control the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (Twist1, Slug, Zeb1, and Zeb2), stem cell properties (Sox2, Myc, Oct3/4, and Nanog), neuroendocrine differentiation (Sox9, HIF1α, and FoxA2), and osteomimicry (c-Myc/Max, Sox2, Sox9, HIF1α, and Runx2). Abrogating RANK or its downstream c-Myc/Max or c-Met signaling network minimized or abolished skeletal metastasis in mice. RANKL-expressing LNCaP cells recruited and induced neighboring non metastatic LNCaP cells to express RANKL, c-Met/activated c-Met, while downregulating AR expression. These initially non-metastatic cells, once retrieved from the tumors, acquired the potential to colonize and grow in bone. These findings identify a novel mechanism of tumor growth in bone that involves tumor cell reprogramming via RANK-RANKL signaling, as well as a form of signal amplification that mediates recruitment and stable transformation of non-metastatic bystander dormant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
| | - André Rogatko
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of PathologySchool of Medicine, University of AlabamaBirmingham, AlabamaUSA
| | - Majd Zayzafoon
- Department of PathologySchool of Medicine, University of AlabamaBirmingham, AlabamaUSA
| | - Youhua Liu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, PennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Sungyong You
- Department of SurgerySamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of SurgerySamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
- Department of SurgerySamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
- Department of SurgerySamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Correspondence should be addressed to L W K Chung ()
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