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Polese P, Del Torre M, Stecchini ML. Impact of multiple hurdles on Listeria monocytogenes dispersion of survivors. Food Microbiol 2022; 107:104088. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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2
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D'Onofrio F, Visciano P, Krasteva I, Torresi M, Tittarelli M, Pomilio F, Iannetti L, Di Febo T, Paparella A, Schirone M, Luciani M. Immunoproteome profiling of Listeria monocytogenes under mild acid and salt stress conditions. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2200082. [PMID: 35916071 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is one of the main foodborne pathogens worldwide. Although its response to stress conditions has been extensively studied, it is still present in the food processing environments and is a concern for consumers. To investigate how this microorganism adapts its proteome in mild stress conditions, a combined proteomics and bioinformatics approach was used to characterize the immunogenic protein profile of an ST7 strain that caused severe listeriosis outbreaks in central Italy. Extracted proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting using positive sera against L. monocytogenes and nLC-ESI-MS/MS, and all data were examined by five software to predict subcellular localization. Two hundred and twenty-six proteins were extracted from the bands of interest, 58 of which were classified as potential immunogenic antigens. Compared to control cells grown under optimal conditions, six proteins, some of which under-described, were expressed under mild acid and salt stress conditions and/or at 12°C. In particular, adaptation and shaping of the proteome mainly involved cell motility at 12°C without acid and salt stress, whereas the combination of the same temperature with mild acid and salt stress induced a response concerning carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative stress and DNA repair. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD033519. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica D'Onofrio
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini, 1, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Pierina Visciano
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini, 1, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Ivanka Krasteva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Marina Torresi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Manuela Tittarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Francesco Pomilio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Luigi Iannetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Febo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Antonello Paparella
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini, 1, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Maria Schirone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini, 1, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Mirella Luciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, Teramo, 64100, Italy
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3
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TMT proteomic analysis for molecular mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus in response to freezing stress. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3139-3152. [PMID: 35460349 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11927-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Staphylococcus aureus continues to challenge the food industry due to the pathogenicity and tolerance of the bacterium. As a common storage condition for frozen food during transportation, distribution, and storage, freezing does not seem to be entirely safe due to the cold tolerance of S. aureus. In addition, our study indicated that the biofilm formation ability of S. aureus was significantly increased in response to freezing stress. To explore the molecular mechanism regulating the response to freezing stress, the proteomics signature of S. aureus after freezing stress based on tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was analyzed. Gene Ontology and pathway analysis revealed that ribosome function, metabolism, RNA repair, and stress response proteins were differentially regulated (P < 0.05). Furthermore, transpeptidase sortase A, biofilm operon icaADBC HTH-type negative transcriptional regulator IcaR, and HTH-type transcriptional regulator MgrA were involved in the modulation of increased biofilm formation in response to freezing stress (P < 0.05). Moreover, significant lysine acetylation and malonylation signals in the S. aureus response to freezing stress were observed. Collectively, the current work provides additional insight for comprehending the molecular mechanism of S. aureus in response to freezing stress and presents potential targets for developing strategies to control S. aureus. KEY POINTS: • TMT proteomic analysis was first used on S. aureus in response to freezing stress. • Ribosome-, metabolism-, and biofilm-related proteins change after freezing stress. • Increased biofilm formation in S. aureus responded to freezing stress.
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Chmielowska C, Korsak D, Chapkauskaitse E, Decewicz P, Lasek R, Szuplewska M, Bartosik D. Plasmidome of Listeria spp.-The repA-Family Business. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910320. [PMID: 34638661 PMCID: PMC8508797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Listeria (phylum Firmicutes) include both human and animal pathogens, as well as saprophytic strains. A common component of Listeria spp. genomes are plasmids, i.e., extrachromosomal replicons that contribute to gene flux in bacteria. This study provides an in-depth insight into the structure, diversity and evolution of plasmids occurring in Listeria strains inhabiting various environments under different anthropogenic pressures. Apart from the components of the conserved plasmid backbone (providing replication, stable maintenance and conjugational transfer functions), these replicons contain numerous adaptive genes possibly involved in: (i) resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, metalloids and sanitizers, and (ii) responses to heat, oxidative, acid and high salinity stressors. Their genomes are also enriched by numerous transposable elements, which have influenced the plasmid architecture. The plasmidome of Listeria is dominated by a group of related replicons encoding the RepA replication initiation protein. Detailed comparative analyses provide valuable data on the level of conservation of these replicons and their role in shaping the structure of the Listeria pangenome, as well as their relationship to plasmids of other genera of Firmicutes, which demonstrates the range and direction of flow of genetic information in this important group of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Chmielowska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (E.C.); (R.L.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Dorota Korsak
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Elvira Chapkauskaitse
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (E.C.); (R.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Przemysław Decewicz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Robert Lasek
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (E.C.); (R.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Magdalena Szuplewska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (E.C.); (R.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Dariusz Bartosik
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (E.C.); (R.L.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (D.B.)
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Polese P, Del Torre M, Stecchini ML. The COM-Poisson Process for Stochastic Modeling of Osmotic Inactivation Dynamics of Listeria monocytogenes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:681468. [PMID: 34305844 PMCID: PMC8300431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.681468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling harmful microorganisms, such as Listeria monocytogenes, can require reliable inactivation steps, including those providing conditions (e.g., using high salt content) in which the pathogen could be progressively inactivated. Exposure to osmotic stress could result, however, in variation in the number of survivors, which needs to be carefully considered through appropriate dispersion measures for its impact on intervention practices. Variation in the experimental observations is due to uncertainty and biological variability in the microbial response. The Poisson distribution is suitable for modeling the variation of equi-dispersed count data when the naturally occurring randomness in bacterial numbers it is assumed. However, violation of equi-dispersion is quite often evident, leading to over-dispersion, i.e., non-randomness. This article proposes a statistical modeling approach for describing variation in osmotic inactivation of L. monocytogenes Scott A at different initial cell levels. The change of survivors over inactivation time was described as an exponential function in both the Poisson and in the Conway-Maxwell Poisson (COM-Poisson) processes, with the latter dealing with over-dispersion through a dispersion parameter. This parameter was modeled to describe the occurrence of non-randomness in the population distribution, even the one emerging with the osmotic treatment. The results revealed that the contribution of randomness to the total variance was dominant only on the lower-count survivors, while at higher counts the non-randomness contribution to the variance was shown to increase the total variance above the Poisson distribution. When the inactivation model was compared with random numbers generated in computer simulation, a good concordance between the experimental and the modeled data was obtained in the COM-Poisson process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Polese
- Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Manuela Del Torre
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mara Lucia Stecchini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Melian C, Castellano P, Segli F, Mendoza LM, Vignolo GM. Proteomic Analysis of Listeria monocytogenes FBUNT During Biofilm Formation at 10°C in Response to Lactocin AL705. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:604126. [PMID: 33584610 PMCID: PMC7880126 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.604126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is one of the major food-related pathogens and is able to survive and multiply under different stress conditions. Its persistence in industrial premises and foods is partially due to its ability to form biofilm. Thus, as a natural strategy to overcome L. monocytogenes biofilm formation, the treatment with lactocin AL705 using a sublethal dose (20AU/ml) was explored. The effect of the presence of the bacteriocin on the biofilm formation at 10°C of L. monocytogenes FBUNT was evaluated for its proteome and compared to the proteomes of planktonic and sessile cells grown at 10°C in the absence of lactocin. Compared to planktonic cells, adaptation of sessile cells during cold stress involved protein abundance shifts associated with ribosomes function and biogenesis, cell membrane functionality, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and transport. When sessile cells were treated with lactocin AL705, proteins’ up-regulation were mostly related to carbohydrate metabolism and nutrient transport in an attempt to compensate for impaired energy generation caused by bacteriocin interacting with the cytoplasmic membrane. Notably, transport systems such as β-glucosidase IIABC (lmo0027), cellobiose (lmo2763), and trehalose (lmo1255) specific PTS proteins were highly overexpressed. In addition, mannose (lmo0098), a specific PTS protein indicating the adaptive response of sessile cells to the bacteriocin, was downregulated as this PTS system acts as a class IIa bacteriocin receptor. A sublethal dose of lactocin AL705 was able to reduce the biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes FBUNT and this bacteriocin induced adaptation mechanisms in treated sessile cells. These results constitute valuable data related to specific proteins targeting the control of L. monocytogenes biofilm upon bacteriocin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Melian
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Patricia Castellano
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Franco Segli
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Lucía M Mendoza
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Graciela Margarita Vignolo
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of the Fish-Borne Spoiler Shewanella putrefaciens Subjected to Cold Stress Using LC-MS/MS. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8876986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Shewanella putrefaciens is a specific spoilage bacterium for fish during cold storage. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of cold stress adaptation of S. putrefaciens, tandem mass tag- (TMT-) based quantitative proteomic analysis was performed to detect the effects of cold stress on protein expression profiles in S. putrefaciens which had been cultivated at 4°C and 30°C, respectively. A total of 266670 peptide spectrum matching numbers were quantified proteins after data analysis. Of the 2292 proteins quantitatively analyzed, a total of 274 were found to be differentially expressed (DE) under cold stress compared with the nonstress control. By integrating the results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, 9 common KEGG terms were found notable for the cold-responsive proteins. Generally, the DE proteins involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism were significantly upregulated, leading to a specific energy conservation survival mode. The DE proteins related to DNA repair, transcription, and translation were upregulated, implicating change of gene expression and more protein biosynthesis needed in response to cold stress.
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8
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Li H, Qiao Y, Du D, Wang J, Ma X. Deletion of the oligopeptide transporter Lmo2193 decreases the virulence of Listeria monocytogenes. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e88. [PMID: 33263235 PMCID: PMC7710461 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that causes listeriosis mainly in immunocompromised hosts. It can also cause foodborne outbreaks and has the ability to adapt to various environments. Peptide uptake in gram-positive bacteria is enabled by oligopeptide permeases (Opp) in a process that depends on ATP hydrolysis by OppD and F. Previously a putative protein Lmo2193 was predicted to be OppD, but little is known about the role of OppD in major processes of L. monocytogenes, such as growth, virulence, and biofilm formation. Objectives To determine whether the virulence traits of L. monocytogenes are related to OppD. Methods In this study, lmo2193 gene deletion and complementation strains of L. monocytogenes were generated and compared with a wild-type strain for the following: adhesiveness, invasion ability, intracellular survival, proliferation, 50% lethal dose (LD50) to mice, and the amount bacteria in the mouse liver, spleen, and brain. Results The results showed that virulence of the deletion strain was 1.34 and 0.5 orders of magnitude higher than that of the wild-type and complementation strains, respectively. The function of Lmo2193 was predicted and verified as OppD from the ATPase superfamily. Deletion of lmo2193 affected the normal growth of L. monocytogenes, reduced its virulence in cells and mice, and affected its ability to form biofilms. Conclusions Deletion of the oligopeptide transporter Lmo2193 decreases the virulence of L. monocytogenes. These effects may be related to OppD's function, which provides a new perspective on the regulation of oligopeptide transporters in L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanjie Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dongdong Du
- Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Xun Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.
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Cold-shock proteins affect desiccation tolerance, biofilm formation and motility in Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 329:108662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Proteomic analysis reveals the temperature-dependent presence of extracytoplasmic peptidases in the biofilm exoproteome of Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e. J Microbiol 2020; 58:761-771. [PMID: 32719941 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-9522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes resists environmental stresses by forming biofilms. Because this pathogen transmits between the environment and the host, it must adapt to temperature as an environmental stress. In this study, we aimed to identify which proteins were present depending on the temperature in the biofilms of L. monocytogenes EGD-e. Proteins in the supernatants of biofilms formed at 25°C and 37°C were compared using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The larger number of extracytoplasmic proteins associated with cell wall/membrane/envelop biogenesis was identified from the supernatant of biofilms formed at 25°C (7) than those at 37°C (0). Among the 16 extracytoplasmic proteins detected only at 25°C, three were peptidases, namely Spl, Cwh, and Lmo0186. Moreover, mRNA expression of the three peptidases was higher at 25°C than at 37°C. Interestingly, this adaptation of gene expression to temperature was present in sessile cells but not in dispersed cells. After inhibiting the activity of extracytoplasmic peptidases with a protease inhibitor, we noted that the levels of biofilm biomass increased with higher concentrations of the protease inhibitor only when L. monocytogenes grew biofilms at 25°C and not at 37°C. Overall, our data suggest an effect of temperature on the presence of peptidases in L. monocytogenes biofilms. Additionally, increasing the levels of extracytoplasmic peptidases in biofilms is likely a unique feature for sessile L. monocytogenes that causes a naturally occurring breakdown of biofilms and facilitates the pathogen exiting biofilms and disseminating into the environment.
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11
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Roberts BN, Chakravarty D, Gardner J, Ricke SC, Donaldson JR. Listeria monocytogenes Response to Anaerobic Environments. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030210. [PMID: 32178387 PMCID: PMC7157565 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacterium that is responsible for the disease, listeriosis. It is particularly lethal in pregnant women, the fetus, the elderly and the immunocompromised. The pathogen survives and replicates over a wide range of temperatures (4 to 42 °C), pH, salt and oxygen concentrations. Because it can withstand various environments, L. monocytogenes is a major concern in food processing industries, especially in dairy products and ready-to-eat fruits, vegetables and deli meats. The environment in which the pathogen is exposed can influence the expression of virulence genes. For instance, studies have shown that variations in oxygen availability can impact resistance to stressors. Further investigation is needed to understand the essential genes required for the growth of L. monocytogenes in anaerobic conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to highlight the data on L. monocytogenes under known environmental stresses in anaerobic environments and to focus on gaps in knowledge that may be advantageous to study in order to better understand the pathogenicity of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy N. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Damayanti Chakravarty
- Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (D.C.); (J.C.G.III)
| | - J.C. Gardner
- Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (D.C.); (J.C.G.III)
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA;
| | - Janet R. Donaldson
- Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (D.C.); (J.C.G.III)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-601-206-6795
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12
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Liu S, Ma Y, Zheng Y, Zhao W, Zhao X, Luo T, Zhang J, Yang Z. Cold-Stress Response of Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum K25 by iTRAQ Proteomic Analysis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:187-195. [PMID: 31752066 PMCID: PMC9728241 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1909.09021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To understand the molecular mechanism involved in the survivability of cold-tolerant lactic acid bacteria was of great significance in food processing, since these bacteria play a key role in a variety of low-temperature fermented foods. In this study, the cold-stress response of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum K25 isolated from Tibetan kefir grains was analyzed by iTRAQ proteomic method. By comparing differentially expressed (DE) protein profiles of the strain incubated at 10°C and 37°C, 506 DE proteins were identified. The DE proteins involved in carbohydrate, amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism were significantly down-regulated, leading to a specific energy conservation survival mode. The DE proteins related to DNA repair, transcription and translation were up-regulated, implicating change of gene expression and more protein biosynthesis needed in response to cold stress. In addition, two-component system, quorum sensing and ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters also participated in cell cold-adaptation process. These findings provide novel insight into the cold-resistance mechanism in L. plantarum with potential application in low temperature fermented or preserved foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoli Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, P.R. China,Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
| | - Yimiao Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, P.R. China,Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, P.R. China,Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, P.R. China,Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, P.R. China,Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
| | - Tianqi Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, P.R. China,Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, P.R. China,Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
| | - Zhennai Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing, P.R. China,Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +86-10-68984870 Fax: +86-10-68984870 E-mail:
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Verheyen D, Baka M, Akkermans S, Skåra T, Van Impe JF. Effect of microstructure and initial cell conditions on thermal inactivation kinetics and sublethal injury of Listeria monocytogenes in fish-based food model systems. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Guo J, Gao Z, Li G, Fu F, Liang Z, Zhu H, Shan Y. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy and mechanism of essential oil from Citrus Changshan-huyou Y. B. chang against Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Santos T, Viala D, Chambon C, Esbelin J, Hébraud M. Listeria monocytogenes Biofilm Adaptation to Different Temperatures Seen Through Shotgun Proteomics. Front Nutr 2019; 6:89. [PMID: 31259174 PMCID: PMC6587611 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can cause invasive severe human illness (listeriosis) in susceptible patients. Most human listeriosis cases appear to be caused by consumption of refrigerated ready-to-eat foods. Although initial contamination levels in foods are usually low, the ability of these bacteria to survive and multiply at low temperatures allows it to reach levels high enough to cause disease. This study explores the set of proteins that might have an association with L. monocytogenes adaptation to different temperatures. Cultures were grown in biofilm, the most widespread mode of growth in natural and industrial realms. Protein extractions were performed from three different growth temperatures (10, 25, and 37°C) and two growth phases (early stage and mature biofilm). L. monocytogenes subproteomes were targeted using three extraction methods: trypsin-enzymatic shaving, biotin-labeling and cell fractionation. The different subproteomes obtained were separated and analyzed by shotgun proteomics using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-OrbiTrap LTQVelos, ThermoFisher Scientific). A total of 141 (biotinylation), 98 (shaving) and 910 (fractionation) proteins were identified. Throughout the 920 unique proteins identified, many are connected to basic cell functions, but some are linked with thermoregulation. We observed some noteworthy protein abundance shifts associated with the major adaptation to cold mechanisms present in L. monocytogenes, namely: the role of ribosomes and the stressosome with a higher abundance of the general stress protein Ctc (Rl25) and the general stress transcription factor sigma B (σB), changes in cell fluidity and motility seen by higher levels of foldase protein PrsA2 and flagellin (FlaA), the uptake of osmolytes with a higher abundance of glycine betaine (GbuB) and carnitine transporters (OpucA), and the relevance of the overexpression of chaperone proteins such as cold shock proteins (CspLA and Dps). As for 37°C, we observed a significantly higher percentage of proteins associated with transcriptional or translational activity present in higher abundance upon comparison with the colder settings. These contrasts of protein expression throughout several conditions will enrich databases and help to model the regulatory circuitry that drives adaptation of L. monocytogenes to environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Santos
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé (MEDiS), Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Didier Viala
- INRA, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Composante Protéomique (PFEMcp), Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Christophe Chambon
- INRA, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Composante Protéomique (PFEMcp), Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Julia Esbelin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé (MEDiS), Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Michel Hébraud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé (MEDiS), Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- INRA, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Composante Protéomique (PFEMcp), Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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16
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Quesille-Villalobos AM, Parra A, Maza F, Navarrete P, González M, Latorre M, Toro M, Reyes-Jara A. The Combined Effect of Cold and Copper Stresses on the Proliferation and Transcriptional Response of Listeria monocytogenes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:612. [PMID: 30984140 PMCID: PMC6447683 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can cause severe disease in susceptible humans. This microorganism has the ability to adapt to hostile environmental conditions such as the low temperatures used by the food industry for controlling microorganisms. Bacteria are able to adjust their transcriptional response to adapt to stressful conditions in order to maintain cell homeostasis. Understanding the transcriptional response of L. monocytogenes to stressing conditions could be relevant to develop new strategies to control the pathogen. A possible alternative for controlling microorganisms in the food industry could be to use copper as an antimicrobial agent. The present study characterized three L. monocytogenes strains (List2-2, Apa13-2, and Al152-2A) adapted to low temperature and challenged with different copper concentrations. Similar MIC-Cu values were observed among studied strains, but growth kinetic parameters revealed that strain List2-2 was the least affected by the presence of copper at 8°C. This strain was selected for a global transcriptional response study after a 1 h exposition to 0.5 mM of CuSO4 × 5H2O at 8 and 37°C. The results showed that L. monocytogenes apparently decreases its metabolism in response to copper, and this reduction is greater at 8°C than at 37°C. The most affected metabolic pathways were carbohydrates, lipids and nucleotides synthesis. Finally, 15 genes were selected to evaluate the conservation of the transcriptional response in the other two strains. Results indicated that only genes related to copper homeostasis showed a high degree of conservation between the strains studied, suggesting that a low number of genes is implicated in the response to copper stress in L. monocytogenes. These results contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms used by bacteria to overcome a combination of stresses. This study concluded that the application of copper in low concentrations in cold environments may help to control foodborne pathogens as L. monocytogenes in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Quesille-Villalobos
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angel Parra
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Maza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile
- Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Latorre
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile
- Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Magaly Toro
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Reyes-Jara
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Lanciotti R, Braschi G, Patrignani F, Gobbetti M, De Angelis M. How Listeria monocytogenes Shapes Its Proteome in Response to Natural Antimicrobial Compounds. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:437. [PMID: 30930865 PMCID: PMC6423498 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the adaptation of L. monocytogenes Scott A cells to treatments with sublethal doses of antimicrobials (ethanol, citral, carvacrol, E-2-hexenal and thyme essential oil). The survival of L. monocytogenes cells was not affected by the antimicrobials at the concentrations assayed, with the exception of ethanol (1% v/v) and thyme essential oil (100 mg/L), which decreased cell viability from 8.53 ± 0.36 to 7.20 ± 0.22 log CFU/mL (P = 0.04). We subsequently evaluated how L. monocytogenes regulates and shapes its proteome in response to antimicrobial compounds. Compared to the control cells grown under optimal conditions, L. monocytogenes treated for 1 h with the antimicrobial compounds showed increased or decreased (≥ or ≤2-fold, respectively, P < 0.05) levels of protein synthesis for 223 protein spots. As shown multivariate clustering analysis, the proteome profiles differed between treatments. Adaptation and shaping of proteomes mainly concerned cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome, motility and regulatory related proteins, carbohydrate, pyruvate, nucleotide and nitrogen metabolism, cofactors and vitamins and stress response with contrasting responses for different stresses. Ethanol, citral (85 mg/l) or (E)-2-hexenal (150 mg/L) adapted cells increased survival during acid stress imposed under model (BHI) and food-like systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Lanciotti
- Dipartmento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Braschi
- Dipartmento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Patrignani
- Dipartmento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Maria De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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18
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Xue R, Feng J, Ma L, Liu C, Xian M, Konkel ME, Wang S, Lu X. Whole Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis of the Synergistic Antimicrobial Effect of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Ajoene on Campylobacter jejuni. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2074. [PMID: 30233546 PMCID: PMC6127312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two metal oxide (i.e., Al2O3 and TiO2) nanoparticles and ajoene, a garlic-derived organosulfur compound, were identified to be effective antimicrobials against Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of human gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. A significant synergistic antimicrobial effect was observed using ajoene and Al2O3/TiO2 nanoparticles in a combined manner to cause at least 8 log10 CFU/mL reduction of C. jejuni cells. Whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and confocal micro-Raman spectroscopic analyses revealed the antimicrobial mechanism and identified the roles of ajoene and metal oxide nanoparticles in the synergistic treatment. Ajoene and metal oxide nanoparticles mediated a two-phase antimicrobial mechanism. Ajoene served as the inducing factor at the first phase that caused injury of cell membranes and increased the susceptibility of C. jejuni to stress. Metal oxide nanoparticles served as the active factor at the second phase that targeted sensitive cells and physically disrupted cell structure. This synergistic antimicrobial treatment demonstrates a potential to reduce the prevalence of C. jejuni and other pathogens on food contact surfaces and in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinsong Feng
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lina Ma
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chunrong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michael E Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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Araujo V, Neves E, Silva AC, Martins APL, Brito LC. Listeria monocytogenes cells under nutrient deprivation showed reduced ability to infect the human intestinal cell line HT-29. J Med Microbiol 2017; 67:110-117. [PMID: 29185940 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two types of stress, cold and nutritional, on the viability and the in vitro virulence of the foodborne pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. METHODOLOGY Ten diverse isolates were kept in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at optimal (37 °C) or at refrigeration temperature (7 °C), for 1 and 7 days. The viability of the cells [log colony-forming units (c.f.u.)/ml] and their in vitro virulence, before and after storage in these conditions, were investigated. In vitro virulence (log PFA) was evaluated using the human intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29 in plaque-forming assays (PFAs).Results/Key findings. In general, when compared with the conditions at 37 °C, the exposure at 7 °C for 7 days seemed to increase the resistance of the isolates to nutritional stress. Nutritional stress per se acted significantly to decrease the in vitro virulence of the isolates. After 7 days of nutrient deprivation, whether at optimal or at refrigeration temperature, the majority of the isolates assumed a low-virulence phenotype. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that when L. monocytogenes are in refrigerated post-processing environments that are unable to support their growth they may increase their resistance to nutritional stress and may decrease their virulence. This should be considered when performing risk assessments for refrigerated ready-to-eat (RTE) foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Araujo
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food /DRAT- Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Neves
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food /DRAT- Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão Jean Piaget do Litoral Alentejano, Bairro das Flores, Apartado 38, 7500-999 Vila Nova de Santo André, Portugal
| | - Ana Carla Silva
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food /DRAT- Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António P L Martins
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, IP, Av. República, Quinta do Marquês, Nova Oeiras, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal.,DCEB - Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia de Biossistemas, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luisa Castro Brito
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food /DRAT- Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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20
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Jarvis NA, O'Bryan CA, Martin EM, Ricke SC, Johnson MG, Crandall PG. Further Evidence of How Unbuffered Starvation at 4°C Influences Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e, HCC23, F2365, and Scott A. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1749-1759. [PMID: 28922027 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The soilborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes frequently contaminates food products and food processing environments and is able to survive desiccation, high osmotic pressures, and starvation. However, little is known about how this pathogen survives starvation at 4°C. This study provides evidence that L. monocytogenes is able to survive total nutrient starvation for 4 weeks. L. monocytogenes strains EGD-e, Scott A, F2365, and HCC23 were starved individually in sterile water. Colony counts declined over 4 weeks, with Scott A declining the most rapidly. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed degradation of starving cell membranes and altered cytosols. Starving cells were subjected to the metabolic inhibitors fluoride, arsenite, 2,4-dinitrophenol, iodoacetate, and cyanide individually. Iodoacetate, which inhibits glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, completely reduced cultivable counts below the level of detection compared with the control starving cells; 2,4-dinitrophenol, which dissipates proton motive force, almost completely reduced cultivable counts. These results suggest that L. monocytogenes strains EGD-e, Scott A, F2365, and HCC23 are actively using part of the glycolysis pathway while starving. These results suggest that starving L. monocytogenes cells retain aspects of active metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth M Martin
- 2 Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- 1 Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety and
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21
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Proteomic Analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Under Cold Stress. Curr Microbiol 2017; 75:20-26. [PMID: 28831596 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a kind of food-borne pathogenic bacterium, which can seriously infect food, especially seafood causing gastroenteritis and other disease. We studied the global proteome responses of V. parahaemolyticus under cold stress by nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to improve the present understanding of V. parahaemolyticus proteomics events under cold stress. A total of 1151 proteins were identified and 101 proteins were differentially expressed, of which 69 were significantly up-regulated and 32 were downregulated. Functional categorization of these proteins revealed distinct differences between cold-stressed and control cells. These proteins were grouped into 21 functional categories by the clusters of orthologous groups (COG) analysis. The most of up-regulated proteins were functionally categorized as nucleotide transport and metabolism, transcription, function unknown, and defense mechanisms. These up-regulated proteins play an important role under cold stress.
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22
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Guérin A, Rønning HT, Dargaignaratz C, Clavel T, Broussolle V, Mahillon J, Granum PE, Nguyen-The C. Cereulide production by Bacillus weihenstephanensis strains during growth at different pH values and temperatures. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:130-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Hingston P, Chen J, Allen K, Truelstrup Hansen L, Wang S. Strand specific RNA-sequencing and membrane lipid profiling reveals growth phase-dependent cold stress response mechanisms in Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180123. [PMID: 28662112 PMCID: PMC5491136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes continues to pose a challenge in the food industry, where it is known to contaminate ready-to-eat foods and grow during refrigerated storage. Increased knowledge of the cold-stress response of this pathogen will enhance the ability to control it in the food-supply-chain. This study utilized strand-specific RNA sequencing and whole cell fatty acid (FA) profiling to characterize the bacterium's cold stress response. RNA and FAs were extracted from a cold-tolerant strain at five time points between early lag phase and late stationary-phase, both at 4°C and 20°C. Overall, more genes (1.3×) were suppressed than induced at 4°C. Late stationary-phase cells exhibited the greatest number (n = 1,431) and magnitude (>1,000-fold) of differentially expressed genes (>2-fold, p<0.05) in response to cold. A core set of 22 genes was upregulated at all growth phases, including nine genes required for branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) synthesis, the osmolyte transporter genes opuCBCD, and the internalin A and D genes. Genes suppressed at 4°C were largely associated with cobalamin (B12) biosynthesis or the production/export of cell wall components. Antisense transcription accounted for up to 1.6% of total mapped reads with higher levels (2.5×) observed at 4°C than 20°C. The greatest number of upregulated antisense transcripts at 4°C occurred in early lag phase, however, at both temperatures, antisense expression levels were highest in late stationary-phase cells. Cold-induced FA membrane changes included a 15% increase in the proportion of BCFAs and a 15% transient increase in unsaturated FAs between lag and exponential phase. These increases probably reduced the membrane phase transition temperature until optimal levels of BCFAs could be produced. Collectively, this research provides new information regarding cold-induced membrane composition changes in L. monocytogenes, the growth-phase dependency of its cold-stress regulon, and the active roles of antisense transcripts in regulating its cold stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Hingston
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica Chen
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Allen
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Siyun Wang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Hadjilouka A, Mavrogiannis G, Mallouchos A, Paramithiotis S, Mataragas M, Drosinos EH. Effect of lemongrass essential oil on Listeria monocytogenes gene expression. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Hingston P, Chen J, Dhillon BK, Laing C, Bertelli C, Gannon V, Tasara T, Allen K, Brinkman FSL, Truelstrup Hansen L, Wang S. Genotypes Associated with Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Displaying Impaired or Enhanced Tolerances to Cold, Salt, Acid, or Desiccation Stress. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:369. [PMID: 28337186 PMCID: PMC5340757 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is a large concern in the food industry where its continuous detection in food products has caused a string of recalls in North America and Europe. Most recognized for its ability to grow in foods during refrigerated storage, L. monocytogenes can also tolerate several other food-related stresses with some strains possessing higher levels of tolerances than others. The objective of this study was to use a combination of phenotypic analyses and whole genome sequencing to elucidate potential relationships between L. monocytogenes genotypes and food-related stress tolerance phenotypes. To accomplish this, 166 L. monocytogenes isolates were sequenced and evaluated for their ability to grow in cold (4°C), salt (6% NaCl, 25°C), and acid (pH 5, 25°C) stress conditions as well as survive desiccation (33% RH, 20°C). The results revealed that the stress tolerance of L. monocytogenes is associated with serotype, clonal complex (CC), full length inlA profiles, and the presence of a plasmid which was identified in 55% of isolates. Isolates with full length inlA exhibited significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced cold tolerance relative to those harboring a premature stop codon (PMSC) in this gene. Similarly, isolates possessing a plasmid demonstrated significantly (p = 0.013) enhanced acid tolerance. We also identified nine new L. monocytogenes sequence types, a new inlA PMSC, and several connections between CCs and the presence/absence or variations of specific genetic elements. A whole genome single-nucleotide-variants phylogeny revealed sporadic distribution of tolerant isolates and closely related sensitive and tolerant isolates, highlighting that minor genetic differences can influence the stress tolerance of L. monocytogenes. Specifically, a number of cold and desiccation sensitive isolates contained PMSCs in σB regulator genes (rsbS, rsbU, rsbV). Collectively, the results suggest that knowing the sequence type of an isolate in addition to screening for the presence of full-length inlA and a plasmid, could help food processors and food agency investigators determine why certain isolates might be persisting in a food processing environment. Additionally, increased sequencing of L. monocytogenes isolates in combination with stress tolerance profiling, will enhance the ability to identify genetic elements associated with higher risk strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Hingston
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica Chen
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bhavjinder K. Dhillon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Chad Laing
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Claire Bertelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Victor Gannon
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Taurai Tasara
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Allen
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fiona S. L. Brinkman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Lisbeth Truelstrup Hansen
- Division for Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Siyun Wang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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26
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Baraúna RA, Freitas DY, Pinheiro JC, Folador ARC, Silva A. A Proteomic Perspective on the Bacterial Adaptation to Cold: Integrating OMICs Data of the Psychrotrophic Bacterium Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7. Proteomes 2017; 5:proteomes5010009. [PMID: 28248259 PMCID: PMC5372230 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the publication of one of the first studies using 2D gel electrophoresis by Patrick H. O’Farrell in 1975, several other studies have used that method to evaluate cellular responses to different physicochemical variations. In environmental microbiology, bacterial adaptation to cold environments is a “hot topic” because of its application in biotechnological processes. As in other fields, gel-based and gel-free proteomic methods have been used to determine the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to cold of several psychrotrophic and psychrophilic bacterial species. In this review, we aim to describe and discuss these main molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation, referencing proteomic studies that have made significant contributions to our current knowledge in the area. Furthermore, we use Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7 as a model organism to present the importance of integrating genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data. This species has been isolated in Antarctica and previously studied at all three omic levels. The integration of these data permitted more robust conclusions about the mechanisms of bacterial adaptation to cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Baraúna
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Dhara Y Freitas
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Juliana C Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Adriana R C Folador
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Artur Silva
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil.
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27
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Alreshidi MM, Dunstan RH, Gottfries J, Macdonald MM, Crompton MJ, Ang CS, Williamson NA, Roberts TK. Changes in the Cytoplasmic Composition of Amino Acids and Proteins Observed in Staphylococcus aureus during Growth under Variable Growth Conditions Representative of the Human Wound Site. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159662. [PMID: 27442022 PMCID: PMC4956324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for a high proportion of nosocomial infections. This study was conducted to assess the bacterial responses in the cytoplasmic composition of amino acids and ribosomal proteins under various environmental conditions designed to mimic those on the human skin or within a wound site: pH6-8, temperature 35–37°C, and additional 0–5% NaCl. It was found that each set of environmental conditions elicited substantial adjustments in cytoplasmic levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, alanine and glycine (P< 0.05). These alterations generated characteristic amino acid profiles assessed by principle component analysis (PCA). Substantial alterations in cytoplasmic amino acid and protein composition occurred during growth under conditions of higher salinity stress implemented via additional levels of NaCl in the growth medium. The cells responded to additional NaCl at pH 6 by reducing levels of ribosomal proteins, whereas at pH 8 there was an upregulation of ribosomal proteins compared with the reference control. The levels of two ribosomal proteins, L32 and S19, remained constant across all experimental conditions. The data supported the hypothesis that the bacterium was continually responding to the dynamic environment by modifying the proteome and optimising metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa M. Alreshidi
- Metabolic Research Group, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, P.O. 2440, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - R. Hugh Dunstan
- Metabolic Research Group, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Johan Gottfries
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Sweden
| | - Margaret M. Macdonald
- Metabolic Research Group, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Marcus J. Crompton
- Metabolic Research Group, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Williamson
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tim K. Roberts
- Metabolic Research Group, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia
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Narihiro T, Kanosue Y, Hiraishi A. Cultural, Transcriptomic, and Proteomic Analyses of Water-Stressed Cells of Actinobacterial Strains Isolated from Compost: Ecological Implications in the Fed-Batch Composting Process. Microbes Environ 2016; 31:127-36. [PMID: 27246805 PMCID: PMC4912147 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me15199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the effects of water activity (aw) on the viability of actinobacterial isolates from a fed-batch composting (FBC) process by comparing culturability and stainability with 5-cyano-2,3-ditoryl tetrazolium chloride (CTC). The FBC reactor as the source of these bacteria was operated with the daily loading of household biowaste for 70 d. During this period of composting, aw in the reactor decreased linearly with time and reached approximately 0.95 at the end of operation. The plate counts of aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria were 3.2-fold higher than CTC-positive (CTC+) counts on average at the fully acclimated stage (after 7 weeks of operation), in which Actinobacteria predominated, as shown by lipoquinone profiling and cultivation methods. When the actinobacterial isolates from the FBC process were grown under aw stress, no significant differences were observed in culturability among the cultures, whereas CTC stainability decreased with reductions in aw levels. A cDNA microarray-based transcriptomic analysis of a representative isolate showed that many of the genes involved in cellular metabolism and genetic information processing were down-regulated by aw stress. This result was fully supported by a proteomic analysis. The results of the present study suggest that, in low aw mature compost, the metabolic activity of the community with Actinobacteria predominating is temporarily reduced to a level that hardly reacts with CTC; however, these bacteria are easily recoverable by exposure to a high aw culture medium. This may be a plausible reason why acclimated FBC reactors in which Actinobacteria predominate yields higher plate counts than CTC+ counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Narihiro
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology ToyohashiAichi 441–8580Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8566Japan
| | - Yuji Kanosue
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology ToyohashiAichi 441–8580Japan
| | - Akira Hiraishi
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology ToyohashiAichi 441–8580Japan
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology ToyohashiAichi 441–8580Japan
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29
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Greppi A, Rantsiou K. Methodological advancements in foodborne pathogen determination: from presence to behavior. Curr Opin Food Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Cordero N, Maza F, Navea-Perez H, Aravena A, Marquez-Fontt B, Navarrete P, Figueroa G, González M, Latorre M, Reyes-Jara A. Different Transcriptional Responses from Slow and Fast Growth Rate Strains of Listeria monocytogenes Adapted to Low Temperature. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:229. [PMID: 26973610 PMCID: PMC4772535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes has become one of the principal foodborne pathogens worldwide. The capacity of this bacterium to grow at low temperatures has opened an interesting field of study in terms of the identification and classification of new strains of L. monocytogenes with different growth capacities at low temperatures. We determined the growth rate at 8°C of 110 strains of L. monocytogenes isolated from different food matrices. We identified a group of slow and fast strains according to their growth rate at 8°C and performed a global transcriptomic assay in strains previously adapted to low temperature. We then identified shared and specific transcriptional mechanisms, metabolic and cellular processes of both groups; bacterial motility was the principal process capable of differentiating the adaptation capacity of L. monocytogenes strains with different ranges of tolerance to low temperatures. Strains belonging to the fast group were less motile, which may allow these strains to achieve a greater rate of proliferation at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninoska Cordero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Maza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Helen Navea-Perez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Aravena
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bárbara Marquez-Fontt
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Latorre
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Reyes-Jara
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
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31
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Abee T, Koomen J, Metselaar K, Zwietering M, den Besten H. Impact of Pathogen Population Heterogeneity and Stress-Resistant Variants on Food Safety. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:439-56. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Abee
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - J. Koomen
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - K.I. Metselaar
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - M.H. Zwietering
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - H.M.W. den Besten
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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Puga CH, Orgaz B, SanJose C. Listeria monocytogenes Impact on Mature or Old Pseudomonas fluorescens Biofilms During Growth at 4 and 20°C. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:134. [PMID: 26913024 PMCID: PMC4753298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in spatial organization, as observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), viable cell content, biovolume, and substratum surface coverage of the biofilms formed on glass by Pseudomonas fluorescens resulting from co-culture with Listeria monocytogenes, were examined. Two strains of L. monocytogenes, two culture temperatures and two biofilm developmental stages were investigated. Both L. monocytogenes strains, a persistently sampled isolate (collected repeatedly along 3 years from a meat factory) and Scott A, induced shrinkage in matrix volume, both at 20°C and 4°C, in mature or old biofilms, without loss of P. fluorescens cell count per surface unit. The nearly homogeneous pattern of surface coverage shown by mono-species P. fluorescens biofilms, turned into more irregular layouts in co-culture with L. monocytogenes. The upper layer of both mono and dual-species biofilms turned to predominantly consist of matrix, with plenty of viable cells underneath, in old biofilms cultured at 20°C, but not in those grown at 4°C. Between 15 and 56% of the substratum area was covered by biofilm, the extent depending on temperature, time and L. monocytogenes strain. Real biofilms in food-related surfaces may thus be very heterogeneous regarding their superficial components, i.e., those more accessible to disinfectants. It is therefore a hygienic challenge to choose an adequate agent to disrupt them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belen Orgaz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of MadridMadrid, Spain
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33
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The response of foodborne pathogens to osmotic and desiccation stresses in the food chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 221:37-53. [PMID: 26803272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In combination with other strategies, hyperosmolarity and desiccation are frequently used by the food processing industry as a means to prevent bacterial proliferation, and particularly that of foodborne pathogens, in food products. However, it is increasingly observed that bacteria, including human pathogens, encode mechanisms to survive and withstand these stresses. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms employed by Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin producing E. coli, Cronobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. to tolerate osmotic and desiccation stresses and identifies gaps in knowledge which need to be addressed to ensure the safety of low water activity and desiccated food products.
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34
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Latorre M, Quesille-Villalobos AM, Maza F, Parra A, Reyes-Jara A. Synergistic effect of copper and low temperature over Listeria monocytogenes. Biometals 2015; 28:1087-92. [PMID: 26515293 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to grow at low temperatures has allowed Listeria monocytogenes to become one of the primary food pathogens to date, representing a major public health problem worldwide. Several works have described the homeostatic response of L. monocytogenes under different copper (Cu) treatments growing at mild temperature (30 °C). The aims of this report were to evaluate if changes in the external concentration of Cu affected viability and Cu homeostasis of L. monocytogenes growing at low temperature. Ours results showed that L. monocytogenes growing at 8 °C had a reduced viability relative to 30 °C when exposed to Cu treatments. This decrease was correlated with an increase in the internal concentration of Cu, probably linked to the transcriptional down-regulation of mechanisms involved in Cu homeostasis. This combined effect of Cu and low temperature showed a synergistic impact over the viability and homeostasis of L. monocytogenes, where low temperature exacerbated the toxic effect of Cu. These results can be useful in terms of the use of Cu as an antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Latorre
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2085, Santiago, Chile.,Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 6th Floor, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Felipe Maza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angel Parra
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Reyes-Jara
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
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35
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Jia J, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Li Z, Zhao L, Zhang J, Tang J, Feng L, Liang C, Xu B, Gu P, Ye X. Proteomic analysis of Vibrio metschnikovii under cold stress using a quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Res Microbiol 2015; 166:618-25. [PMID: 26277298 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio metschnikovii is a food-borne pathogen found in seafood worldwide. We studied the global proteome responses of V. metschnikovii under cold stress by nano-flow ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometer. A total of 2066 proteins were identified, among which 288 were significantly upregulated and 572 were downregulated. Functional categorization of these proteins revealed distinct differences between cold-stressed and control cells. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis was also performed to determine the mRNA expression levels of seventeen cold stress-related genes. The results of this study should improve our understanding of the metabolic activities of cold-adapted bacteria and will facilitate a better systems-based understanding of V. metschnikovii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Jia
- Technological Center, Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 266002 Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Research Institute for Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. A3, Road Gaobeidian, 100123 Beijing, China.
| | - Yinghui Jiang
- Technological Center, Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 266002 Qingdao, China
| | - Zhengyi Li
- Technological Center, Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 266002 Qingdao, China
| | - Liqing Zhao
- Technological Center, Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 266002 Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Technological Center, Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 266002 Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Technological Center, Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 266002 Qingdao, China
| | - Liping Feng
- Technological Center, Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 266002 Qingdao, China
| | - Chengzhu Liang
- Technological Center, Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 266002 Qingdao, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Technological Center, Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 266002 Qingdao, China
| | - Peiming Gu
- Demo Center of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., 201206 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiwen Ye
- Technological Center, Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 266002 Qingdao, China
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36
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Strain-level visualized analysis of cold-stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus based on MALDI-TOF mass fingerprinting. Microb Pathog 2015; 88:16-21. [PMID: 26255031 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, strain-level visualized analysis of cold-stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass fingerprinting was investigated. All the peptide mass fingerprinting profiles obtained were analyzed by self-organized map (SOM) and cluster analysis. Our results showed that the peptide mass fingerprinting profiles of V. parahaemolyticus substantially changed under cold stress at strain level. The cold-stressed V. parahaemolyticus strains were distributed to 14 neurons by SOM classification, almost totally different from the controls. This is the first time that so many strains had been chosen to study bacterial cold stress responses, which can help promote an overall understanding to stress responses of cold-stressed strains.
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37
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He L, Deng QL, Chen MT, Wu QP, Lu YJ. Proteomics analysis of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 in response to simultaneous triple stresses. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:833-41. [PMID: 25990453 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes can cause listeriosis in humans through consumption of contaminated food. L. monocytogenes can adapt and grow in a vast array of physiochemical stresses in the food production environment. In this study, we performed a proteomics strategy in order to investigate how L. monocytogenes survives with a simultaneous exposure to low pH, high salinity and low temperature. The results showed that the adaptation processes mainly affected the biochemical pathways related to protein synthesis, oxidative stress, cell wall and nucleotide metabolism. Interestingly, enzymes involved in the carbohydrate metabolism of energy, such as glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, were derepressed due to the down-regulation of CodY, a global transcriptional repressor. The down-regulation of CodY, together with the up-regulation of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, likely leads to the accumulation of pyruvate and further to the activation of fatty acid synthesis pathway. Proteomics profiling offered a better understanding of the physiological responses of this pathogen to adapt to harsh environment and would hopefully contribute to improving the food-processing and storage methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
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38
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Cabrita P, Trigo MJ, Ferreira RB, Brito L. Differences in the Expression of Cold Stress-Related Genes and in the Swarming Motility Among Persistent and Sporadic Strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:576-84. [PMID: 25974395 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of certain Listeria monocytogenes strains in food-related environments suggests niche adaptation of these strains and therefore constitutes a major risk to consumer health and results in economic losses for the food producer. In this study, a set of 23 L. monocytogenes isolates, including a group of persistent and a group of sporadic strains, was evaluated regarding their swarming motility at 11°C. In each group, significant (p<0.05) differences in motility were observed. The transcript levels of nine cold stress-related genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR in two representatives of persistent (CBISA3077) and sporadic (CBISA3049) strains isolated from the dairy environment, and significant (p<0.05) differences between the two strains were observed. The persistent strain showed significantly higher transcript levels of dtpT and sigB genes, and significantly lower levels of flaA, oppA, lmo1722, and lmo0866 genes. In the persistent strain, the upregulation of sigB, involved in the tolerance to low temperature and to osmotic stress, could account for the persistence of this strain in its original dairy environment. In a similar way, the downregulation of two helicase-encoding genes lmo1722 and lmo0866, in this strain, may be an evolutionary trait that could facilitate cold stress adaptation. Even though this analysis should be extended to more sporadic and more persistent strains, the results presented here strongly suggest gene expression networks differently adjusted, in the two strains, to the low-temperature environment from where they were collected. Moreover, our findings suggest that bacterial motility per se should not be considered a key feature for the persistence of L. monocytogenes in the food environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cabrita
- 1 Center for Botany Applied to Agriculture/Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (CBAA/DRAT), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal .,2 Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária , Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria João Trigo
- 2 Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária , Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Boavida Ferreira
- 1 Center for Botany Applied to Agriculture/Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (CBAA/DRAT), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal .,3 Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica , New University of Lisbon, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luisa Brito
- 1 Center for Botany Applied to Agriculture/Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (CBAA/DRAT), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
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Metselaar KI, den Besten HMW, Boekhorst J, van Hijum SAFT, Zwietering MH, Abee T. Diversity of acid stress resistant variants of Listeria monocytogenes and the potential role of ribosomal protein S21 encoded by rpsU. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:422. [PMID: 26005439 PMCID: PMC4424878 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic response of microorganisms to environmental conditions depends on the behavior of individual cells within the population. Adverse environments can select for stable stress resistant subpopulations. In this study, we aimed to get more insight in the diversity within Listeria monocytogenes LO28 populations, and the genetic basis for the increased resistance of stable resistant fractions isolated after acid exposure. Phenotypic cluster analysis of 23 variants resulted in three clusters and four individual variants and revealed multiple-stress resistance, with both unique and overlapping features related to stress resistance, growth, motility, biofilm formation, and virulence indicators. A higher glutamate decarboxylase activity correlated with increased acid resistance. Whole genome sequencing revealed mutations in rpsU, encoding ribosomal protein S21 in the largest phenotypic cluster, while mutations in ctsR, which were previously shown to be responsible for increased resistance of heat and high hydrostatic pressure resistant variants, were not found in the acid resistant variants. This underlined that large population diversity exists within one L. monocytogenes strain and that different adverse conditions drive selection for different variants. The finding that acid stress selects for rpsU variants provides potential insights in the mechanisms underlying population diversity of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin I Metselaar
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningen, Netherlands ; Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jos Boekhorst
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningen, Netherlands ; NIZO Food Research Ede, Netherlands
| | - Sacha A F T van Hijum
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningen, Netherlands ; NIZO Food Research Ede, Netherlands ; Bacterial Genomics Group, CMBI Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel H Zwietering
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningen, Netherlands ; Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningen, Netherlands ; Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
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40
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cAMP receptor protein (CRP)-mediated resistance/tolerance in bacteria: mechanism and utilization in biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4533-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire Begley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland;
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
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Role of sigB and osmolytes in desiccation survival of Listeria monocytogenes in simulated food soils on the surface of food grade stainless steel. Food Microbiol 2015; 46:443-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Alreshidi MM, Dunstan RH, Macdonald MM, Smith ND, Gottfries J, Roberts TK. Metabolomic and proteomic responses of Staphylococcus aureus to prolonged cold stress. J Proteomics 2015; 121:44-55. [PMID: 25782752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The high pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus is thought to be due to its extraordinary capacity to rapidly adapt to changes in environmental conditions. This study was carried out to investigate whether the cytoplasmic profiles of metabolites and proteins of S. aureus were altered in response to prolonged exposure to cold stress. Metabolic profiling and proteomics were used to characterise alterations in cytoplasmic proteins and metabolites in cells from the mid-exponential phase of growth under ideal conditions at 37°C and compared with equivalent cells exposed to prolonged cold stress for 2 weeks at 4°C. Principle component analysis (PCA) of the metabolomic and proteomic data indicated that, at the mid-exponential phase of growth, prolonged cold stress conditions generated cells with different metabolite and protein profiles compared with those grown at 37°C. Nine ribosomal proteins and citric acid were substantially elevated in the cytoplasmic fractions from the cells adapted to cold-stress but most amino acids showed a reduction in their concentration in cold-stressed samples. The data provided strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that specific changes in metabolic homeostasis and protein composition were critical to the adaptive processes required for survival under cold stress. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Work in our laboratory has shown that prolonged exposure of S. aureus to cold stress can result in the formation of small colony variants (SCVs) associated with significant alterations in the cell wall composition. Further studies revealed that S. aureus altered cell size and cell wall thickness in response to exposure to cold temperatures, alterations in pH and exposure to antibiotics. The current study has utilised the prolonged exposure to cold stress as a model system to explore changes in the proteome and associated metabolic homeostasis following environmental challenges. The study provides an improved understanding of how S. aureus adapts to the changing environment whilst in transition between human hosts. The results indicated an unexpected production of 9 ribosomal proteins and citric acid in response to cold stress suggesting specific survival roles for these proteins and citric acid as an adaptation mechanism for empowering survival under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa M Alreshidi
- Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia
| | - R Hugh Dunstan
- Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia.
| | - Margaret M Macdonald
- Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan D Smith
- Analytical and Biomolecular Research Facility (ABRF), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Tim K Roberts
- Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia
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De Maayer P, Anderson D, Cary C, Cowan DA. Some like it cold: understanding the survival strategies of psychrophiles. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:508-17. [PMID: 24671034 DOI: 10.1002/embr.201338170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the Earth's surface, both marine and terrestrial, is either periodically or permanently cold. Although habitats that are largely or continuously frozen are generally considered to be inhospitable to life, psychrophilic organisms have managed to survive in these environments. This is attributed to their innate adaptive capacity to cope with cold and its associated stresses. Here, we review the various environmental, physiological and molecular adaptations that psychrophilic microorganisms use to thrive under adverse conditions. We also discuss the impact of modern "omic" technologies in developing an improved understanding of these adaptations, highlighting recent work in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter De Maayer
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics (CMEG), Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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45
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Villar M, Popara M, Ayllón N, Fernández de Mera IG, Mateos-Hernández L, Galindo RC, Manrique M, Tobes R, de la Fuente J. A systems biology approach to the characterization of stress response in Dermacentor reticulatus tick unfed larvae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89564. [PMID: 24586875 PMCID: PMC3931811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794) is distributed in Europe and Asia where it infests and transmits disease-causing pathogens to humans, pets and other domestic and wild animals. However, despite its role as a vector of emerging or re-emerging diseases, very little information is available on the genome, transcriptome and proteome of D. reticulatus. Tick larvae are the first developmental stage to infest hosts, acquire infection and transmit pathogens that are transovarially transmitted and are exposed to extremely stressing conditions. In this study, we used a systems biology approach to get an insight into the mechanisms active in D. reticulatus unfed larvae, with special emphasis on stress response. Principal Findings The results support the use of paired end RNA sequencing and proteomics informed by transcriptomics (PIT) for the analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics data, particularly for organisms such as D. reticulatus with little sequence information available. The results showed that metabolic and cellular processes involved in protein synthesis were the most active in D. reticulatus unfed larvae, suggesting that ticks are very active during this life stage. The stress response was activated in D. reticulatus unfed larvae and a Rickettsia sp. similar to R. raoultii was identified in these ticks. Significance The activation of stress responses in D. reticulatus unfed larvae likely counteracts the negative effect of temperature and other stress conditions such as Rickettsia infection and favors tick adaptation to environmental conditions to increase tick survival. These results show mechanisms that have evolved in D. reticulatus ticks to survive under stress conditions and suggest that these mechanisms are conserved across hard tick species. Targeting some of these proteins by vaccination may increase tick susceptibility to natural stress conditions, which in turn reduce tick survival and reproduction, thus reducing tick populations and vector capacity for tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Villar
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marina Popara
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Nieves Ayllón
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Lourdes Mateos-Hernández
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ruth C. Galindo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Marina Manrique
- Oh no sequences! Research group, Era7 Bioinformatics, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Tobes
- Oh no sequences! Research group, Era7 Bioinformatics, Granada, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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