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Nguyen YTK, Ha HTT, Nguyen TH, Nguyen LN. The role of SLC transporters for brain health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:20. [PMID: 34971415 PMCID: PMC11071821 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain exchanges nutrients and small molecules with blood via the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Approximately 20% energy intake for the body is consumed by the brain. Glucose is known for its critical roles for energy production and provides substrates for biogenesis in neurons. The brain takes up glucose via glucose transporters GLUT1 and 3, which are expressed in several neural cell types. The brain is also equipped with various transport systems for acquiring amino acids, lactate, ketone bodies, lipids, and cofactors for neuronal functions. Unraveling the mechanisms by which the brain takes up and metabolizes these nutrients will be key in understanding the nutritional requirements in the brain. This could also offer opportunities for therapeutic interventions in several neurological disorders. For instance, emerging evidence suggests a critical role of lactate as an alternative energy source for neurons. Neuronal cells express monocarboxylic transporters to acquire lactate. As such, treatment of GLUT1-deficient patients with ketogenic diets to provide the brain with alternative sources of energy has been shown to improve the health of the patients. Many transporters are present in the brain, but only a small number has been characterized. In this review, we will discuss about the roles of solute carrier (SLC) transporters at the blood brain barrier (BBB) and neural cells, in transport of nutrients and metabolites in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen T K Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Hoa T T Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Tra H Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Long N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore.
- SLING/Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- Immunology Translational and Cardiovascular Disease Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.
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Chen C, Ke L, Chan H, Chu C, Lee A, Lin K, Lee M, Hsiao P, Chen C, Shin S. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein of patients with metabolic syndrome induces pathogenesis of aorta through disruption of the stimulated by retinoic acid 6 cascade. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:535-544. [PMID: 31597015 PMCID: PMC7232312 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (L5) is the most atherogenic fraction of low-density lipoprotein and is elevated in people with metabolic syndrome (MetS), whereas the retinol-binding protein 4 receptor (stimulated by retinoic acid 6 [STRA6]) cascade is disrupted in various organs of patients with obesity-related diseases. Our objective was to investigate whether L5 from MetS patients capably induces pathogenesis of aorta through disrupting the STRA6 cascade. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined the in vivo and in vitro effects of L5 on the STRA6 cascade and aortic atherogenic markers. To investigate the role of this cascade on atherosclerotic formation, crbp1 transfection was carried out in vitro. RESULTS This study shows that L5 activates atherogenic markers (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, pSmad2 and matrix metallopeptidase 9) and simultaneously suppresses STRA6 signals (STRA6, cellular retinol-binding protein 1, lecithin-retinol acyltransferase, retinoic acid receptor-α and retinoid X receptor-α) in aortas of L5-injected mice and L5-treated human aortic endothelial cell lines and human aortic smooth muscle cell lines. These L5-induced changes of the STRA6 cascade and atherogenic markers were reversed in aortas of LOX1-/- mice and in LOX1 ribonucleic acid-silenced human aortic endothelial cell lines and human aortic smooth muscle cell lines. Furthermore, crbp1 gene transfection reversed the disruption of the STRA6 cascade, the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and Smad2, and the elevation of matrix metallopeptidase 9 in L5-treated human aortic endothelial cell lines. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that L5 from MetS patients induces atherogenic markers by disrupting STRA6 signaling. Suppression of STRA6 might be one novel pathogenesis of aorta in patients with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao‐Hung Chen
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Divison of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Liang‐Yin Ke
- Lipid Science and Aging Research CenterKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Health SciencesKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Hua‐Chen Chan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Health SciencesKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Sheng Chu
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - An‐Sheng Lee
- Department of MedicineMackay Medical CollegeNew TaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kun‐Der Lin
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Divison of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
- Vascular and Medical ResearchTexas Heart InstituteHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Mei‐Yueh Lee
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Divison of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Pi‐Jung Hsiao
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Divison of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chu‐Huang Chen
- Lipid Science and Aging Research CenterKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Vascular and Medical ResearchTexas Heart InstituteHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Ta‐Tung Municipal HospitalKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Shyi‐Jang Shin
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Divison of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Health SciencesKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
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3
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Regulatory mechanism for the transmembrane receptor that mediates bidirectional vitamin A transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9857-9864. [PMID: 32300017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918540117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A has diverse biological functions and is essential for human survival at every point from embryogenesis to adulthood. Vitamin A and its derivatives have been used to treat human diseases including vision diseases, skin diseases, and cancer. Both insufficient and excessive vitamin A uptake are detrimental, but how its transport is regulated is poorly understood. STRA6 is a multitransmembrane domain cell-surface receptor and mediates vitamin A uptake from plasma retinol binding protein (RBP). STRA6 can mediate both cellular vitamin A influx and efflux, but what regulates these opposing activities is unknown. To answer this question, we purified and identified STRA6-associated proteins in a native mammalian cell type that takes up vitamin A through STRA6 using mass spectrometry. We found that the major protein repeatedly identified as STRA6-associated protein is calmodulin, consistent with the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) study of zebrafish STRA6 associated with calmodulin. Using radioactivity-based, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based and real-time fluorescence techniques, we found that calmodulin profoundly affects STRA6's vitamin A transport activity. Increased calcium/calmodulin promotes cellular vitamin A efflux and suppresses vitamin A influx through STRA6. Further mechanistic studies revealed that calmodulin enhances the binding of apo-RBP to STRA6, and this enhancement is much more pronounced for apo-RBP than holo-RBP. This study revealed that calmodulin regulates STRA6's vitamin A influx or efflux activity by modulating its preferential interaction with apo-RBP or holo-RBP. This molecular mechanism of regulating vitamin A transport may point to new directions to treat human diseases associated with insufficient or excessive vitamin A uptake.
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Simultaneous Determination of Protein Structure and Dynamics Using Cryo-Electron Microscopy. Biophys J 2019; 114:1604-1613. [PMID: 29642030 PMCID: PMC5954442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy is rapidly emerging as a powerful technique to determine the structures of complex macromolecular systems elusive to other techniques. Because many of these systems are highly dynamical, characterizing their movements is also a crucial step to unravel their biological functions. To achieve this goal, we report an integrative modeling approach to simultaneously determine structure and dynamics of macromolecular systems from cryo-electron microscopy density maps. By quantifying the level of noise in the data and dealing with their ensemble-averaged nature, this approach enables the integration of multiple sources of information to model ensembles of structures and infer their populations. We illustrate the method by characterizing structure and dynamics of the integral membrane receptor STRA6, thus providing insights into the mechanisms by which it interacts with retinol binding protein and translocates retinol across the membrane.
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Maguire M, Bushkofsky JR, Larsen MC, Foong YH, Tanumihardjo SA, Jefcoate CR. Diet-dependent retinoid effects on liver gene expression include stellate and inflammation markers and parallel effects of the nuclear repressor Shp. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 47:63-74. [PMID: 28570941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For mice, a maternal vitamin A (VA)-deficient diet initiated from midgestation (GVAD) produces serum retinol deficiency in mature offspring. We hypothesize that the effects of GVAD arise from preweaning developmental changes. We compare the effect of this GVAD protocol in combination with a postweaning high-fat diet (HFD) or high-carbohydrate diet (LF12). Each is compared to an equivalent VA-sufficient combination. GVAD extensively decreased serum retinol and liver retinol, retinyl esters, and retinoid homeostasis genes (Lrat, Cyp26b1 and Cyp26a1). These suppressions were each more effective with LF12 than with HFD. Postweaning initiation of VA deficiency with LF12 depleted liver retinoids, but serum retinol was unaffected. Liver retinoid depletion, therefore, precedes serum attenuation. Maternal LF12 decreased the obesity response to the HFD, which was further decreased by GVAD. LF12 fed to the mother and offspring extensively stimulated genes marking stellate activation (Col1a1, Timp2 and Cyp1b1) and novel inflammation markers (Ly6d, Trem2 and Nupr1). The GVAD with LF12 diet combination suppressed these responses. GVAD in combination with the HFD increased these same clusters. A further set of expression differences on the HFD when compared to a high-carbohydrate diet was prevented when GVAD was combined with HFD. Most of these GVAD gene changes match published effects from deletion of Nr0b2/Shp, a retinoid-responsive, nuclear co-repressor that modulates metabolic homeostasis. The stellate and inflammatory increases seen with the high-carbohydrate LF12 diet may represent postprandial responses. They depend on retinol and Shp, but the regulation reverses with an HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Maguire
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Justin R Bushkofsky
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | | | - Yee Hoon Foong
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705.
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Chen Y, Clarke OB, Kim J, Stowe S, Kim YK, Assur Z, Cavalier M, Godoy-Ruiz R, von Alpen DC, Manzini C, Blaner WS, Frank J, Quadro L, Weber DJ, Shapiro L, Hendrickson WA, Mancia F. Structure of the STRA6 receptor for retinol uptake. Science 2017; 353:353/6302/aad8266. [PMID: 27563101 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad8266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A homeostasis is critical to normal cellular function. Retinol-binding protein (RBP) is the sole specific carrier in the bloodstream for hydrophobic retinol, the main form in which vitamin A is transported. The integral membrane receptor STRA6 mediates cellular uptake of vitamin A by recognizing RBP-retinol to trigger release and internalization of retinol. We present the structure of zebrafish STRA6 determined to 3.9-angstrom resolution by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. STRA6 has one intramembrane and nine transmembrane helices in an intricate dimeric assembly. Unexpectedly, calmodulin is bound tightly to STRA6 in a noncanonical arrangement. Residues involved with RBP binding map to an archlike structure that covers a deep lipophilic cleft. This cleft is open to the membrane, suggesting a possible mode for internalization of retinol through direct diffusion into the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Chen
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Oliver B Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jonathan Kim
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sean Stowe
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Youn-Kyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Zahra Assur
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael Cavalier
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Raquel Godoy-Ruiz
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Desiree C von Alpen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Chiara Manzini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joachim Frank
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - David J Weber
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wayne A Hendrickson
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Filippo Mancia
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Chen CH, Ke LY, Chan HC, Lee AS, Lin KD, Chu CS, Lee MY, Hsiao PJ, Hsu C, Chen CH, Shin SJ. Electronegative low density lipoprotein induces renal apoptosis and fibrosis: STRA6 signaling involved. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1435-46. [PMID: 27256691 PMCID: PMC4959859 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m067215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia has been proven to capably develop and aggravate chronic kidney disease. We also report that electronegative LDL (L5) is the most atherogenic LDL. On the other hand, retinoic acid (RA) and RA receptor (RAR) agonist are reported to be beneficial in some kidney diseases. “Stimulated by retinoic acid 6” (STRA6), one retinol-binding protein 4 receptor, was recently identified to regulate retinoid homeostasis. Here, we observed that L5 suppressed STRA6 cascades [STRA6, cellular retinol-binding protein 1 (CRBP1), RARs, retinoid X receptor α, and retinol, RA], but L5 simultaneously induced apoptosis and fibrosis (TGFβ1, Smad2, collagen 1, hydroxyproline, and trichrome) in kidneys of L5-injected mice and L5-treated renal tubular cells. These L5-induced changes of STRA6 cascades, renal apoptosis, and fibrosis were reversed in kidneys of LOX1−/− mice. LOX1 RNA silencing and inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38MAPK rescued the suppression of STRA6 cascades and apoptosis and fibrosis in L5-treated renal tubular cells. Furthermore, crbp1 gene transfection reversed downregulation of STRA6 cascades, apoptosis, and fibrosis in L5-treated renal tubular cells. For mimicking STRA6 deficiency, efficient silencing of STRA6 RNA was performed and was found to repress STRA6 cascades and caused apoptosis and fibrosis in L1-treated renal tubular cells. In summary, this study reveals that electronegative L5 can cause kidney apoptosis and fibrosis via the suppression of STRA6 cascades, and implicates that STRA6 signaling may be involved in dyslipidemia-mediated kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - An-Sheng Lee
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Der Lin
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yueh Lee
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Jung Hsiao
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Departments of Internal Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin Hsu
- Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Vascular and Medical Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Shyi-Jang Shin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Departments of Internal Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Klimov LO, Ershov NI, Efimov VM, Markel AL, Redina OE. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of hypothalamus in rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension. BMC Genet 2016; 17 Suppl 1:13. [PMID: 26822062 PMCID: PMC4895259 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hypothalamus has an important role in the onset and maintenance of hypertension and stress responses. Rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH), reproducing the human stress-sensitive hypertensive state with predominant involvement of the neuroendocrine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathoadrenal axes, were used for analysis of the hypothalamus transcriptome. Results RNA-seq analysis revealed 139 genes differentially expressed in the hypothalami of hypertensive ISIAH and normotensive Wistar Albino Glaxo (WAG) rats. According to the annotation in databases, 18 of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with arterial hypertension. The Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation showed that these genes were related to different biological processes that may contribute to the hypertension development in the ISIAH rats. The most significantly affected processes were the following: regulation of hormone levels, immune system process, regulation of response to stimulus, blood circulation, response to stress, response to hormone stimulus, transport, metabolic processes, and endocrine system development. The most significantly affected metabolic pathways were those associated with the function of the immune system and cell adhesion molecules and the metabolism of retinol and arachidonic acid. Of the top 40 DEGs making the greatest contribution to the interstrain differences, there were 3 genes (Ephx2, Cst3 and Ltbp2) associated with hypertension that were considered to be suitable for further studies as potential targets for the stress-sensitive hypertension therapy. Seven DEGs were found to be common between hypothalamic transcriptomes of ISIAH rats and Schlager mice with established neurogenic hypertension. Conclusions The results of this study revealed multiple DEGs and possible mechanisms specifying the hypothalamic function in the hypertensive ISIAH rats. These results provide a basis for further investigation of the signalling mechanisms that affect hypothalamic output related to stress-sensitive hypertension development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0307-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid O Klimov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Nikita I Ershov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Vadim M Efimov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Arcady L Markel
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Olga E Redina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
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Vitamin A Transport Mechanism of the Multitransmembrane Cell-Surface Receptor STRA6. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:425-53. [PMID: 26343735 PMCID: PMC4584289 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A has biological functions as diverse as sensing light for vision, regulating stem cell differentiation, maintaining epithelial integrity, promoting immune competency, regulating learning and memory, and acting as a key developmental morphogen. Vitamin A derivatives have also been used in treating human diseases. If vitamin A is considered a drug that everyone needs to take to survive, evolution has come up with a natural drug delivery system that combines sustained release with precise and controlled delivery to the cells or tissues that depend on it. This "drug delivery system" is mediated by plasma retinol binding protein (RBP), the principle and specific vitamin A carrier protein in the blood, and STRA6, the cell-surface receptor for RBP that mediates cellular vitamin A uptake. The mechanism by which the RBP receptor absorbs vitamin A from the blood is distinct from other known cellular uptake mechanisms. This review summarizes recent progress in elucidating the fundamental molecular mechanism mediated by the RBP receptor and multiple newly discovered catalytic activities of this receptor, and compares this transport system with retinoid transport independent of RBP/STRA6. How to target this new type of transmembrane receptor using small molecules in treating diseases is also discussed.
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Kelly M, von Lintig J. STRA6: role in cellular retinol uptake and efflux. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 4:229-42. [PMID: 26312242 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.01.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Distribution of vitamin A throughout the body is important to maintain retinoid function in peripheral tissues and to ensure optimal vision. A critical step of this process is the transport of vitamin A across cell membranes. Increasing evidence indicates that this process is mediated by a multidomian membrane protein that is encoded by the stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6) gene. Biochemical studies revealed that STRA6 is a transmembrane pore which transports vitamin A bidirectionally between extra- and intracellular retinoid binding proteins. Vitamin A accumulation in cells is driven by coupling of transport with vitamin A esterification. Loss-of-function studies in zebrafish and mouse models have unraveled the critical importance of STRA6 for vitamin A homeostasis of peripheral tissues. Impairment in vitamin A transport and uptake homeostasis are associated with diseases including type 2 diabetes and a microphthalmic syndrome known as Matthew Wood Syndrome. This review will discuss the advanced state of knowledge about STRA6's biochemistry, biology and association with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Tanik N, Celikbilek A, Metin A, Gocmen AY, Inan LE. Retinol-binding protein-4 and hs-CRP levels in patients with migraine. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1823-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Laursen KB, Kashyap V, Scandura J, Gudas LJ. An alternative retinoic acid-responsive Stra6 promoter regulated in response to retinol deficiency. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4356-66. [PMID: 25544292 PMCID: PMC4326842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.613968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular uptake of vitamin A (retinol) is essential for many biological functions. The Stra6 protein binds the serum retinol-binding protein, RBP4, and acts in conjunction with the enzyme lecithin:retinol acyltransferase to facilitate retinol uptake in some cell types. We show that in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in some tissues, the Stra6 gene encodes two distinct mRNAs transcribed from two different promoters. Whereas both are all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-responsive in ES cells, the downstream promoter contains a half-site RA response element (RARE) and drives an ∼ 13-fold, RA-associated increase in luciferase reporter activity. We employed CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to show that the endogenous RARE is required for RA-induced transcription of both Stra6 isoforms. We further demonstrate that in ES cells, 1) both RARγ and RXRα are present at the Stra6 RARE; 2) RA increases co-activator p300 (KAT3B) binding and histone H3 Lys-27 acetylation at both promoters; 3) RA decreases Suz12 levels and histone H3 Lys-27 trimethylation epigenetic marks at both promoters; and 4) these epigenetic changes are diminished in the absence of RARγ. In the brains of WT mice, both the longer and the shorter Stra6 transcript (Stra6L and Stra6S, respectively) are highly expressed, whereas these transcripts are found only at low levels in RARγ(-/-) mice. In the brains of vitamin A-deficient mice, both Stra6L and Stra6S levels are decreased. In contrast, in the vitamin A-deficient kidneys, the Stra6L levels are greatly increased, whereas Stra6S levels are decreased. Our data show that kidneys respond to retinol deficiency by differential Stra6 promoter usage, which may play a role in the retention of retinol when vitamin A is low.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Scandura
- the Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- From the Pharmacology Department and the Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
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Hernández-Pedro N, Granados-Soto V, Ordoñez G, Pineda B, Rangel-López E, Salazar-Ramiro A, Arrieta O, Sotelo J. Vitamin A increases nerve growth factor and retinoic acid receptor beta and improves diabetic neuropathy in rats. Transl Res 2014; 164:196-201. [PMID: 24768685 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) promotes the endogenous expression of both nerve growth factor (NGF) and retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR-β). We have previously shown that the administration of ATRA partly reverts the damage induced by diabetic neuropathy (DN). In this investigation, we evaluated the effects of vitamin A, a commercial, inexpensive compound of retinoic acid, on the therapy of DN. A total of 70 rats were randomized into 4 groups. Group A was the control, and groups B, C, and D received a total dose of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneally. When signs of DN developed, groups C and D were treated either with vitamin A (20,000 IU) or with ATRA 25 mg/kg for 60 days. Plasma glucose, contents of NGF, thermal and nociceptive tests, and RAR-β expression were evaluated. All diabetic rats developed neuropathy. The treatment with vitamin A and ATRA reverted similarly the sensorial disturbances, which was associated with increased contents of NGF and RAR-β expression. Our results indicate that the administration of vitamin A has the same therapeutic effect as ATRA on peripheral neuropathy and suggest its potential therapeutic use in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Hernández-Pedro
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vinicio Granados-Soto
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Ordoñez
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Pineda
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Rangel-López
- Excitatory Amino Acids Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aleli Salazar-Ramiro
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Department of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (INCAN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Abstract
In this issue, Skazik et al. demonstrate that the STRA6 retinol transporter protein regulates the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. In human organotypic three-dimensional skin and skin reconstitution models, depletion of STRA6 induced hyperproliferation-associated differentiation, resulting in epidermal expansion. This reveals that STRA6 functions as a "gatekeeper" in retinol (vitamin A)-mediated differentiation of human skin.
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