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Westram AM, Butlin R. Professor Kerstin Johannesson-winner of the 2022 Molecular Ecology Prize. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:26-29. [PMID: 36443277 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Marie Westram
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.,Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Roger Butlin
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, Strömstad, Sweden
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2
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Do female amphibians and reptiles have greater reproductive output if they have more mates? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In general, males mate with multiple females to increase individual reproductive success. Whether or not, and under what circumstances, females benefit from multiple mating has been less clear. Our review of 154 studies covering 184 populations of amphibians and reptiles showed that polyandry was widespread and variable among and within taxonomic groups. We investigated whether amphibian and reptile females had greater reproductive output as the number of sires for offspring increased. Meta-analysis revealed significant heterogeneity in the dataset of all taxa. Expected heterozygosity was a significant moderator (covariate) of positive relationships between female reproductive output and the number of sires, but a sensitivity test showed the result was tenuous. Significant heterogeneity remained despite controlling for expected heterozygosity and other variables but was resolved for most taxonomic groups with subgroup meta-analyses. Subgroup meta-analyses showed that only female salamanders (Caudata) had significantly greater reproductive output with an increased number of sires. For many species of Caudata, males cannot coerce females into accepting spermatophores. We therefore suggest that if females control the number of matings, they can use polyandry to increase their fitness. Caudata offers ideal models with which to test this hypothesis and to explore factors enabling and maintaining the evolution of female choice. Outstanding problems may be addressed by expanding taxonomic coverage and data collection and improving data reporting.
Significance Statement
Many factors and combinations of factors drive polyandry. Whether or not females benefit from mating with more than one male remains equivocal. Focusing on amphibians and reptiles, our analyses demonstrate that female salamanders produced more offspring when mated with multiple males, whereas this was not the case for reptiles. Unlike many other species in our dataset, the polyandrous female salamanders fully control sperm intake and have chosen to mate multiple times. We further highlight problems and key directions for future research in the field.
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Estévez D, Galindo J, Rolán‐Alvarez E. Negative frequency-dependent selection maintains shell banding polymorphisms in two marine snails ( Littorina fabalis and Littorina saxatilis). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6381-6390. [PMID: 34141225 PMCID: PMC8207376 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of shell bands is common in gastropods. Both the marine snails Littorina fabalis and Lttorina saxatilis are polymorphic for this trait. Such polymorphism would be expected to be lost by the action of genetic drift or directional selection, but it appears to be widespread at relatively constant frequencies. This suggests it is maintained by balancing selection on the trait or on a genetically linked trait. Using long time series of empirical data, we compared potential effects of genetic drift and negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) in the two species. The contribution of genetic drift to changes in the frequency of bands in L. fabalis was estimated using the effective population size estimated from microsatellite data, while the effect of genetic drift in L. saxatilis was derived from previously published study. Frequency-dependent selection was assessed by comparing the cross-product estimator of fitness with the frequency of the polymorphism across years using a regression analysis. Both studied species showed patterns of NFDS. In addition, in L. fabalis, contributions from genetic drift could explain some of the changes in banding frequency. Overdominance and heterogeneous selection did not fit well to our data. The possible biological explanations resulting in the maintenance of the banding polymorphism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Estévez
- Departamento de BioquímicaGenética e Inmunología y Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM‐UVIGO)Universidade de VigoVigoSpain
- Greenland Institute of Natural ResourcesDepartment of Fish and ShellfishNuukGreenland
| | - Juan Galindo
- Departamento de BioquímicaGenética e Inmunología y Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM‐UVIGO)Universidade de VigoVigoSpain
| | - Emilio Rolán‐Alvarez
- Departamento de BioquímicaGenética e Inmunología y Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM‐UVIGO)Universidade de VigoVigoSpain
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4
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Kvarnemo C. Why do some animals mate with one partner rather than many? A review of causes and consequences of monogamy. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1795-1812. [PMID: 29687607 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Why do some animals mate with one partner rather than many? Here, I investigate factors related to (i) spatial constraints (habitat limitation, mate availability), (ii) time constraints (breeding synchrony, length of breeding season), (iii) need for parental care, and (iv) genetic compatibility, to see what support can be found in different taxa regarding the importance of these factors in explaining the occurrence of monogamy, whether shown by one sex (monogyny or monandry) or by both sexes (mutual monogamy). Focusing on reproductive rather than social monogamy whenever possible, I review the empirical literature for birds, mammals and fishes, with occasional examples from other taxa. Each of these factors can explain mating patterns in some taxa, but not in all. In general, there is mixed support for how well the factors listed above predict monogamy. The factor that shows greatest support across taxa is habitat limitation. By contrast, while a need for parental care might explain monogamy in freshwater fishes and birds, there is clear evidence that this is not the case in marine fishes and mammals. Hence, reproductive monogamy does not appear to have a single overriding explanation, but is more taxon specific. Genetic compatibility is a promising avenue for future work likely to improve our understanding of monogamy and other mating patterns. I also discuss eight important consequences of reproductive monogamy: (i) parentage, (ii) parental care, (iii) eusociality and altruism, (iv) infanticide, (v) effective population size, (vi) mate choice before mating, (vii) sexual selection, and (viii) sexual conflict. Of these, eusociality and infanticide have been subject to debate, briefly summarised herein. A common expectation is that monogamy leads to little sexual conflict and no or little sexual selection. However, as reviewed here, sexual selection can be substantial under mutual monogamy, and both sexes can be subject to such selection. Under long-term mutual monogamy, mate quality is obviously more important than mate numbers, which in turn affects the need for pre-mating mate choice. Overall, I conclude that, despite much research on genetic mating patterns, reproductive monogamy is still surprisingly poorly understood and further experimental and comparative work is needed. This review identifies several areas in need of more data and also proposes new hypotheses to test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Kvarnemo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Wang H, Yan P, Zhang S, Sun L, Ren M, Xue H, Zhang F, Wu R, Wu X. Multiple paternity: A compensation mechanism of the Chinese alligator for inbreeding. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 187:124-132. [PMID: 29103625 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese alligator Alligator sinensis is a critically endangered species endemic to China. Knowledge about reproductive strategies of a species contributes to their conservation. Little is, however, known about the reproductive strategies and its impact on the population. In the present study, an easy and non-invasive genetic method was used to improve the understanding of mating system of Chinese alligators and its effect on the population genetic diversity by nine polymorphic microsatellite loci. There was a high incidence of multiple paternity among 50 clutches, with a total 60% of the clutches having multiple paternity and up to three males contributing to single clutches. In addition, polyandry females choose to mate with males that are more distant in relatedness compared with monogamy females. Multiple paternity can decrease the inbreeding coefficient, while there is no significant difference between single and multiple paternity (P>0.05). Furthermore, there was an increased allelic diversity (though not heterozygosity) in multiple paternity sired offspring compared with the single paternity sired offspring in F2 generations (P<0.05), as predicted by the genetic diversity hypothesis. Multiple paternity may function as an important inbreeding avoidance compensation mechanism leading to the potential of the species to avoid extinction. These findings will not only enhance the understanding of the mating system and the biological traits of the Chinese alligator, but also improve the captive breeding program management and conservation strategies of the endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Shengzhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Long Sun
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Min Ren
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Hui Xue
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Alligator Research Center of Anhui Province, Xuanzhou 242000, China
| | - Xiaobing Wu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
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Fernández-Meirama M, Carvajal-Rodríguez A, Rolán-Alvarez E. Testing the role of mating preference in a case of incomplete ecological speciation with gene flow. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández-Meirama
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - A Carvajal-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - E Rolán-Alvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- ECIMAT, Centro Tecnológico Singular de Galicia, Universidad de Vigo, 36331 Vigo, Spain
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Johannesson K, Butlin RK, Panova M, Westram AM. Mechanisms of Adaptive Divergence and Speciation in Littorina saxatilis: Integrating Knowledge from Ecology and Genetics with New Data Emerging from Genomic Studies. POPULATION GENOMICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/13836_2017_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Johannesson K, Butlin RK. What explains rare and conspicuous colours in a snail? A test of time-series data against models of drift, migration or selection. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 118:21-30. [PMID: 27649616 PMCID: PMC5176118 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is intriguing that conspicuous colour morphs of a prey species may be maintained at low frequencies alongside cryptic morphs. Negative frequency-dependent selection by predators using search images ('apostatic selection') is often suggested without rejecting alternative explanations. Using a maximum likelihood approach we fitted predictions from models of genetic drift, migration, constant selection, heterozygote advantage or negative frequency-dependent selection to time-series data of colour frequencies in isolated populations of a marine snail (Littorina saxatilis), re-established with perturbed colour morph frequencies and followed for >20 generations. Snails of conspicuous colours (white, red, banded) are naturally rare in the study area (usually <10%) but frequencies were manipulated to levels of ~50% (one colour per population) in 8 populations at the start of the experiment in 1992. In 2013, frequencies had declined to ~15-45%. Drift alone could not explain these changes. Migration could not be rejected in any population, but required rates much higher than those recorded. Directional selection was rejected in three populations in favour of balancing selection. Heterozygote advantage and negative frequency-dependent selection could not be distinguished statistically, although overall the results favoured the latter. Populations varied idiosyncratically as mild or variable colour selection (3-11%) interacted with demographic stochasticity, and the overall conclusion was that multiple mechanisms may contribute to maintaining the polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Johannesson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden.,Centre for Marine Evolutionary Biology, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - R K Butlin
- Centre for Marine Evolutionary Biology, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Studies (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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9
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Johannesson K, Saltin SH, Charrier G, Ring AK, Kvarnemo C, André C, Panova M. Non-random paternity of offspring in a highly promiscuous marine snail suggests postcopulatory sexual selection. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Rossi Lafferriere NA, Antelo R, Alda F, Mårtensson D, Hailer F, Castroviejo-Fisher S, Ayarzagüena J, Ginsberg JR, Castroviejo J, Doadrio I, Vilá C, Amato G. Multiple Paternity in a Reintroduced Population of the Orinoco Crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) at the El Frío Biological Station, Venezuela. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150245. [PMID: 26982578 PMCID: PMC4794145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of a reintroduction program is determined by the ability of individuals to reproduce and thrive. Hence, an understanding of the mating system and breeding strategies of reintroduced species can be critical to the success, evaluation and effective management of reintroduction programs. As one of the most threatened crocodile species in the world, the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) has been reduced to only a few wild populations in the Llanos of Venezuela and Colombia. One of these populations was founded by reintroduction at Caño Macanillal and La Ramera lagoon within the El Frío Biological Station, Venezuela. Twenty egg clutches of C. intermedius were collected at the El Frío Biological Station for incubation in the lab and release of juveniles after one year. Analyzing 17 polymorphic microsatellite loci from 335 hatchlings we found multiple paternity in C. intermedius, with half of the 20 clutches fathered by two or three males. Sixteen mothers and 14 fathers were inferred by reconstruction of multilocus parental genotypes. Our findings showed skewed paternal contributions to multiple-sired clutches in four of the clutches (40%), leading to an overall unequal contribution of offspring among fathers with six of the 14 inferred males fathering 90% of the total offspring, and three of those six males fathering more than 70% of the total offspring. Our results provide the first evidence of multiple paternity occurring in the Orinoco crocodile and confirm the success of reintroduction efforts of this critically endangered species in the El Frío Biological Station, Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Rossi Lafferriere
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America.,Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rafael Antelo
- Fundación Palmarito Casanare, Bogotá, Colombia.,Dpto. Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Estación Biológica El Frío, Apure, Venezuela
| | - Fernando Alda
- Dpto. Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,LSU Museum of Natural Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Dick Mårtensson
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Hailer
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, United Kingdom.,Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher
- Lab. de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | | | - Joshua R Ginsberg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America.,Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America
| | - Javier Castroviejo
- Estación Biológica El Frío, Apure, Venezuela.,Asociación Amigos de Doñana, Seville, Spain
| | - Ignacio Doadrio
- Dpto. Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Vilá
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - George Amato
- Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
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Ravinet M, Westram A, Johannesson K, Butlin R, André C, Panova M. Shared and nonshared genomic divergence in parallel ecotypes of Littorina saxatilis at a local scale. Mol Ecol 2015. [PMID: 26222268 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parallel speciation occurs when selection drives repeated, independent adaptive divergence that reduces gene flow between ecotypes. Classical examples show parallel speciation originating from shared genomic variation, but this does not seem to be the case in the rough periwinkle (Littorina saxatilis) that has evolved considerable phenotypic diversity across Europe, including several distinct ecotypes. Small 'wave' ecotype snails inhabit exposed rocks and experience strong wave action, while thick-shelled, 'crab' ecotype snails are larger and experience crab predation on less exposed shores. Crab and wave ecotypes appear to have arisen in parallel, and recent evidence suggests only marginal sharing of molecular variation linked to evolution of similar ecotypes in different parts of Europe. However, the extent of genomic sharing is expected to increase with gene flow and more recent common ancestry. To test this, we used de novo RAD-sequencing to quantify the extent of shared genomic divergence associated with phenotypic similarities amongst ecotype pairs on three close islands (<10 km distance) connected by weak gene flow (Nm ~ 0.03) and with recent common ancestry (<10 000 years). After accounting for technical issues, including a large proportion of null alleles due to a large effective population size, we found ~8-28% of positive outliers were shared between two islands and ~2-9% were shared amongst all three islands. This low level of sharing suggests that parallel phenotypic divergence in this system is not matched by shared genomic divergence despite a high probability of gene flow and standing genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ravinet
- Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Hättesbäckvägen 8, 452 96, Strömstad, Sweden.,Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Anja Westram
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kerstin Johannesson
- Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Hättesbäckvägen 8, 452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Roger Butlin
- Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Hättesbäckvägen 8, 452 96, Strömstad, Sweden.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Carl André
- Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Hättesbäckvägen 8, 452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Marina Panova
- Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Hättesbäckvägen 8, 452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
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Abstract
The marine snail Littorina saxatilis is a common inhabitant of intertidal shores of the north Atlantic. It is amazingly polymorphic and forms reproductively isolated ecotypes in microhabitats where crabs are either present and wave action is less furious, or where waves are strong and crabs are absent. Decades of research have unveiled much of the ecological and demographic context of the formation of crab‐ and wave‐ecotype snails showing important phenotypic differences being inherited, differential selection being strong over adjacent microhabitats, local dispersal being restricted, and long‐distance transports of individuals being rare. In addition, strong assortative mating of ecotypes has been shown to include a component of male mate preference based on female size. Several studies support ecotypes being diverged locally and under gene flow in a parallel and highly replicated fashion. The high level of replication at various levels of independence (from local to pan‐European scale) provides excellent opportunities to investigate the detailed mechanisms of microevolution, including the formation of barriers to gene flow. Current investigations benefit from a draft reference genome and an integration of genomic approaches, modelling and experiments to unveil molecular and ecological components of speciation and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Johannesson
- Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö University of Gothenburg Strömstad Sweden
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