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Basnet S, Vallenari EM, Maharjan U, Sharma S, Schreurs O, Sapkota D. An Update on S100A16 in Human Cancer. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1070. [PMID: 37509106 PMCID: PMC10377057 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A16 is a member of the S100 protein family. S100A16 is expressed in a variety of human tissues, although at varying levels. S100A16 expression is especially high in tissues rich in epithelial cells. mRNA and protein levels of S100A16 have been reported to be differentially expressed in the majority of human cancers. Functionally, S100A16 has been linked to several aspects of tumorigenesis, for example, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Accordingly, S100A16 has been suggested to have both tumour-promoting and suppressive roles in human cancers. S100A16-mediated cellular functions are suggested to be mediated by the regulation of various signaling pathways/proteins including EMT-related proteins E-cadherin and Vimentin, PI3K-AKT, p53, MMP1-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, JNK/p38, etc. In addition to the functional roles, expression of S100A16 has been suggested to have prognostic potential in various cancer types. The aims of this review are to summarise the expression profile, identify common molecular partners and functional roles, and explore the prognostic potential of S100A16 in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Urusha Maharjan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2317 Hamar, Norway
- Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Christiania Dental Clinic, Malo Dental, 0188 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olaf Schreurs
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
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2
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Li B, Zhu W, Shi D, Che H, Lyu Q, Jiang B. New progress with calcium-binding protein S100A16 in digestive system disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:263-272. [PMID: 36718596 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2174968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review summarizes and analyzes the abnormal expression and mechanism of S100A16 in digestive system diseases, which is expected to provide new ideas and methods for adjuvant treatment and prognosis evaluation of digestive system diseases. AREAS COVERED Based on original publications found in database systems (PubMed, Cochrane), we introduce the mechanism and research progress of S100A16 in digestive system tumors, inflammatory bowel disease and fatty liver. EXPERT OPINION S100A16 is closely related to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of digestive system tumor cells. Further, it plays an important role in inflammatory bowel disease and fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Li
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wanqing Zhu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Di Shi
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huilin Che
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinglan Lyu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bimei Jiang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
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3
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RAGE Inhibitors for Targeted Therapy of Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010266. [PMID: 36613714 PMCID: PMC9820344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin family that is overexpressed in several cancers. RAGE is highly expressed in the lung, and its expression increases proportionally at the site of inflammation. This receptor can bind a variety of ligands, including advanced glycation end products, high mobility group box 1, S100 proteins, adhesion molecules, complement components, advanced lipoxidation end products, lipopolysaccharides, and other molecules that mediate cellular responses related to acute and chronic inflammation. RAGE serves as an important node for the initiation and stimulation of cell stress and growth signaling mechanisms that promote carcinogenesis, tumor propagation, and metastatic potential. In this review, we discuss different aspects of RAGE and its prominent ligands implicated in cancer pathogenesis and describe current findings that provide insights into the significant role played by RAGE in cancer. Cancer development can be hindered by inhibiting the interaction of RAGE with its ligands, and this could provide an effective strategy for cancer treatment.
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4
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Mollace A, Coluccio ML, Donato G, Mollace V, Malara N. Cross-talks in colon cancer between RAGE/AGEs axis and inflammation/immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1281-1295. [PMID: 34194625 PMCID: PMC8238251 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment is the result of the activity of many types of cells in various metabolic states, whose metabolites are shared between cells. This cellular complexity results in an availability profile of nutrients and reactive metabolites such as advanced glycation end products (AGE). The tumour microenvironment is not favourable to immune cells due to hypoxia and for the existence of significant competition between various types of cells for a limited nutrient pool. However, it is now known that cancer cells can influence the host's immune reaction through the expression and secretion of numerous molecules. The microenvironment can therefore present itself in different patterns that contribute to shaping immune surveillance. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most important causes of death in cancer patients. Recently, immunotherapy has begun to give encouraging results in some groups of patients suffering from this neoplasm. The analysis of literature data shows that the RAGE (Receptor for advanced glycation end products) and its numerous ligands contribute to connect the energy metabolic pathway, which appears prevalently disconnected by mitochondrial running, with the immune reaction, conditioned by local microbiota and influencing tumour growth. Understanding how metabolism in cancer and immune cells shapes response and resistance to therapy, will provide novel potential strategies to increase both the number of tumour types treated by immunotherapy and the rate of immunotherapy response. The analysis of literature data shows that an immunotherapy approach based on the knowledge of RAGE and its ligands is not only possible, but also desirable in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Research Centre IRC-FSH, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Coluccio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Bionem Laboratory, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Donato
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Campus S. Venuta, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Research Centre IRC-FSH, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Natalia Malara
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Bionem Laboratory, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.,These authors contributed equally to this work
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Ou S, Liao Y, Shi J, Tang J, Ye Y, Wu F, Wang W, Fei J, Xie F, Bai L. S100A16 suppresses the proliferation, migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells in part via the JNK/p38 MAPK pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:164. [PMID: 33355370 PMCID: PMC7789101 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
S100 calcium binding protein A16 (S100A16) is the most recent member of the S100 calcium-binding protein family. The function of S100A16 has been associated with various types of cancer; however, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of S100A16 in CRC progression. The Oncomine dataset used in the current study revealed that the expression of S100A16 was decreased in CRC compared with normal colorectal tissues. Similar results were also determined via immunohistochemistry. In addition, a negative association was identified between S100A16 expression and the prognosis of patients with CRC. Further functional experiments revealed that S100A16 knockdown promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCT116 and SW480 cells, and vice versa in Lovo cells. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was promoted and the JNK/p38 MAPK pathway was activated in HCT116 cells following S100A16 knockdown, as determined via western blotting. Furthermore, S100A16 silencing promoted the migration and invasion of cells. EMT was also reversed when cells were treated with the JNK inhibitor (SP600125) or the p38 inhibitor (SB203580). In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated that S100A16 suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells partially via the JNK/p38 MAPK signalling pathway and subsequent EMT mediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jie Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Fengfei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jieying Fei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Fang Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Lan Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Pandey S, Osman TA, Sharma S, Vallenari EM, Shahdadfar A, Pun CB, Gautam DK, Uhlin-Hansen L, Rikardsen O, Johannessen AC, Costea DE, Sapkota D. Loss of S100A14 expression at the tumor-invading front correlates with poor differentiation and worse prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2020; 42:2088-2098. [PMID: 32202693 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed a tumor-suppressive function of S100A14 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to examine the prognostic significance and differentiation-related function of S100A14 in OSCC. METHODS S100A14 expression was examined in 170 OSCCs from Norwegian and Nepalese populations using immunohistochemistry. Pro-differentiation function was investigated by overexpressing and silencing S100A14 expression in OSCC-derived cells. External transcriptomic datasets were used to validate association between S100A14 and differentiation markers in OSCC. RESULT Loss of S100A14 expression at the invading tumor fronts significantly correlated with poor differentiation and reduced 10-years survival of OSCC-patients. Multivariate Cox analysis identified S100A14 to be an independent prognostic factor. Modulation of S100A14 expression in OSCC-derived cells positively correlated with the expression of differentiation markers. Analysis of external datasets supported the pro-differentiation function of S100A14. CONCLUSION These results indicate that S100A14 is a pro-differentiation protein and its expression might be useful as a prognostic marker in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Pandey
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tarig A Osman
- Department of Clinical Medicine, the Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Centre for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Evan M Vallenari
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aboulghassem Shahdadfar
- Centre for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chin B Pun
- Department of Pathology, B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Dej K Gautam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Medical Biology-Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Oddveig Rikardsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne C Johannessen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, the Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniela E Costea
- Department of Clinical Medicine, the Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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7
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S100A14 Is Increased in Activated NK Cells and Plasma of HIV-Exposed Seronegative People Who Inject Drugs and Promotes Monocyte-NK Crosstalk. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 80:234-241. [PMID: 30422902 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-exposed seronegative people who inject drugs (HESN-PWID) have been shown to have increased natural killer (NK) cell and myeloid activation when compared with control donors. METHODS We investigated potential mechanisms maintaining NK activation by conducting quantitative proteome comparisons of NK cells from HESN-PWID subjects and control donors. Proteins upregulated in NK cells were measured in the plasma of HESN-PWID subjects by ELISA and further investigated for their ability to induce innate immune activation in vitro. RESULTS The NK cell proteome comparison showed markedly higher levels of interferon-stimulated proteins and S100 proteins, including S100A14. Consistent with these results, we observed significantly higher levels of S100A14 in the plasma of HESN-PWID subjects compared with controls (P = 0.033, n = 25). In vitro, the addition of recombinant S100A14 protein significantly activated NK cells in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell mixture (P = 0.011, n = 9), but not purified NK cells alone. Treatment of purified monocytes with recombinant S100A14 protein induced secretion of TNF-alpha and led to significantly higher NK CD69 activation (P = 0.0156, n = 7) in a co-culture through a TLR4-dependent interaction. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified S100A14 as a novel protein increased within NK cells and plasma of HESN-PWID subjects with the capacity to sustain NK activation through TLR4-dependent activation of myeloid cells.
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8
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Basnet S, Sharma S, Costea DE, Sapkota D. Expression profile and functional role of S100A14 in human cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2996-3012. [PMID: 31105881 PMCID: PMC6508202 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A14 is one of the new members of the multi-functional S100 protein family. Expression of S100A14 is highly heterogeneous among normal human tissues, suggesting that the regulation of S100A14 expression and its function may be tissue- and context-specific. Compared to the normal counterparts, S100A14 mRNA and protein levels have been found to be deregulated in several cancer types, indicating a functional link between S100A14 and malignancies. Accordingly, S100A14 is functionally linked with a number of key signaling molecules such as p53, p21, MMP1, MMP9, MMP13, RAGE, NF-kB, JunB, actin and HER2. Of interest, S100A14 seems to have seemingly opposite functions in malignancies arising from the gastrointestional tract (tissues rich in epithelial components) compared to cancers in the other parts of the body (tissues rich in mesenchymal components). The underlying mechanism for these observations are currently unclear and may be related to the relative abundance and differences in the type of interaction partners (effector protein) in different cancer types and tissues. In addition, several studies indicate that the expression pattern of S100A14 has a potential to be clinically useful as prognostic biomarker in several cancer types. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive summary on the expression pattern and functional roles/related molecular pathways in different cancer types. Additionally, the prognostic potential of S100A14 in the management of human malignancies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyog Basnet
- Department of BioSciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Centre for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniela Elena Costea
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Zhang J, Lu W, Zhang J, Lu R, Wu L, Qin Y, Liu Y, Lai Y, Jiang H, Jiang Q, Jiang B, Xu L, Zhang X, Huang X, Ruan G, Liu K. S100A16suppresses the growth and survival of leukaemia cells and correlates with relapse and relapse free survival in adults with Philadelphia chromosome‐negative B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2019; 185:836-851. [PMID: 30916375 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Xu ZH, Miao ZW, Jiang QZ, Gan DX, Wei XG, Xue XZ, Li JQ, Zheng F, Qin XX, Fang WG, Chen YH, Li B. Brain microvascular endothelial cell exosome–mediated S100A16 up‐regulation confers small‐cell lung cancer cell survival in brain. FASEB J 2018; 33:1742-1757. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800428r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Xu
- Department of Developmental BiologyKey Laboratory of Cell BiologyMinistry of Public HealthKey Laboratory of Medical Cell BiologyMinistry of EducationChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Zi-Wei Miao
- Department of Developmental BiologyKey Laboratory of Cell BiologyMinistry of Public HealthKey Laboratory of Medical Cell BiologyMinistry of EducationChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Qian-Zhu Jiang
- Department of Developmental BiologyKey Laboratory of Cell BiologyMinistry of Public HealthKey Laboratory of Medical Cell BiologyMinistry of EducationChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Dong-Xue Gan
- Department of Developmental BiologyKey Laboratory of Cell BiologyMinistry of Public HealthKey Laboratory of Medical Cell BiologyMinistry of EducationChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xu-Ge Wei
- Department of Developmental BiologyKey Laboratory of Cell BiologyMinistry of Public HealthKey Laboratory of Medical Cell BiologyMinistry of EducationChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiao-Zhi Xue
- Department of Clinical MedicineChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jue-Qi Li
- Department of Clinical MedicineChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Fei Zheng
- Department of Clinical MedicineChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiao-Xue Qin
- Department of Developmental BiologyKey Laboratory of Cell BiologyMinistry of Public HealthKey Laboratory of Medical Cell BiologyMinistry of EducationChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Wen-Gang Fang
- Department of Developmental BiologyKey Laboratory of Cell BiologyMinistry of Public HealthKey Laboratory of Medical Cell BiologyMinistry of EducationChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yu-Hua Chen
- Department of Developmental BiologyKey Laboratory of Cell BiologyMinistry of Public HealthKey Laboratory of Medical Cell BiologyMinistry of EducationChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Developmental BiologyKey Laboratory of Cell BiologyMinistry of Public HealthKey Laboratory of Medical Cell BiologyMinistry of EducationChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
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Chen D, Luo L, Liang C. Aberrant S100A16 expression might be an independent prognostic indicator of unfavorable survival in non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197402. [PMID: 29746588 PMCID: PMC5945035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A16 is a conserved member of the S100 protein family in mammals. Its upregulation was observed in many tumors and is related to malignant transformation. In this study, we explored the independent prognostic value of S100A16 in terms of overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) by performing a retrospective study, using data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Besides, by using deep sequencing data in TCGA-LUAD, we also explored the association between S100A16 expression and its DNA methylation and copy number alterations (CNAs). Results showed that the primary LUAD tissues (N = 514) had significantly elevated S100A16 expression compared with the normal lung tissues (N = 59). Based on OS data of 502 primary LUAD cases, we found that high S100A16 expression was correlated with inferior OS. The following univariate and multivariate analysis confirmed that increased S100A16 expression was an independent prognostic indicator of unfavorable OS (HR: 1.197, 95%CI: 1.050–1.364, p = 0.007) and RFS (HR: 1.206, 95%CI: 1.045–1.393, p = 0.011). By examining the DNA methylation data in TCGA-LUAD, we found that some S100A16 DNA CpG sites were generally hypermethylated in normal tissues, but not in LUAD tissues. Regression analysis identified a moderately negative correlation between S100A16 expression and its DNA methylation. In comparison, although DNA amplification (+1/+2) was frequent (378/511, 74%) in LUAD patients, it was not associated with increased S100A16 expression. Based on findings above, we infer that aberrant S100A16 expression might be modulated by its DNA hypomethylation and serves as an independent prognostic indicator of unfavorable OS and RFS in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Linjie Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
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12
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Sun X, Wang T, Zhang C, Ning K, Guan ZR, Chen SX, Hong TT, Hua D. S100A16 is a prognostic marker for colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2017; 117:275-283. [PMID: 28876468 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100 is a superfamily of calcium-binding proteins that regulate multiple biological processes and are involved in many diseases. S100A16 has recently been identified to be involved in several cancers such as bladder cancer, lung cancer, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, the role of S100A16 expression in the colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been investigated. METHODS S100A16 protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in 296 cases of CRC. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of S100A16. RESULT The results showed that the overall survival (OS) of patients with low membrane S100A16 expression was significantly shorter than patients with high expression (P < 0.05). Chi-square analysis showed that S100A16 expression had a positive correlation with tumor grade (P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis identified membrane S100A16 expression as an independent prognostic marker for OS in CRC patients. (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed no significant association between cytoplasmic/nuclear S100A16 expression and OS. CONCLUSION Membrane S100A16 is associated with the prognosis of CRC patients, indicating that S100A16 may be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Sun
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kuan Ning
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhang-Rui Guan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu-Xian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Hong
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Hua
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Kuberappa PH, Bagalad BS, Ananthaneni A, Kiresur MA, Srinivas GV. Certainty of S100 from Physiology to Pathology. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZE10-5. [PMID: 27504432 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/17949.8022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
S100 exists in wide variety of tissues and cell types, originally isolated from brain tissue and they are of low molecular weight proteins. S100 is evenly distributed in cytoplasm and also in nucleoplasm and is involved in both intercellular and extracellular functions. S100 protein is generally expressed in normal and also in pathological conditions. In current review, we discuss: a) update nomenclature of the various S100 proteins, b) expression of S100 in oral diseases (different soft tissue tumors, odontogenic cyst and tumor) for diagnostic value and also to know their histogenesis, c) role of S100 and RAGE receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneeth Horatti Kuberappa
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, St Joseph Dental College , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Bhavana Shivanand Bagalad
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, St Joseph Dental College , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Ananthaneni
- Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, St Joseph Dental College , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Md Asif Kiresur
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, St Joseph Dental College , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Guduru Vijay Srinivas
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, St Joseph Dental College , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Munch EM, Sparks AE, Gonzalez Bosquet J, Christenson LK, Devor EJ, Van Voorhis BJ. Differentially expressed genes in preimplantation human embryos: potential candidate genes for blastocyst formation and implantation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 33:1017-25. [PMID: 27241529 PMCID: PMC4974233 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to determine which genes and gene pathways are differentially expressed when comparing human blastocysts with cleavage-stage embryos. Methods We individually assessed gene expression in preimplantation human embryos at cleavage (n = 3) and blastocyst (n = 3) stages. Gene expression patterns were then validated in publically available datasets and then independently validated in vitro with additional human embryos using TaqMan gene expression assays. Immunolocalization studies were conducted to identify protein expression in intact blastocyst-stage embryos. Results Compared to cleavage-stage embryos, blastocyst-stage embryos differentially expressed 51 genes (p < 0.001), with overrepresentation in amoebiasis pathways and pathways in cancer. Of these 51 genes, 21 were found to be independently validated in a separate, publically available dataset, with a substantial agreement with our initial findings (κ = 0.8). In an independent set of cleavage- and blastocyst-stage embryos, we validated that six of eight tested genes were differentially expressed (p < 0.05) by RT-qPCR. Immunofluorescence studies documented the presence of two studied proteins in the trophectoderm of blastocyst-stage embryos. Conclusions Differentially expressed genes may be implicated in the invasion and proliferation of the early embryo. Our research highlights specific genes that may be further studied for their role in the implantation process and additionally raises questions about localized gene and/or protein expression in the trophectoderm, which could affect protocols for, and interpretation of, trophectoderm biopsies performed in in vitro fertilization cycles. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10815-016-0745-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Munch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, PFP 31330, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Amy E Sparks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, PFP 31330, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jesus Gonzalez Bosquet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, PFP 31330, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Lane K Christenson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Eric J Devor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, PFP 31330, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Bradley J Van Voorhis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, PFP 31330, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Saito K, Kobayashi M, Nagashio R, Ryuge S, Katono K, Nakashima H, Tsuchiya B, Jiang SX, Saegusa M, Satoh Y, Masuda N, Sato Y. S100A16 is a Prognostic Marker for Lung Adenocarcinomas. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:7039-44. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.16.7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Leśniak W, Graczyk-Jarzynka A. The S100 proteins in epidermis: Topology and function. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2563-72. [PMID: 26409143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100 proteins are small calcium binding proteins encoded by genes located in the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC). Differently to other proteins encoded by EDC genes, which are indispensable for normal epidermal differentiation, the role of S100 proteins in the epidermis remains largely unknown. SCOPE OF REVIEW Particular S100 proteins differ in their distribution in epidermal layers, skin appendages, melanocytes and Langerhans cells. Taking into account that each epidermal component consists of specialized cells with well-defined functions, such differential distribution may be indicative of the function of a given S100 protein. We used this criterion together with the survey of the current experimental data pertinent to epidermis to provide a fairly comprehensive view on the possible function of individual S100 proteins in this tissue. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS S100 proteins are differently expressed and, despite extensive structural homology, perform diverse functions in the epidermis. Certain S100 proteins probably ensure constant epidermal renewal and support wound healing while others act in epidermal differentiation or have a protective role. As their expression is differently affected in various skin pathologies, particular S100 proteins could be valuable diagnostic markers. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE S100 proteins seem to be important although not yet fully recognized epidermal constituents. Better understanding of their role in the epidermis might be helpful in designing therapies to various skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesława Leśniak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Sapkota D, Bruland O, Parajuli H, Osman TA, Teh MT, Johannessen AC, Costea DE. S100A16 promotes differentiation and contributes to a less aggressive tumor phenotype in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:631. [PMID: 26353754 PMCID: PMC4564982 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Altered expression of S100A16 has been reported in human cancers, but its biological role in tumorigenesis is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance and functional role of S100A16 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) suppression. Methods S100A16 mRNA and/or protein levels were examined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in whole- and laser microdissected-specimens of normal human oral mucosa (NHOM, n = 65), oral dysplastic lesions (ODL, n = 21), OSCCs (n = 132) and positive cervical nodes (n = 17). S100A16 protein expression in OSCC was examined for correlations with clinicopathological variables and patient survival. S100A16 was over-expressed and knocked-down in OSCC-derived (CaLH3 and H357) cells by employing retroviral constructs to investigate its effects on cell proliferation, sphere formation and three dimensional (3D)-organotypic invasive abilities in vitro and tumorigenesis in a mouse xenograft model. Results Both S100A16 mRNA and protein levels were found to be progressively down-regulated from NHOM to ODL and OSCC. Low S100A16 protein levels in OSCC significantly correlated with reduced 10-year overall survival and poor tumor differentiation. Analysis of two external OSCC microarray datasets showed a positive correlation between the mRNA expression levels of S100A16 and keratinocyte differentiation markers. CaLH3 and H357 cell fractions enriched for differentiated cells either by lack of adherence to collagen IV or FACS sorting for low p75NTR expression expressed significantly higher S100A16 mRNA levels than the subpopulations enriched for less differentiated cells. Corroborating these findings, retroviral mediated S100A16 over-expression and knock-down in CaLH3 and H357 cells led to respective up- and down-regulation of differentiation markers. In vitro functional studies showed significant reduction in cell proliferation, sphere formation and 3D-invasive abilities of CaLH3 and H357 cells upon S100A16 over-expression. These functional effects were associated with concomitant down-regulation of self-renewal (Bmi-1 and Oct 4A) and invasion related (MMP1 and MMP9) molecules. S100A16 over-expression also suppressed tumorigenesis of H357 cells in a mouse xenograft model and the resulting tumor xenografts displayed features/expression of increased differentiation and reduced proliferation/self-renewal. Conclusions These results indicate that S100A16 is a differentiation promoting protein and might function as a tumor suppressor in OSCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1622-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ove Bruland
- Center of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Himalaya Parajuli
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Tarig A Osman
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, England, UK.
| | - Anne C Johannessen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Daniela Elena Costea
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Cho H, Shin HY, Kim S, Kim JSY, Chung JY, Chung EJ, Chun KH, Hewitt SM, Kim JH. The role of S100A14 in epithelial ovarian tumors. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3482-96. [PMID: 24939856 PMCID: PMC4116497 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A14 is an EF-hand calcium-binding protein that has been reported to be involved in the progression of many malignancies. However, its role in ovarian cancer has not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigated the significance of S100A14 expression in epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) as well as it's mechanism of action. On both RNA and protein levels, S100A14 was overexpressed in transformed cells. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that S100A14 expression was associated with advanced stage (P < 0.001) and poor tumor grade (P < 0.001). Moreover, S100A14 overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (HR = 4.53, P = 0.029). We also investigated S100A14's functional role by employing lentiviral-mediated overexpression and knockdown in EOC cells. S100A14 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, migration, and invasion, whereas S100A14 knockdown inhibited these properties. TOV112D cells that overexpressed S100A14 also exhibited greater tumor growth potential in xenografted mice. S100A14 promoted such a malignant phenotype in EOC cells through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Taken together, our data indicate that S100A14 has a crucial role in EOC progression, and its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis. Further study of S100A14's molecular mechanisms may lead to the development of a novel therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbyoul Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tanaka M, Ichikawa-Tomikawa N, Shishito N, Nishiura K, Miura T, Hozumi A, Chiba H, Yoshida S, Ohtake T, Sugino T. Co-expression of S100A14 and S100A16 correlates with a poor prognosis in human breast cancer and promotes cancer cell invasion. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:53. [PMID: 25884418 PMCID: PMC4348405 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background S100 family proteins have recently been identified as biomarkers in various cancers. Of this protein family, S100A14 and S100A16 are also believed to play an important role in tumor progression. The aim of the present study was to clarify the clinical significance and functional role of these molecules in breast cancer. Methods In a clinical study, an immunohistochemical analysis of S100A14 and S100A16 expression in archival specimens of primary tumors of 167 breast cancer patients was performed. The relationship of S100A14 and S100A16 expression to patient survival and clinicopathological variables was statistically analyzed. In an experimental study, the subcellular localization and function of these molecules was examined by using the human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and SK-BR-3, both of which highly express S100A14 and S100A16 proteins. Cells transfected with expression vectors and siRNA for these genes were characterized using in vitro assays for cancer invasion and metastasis. Results Immunohistochemical analysis of 167 breast cancer cases showed strong cell membrane staining of S100A14 (53% of cases) and S100A16 (31% of cases) with a significant number of cases with co-expression (p < 0.001). Higher expression levels of these proteins were significantly associated with a younger age (<60 years), ER-negative status, HER2-positive status and a poorer prognosis. Co-expression of the two proteins showed more aggressive features with poorer prognosis. In the human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and SK-BR-3, both proteins were colocalized on the cell membrane mainly at cell-cell attachment sites. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that the 100A14 protein can bind to actin localized on the cell membrane in a calcium-independent manner. A Boyden chamber assay showed that S100A14 and S100A16 knockdown substantially suppressed the invasive activity of both cell lines. Cell motility was also inhibited by S100A14 knockdown in a modified dual color wound-healing assay. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the correlation of expression of S100A14, S100A16, and co-expression of these proteins with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. In addition, our findings indicate that S100A14 and S100A16 can promote invasive activity of breast cancer cells via an interaction with cytoskeletal dynamics. S100A14 and S100A16 might be prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1059-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuko Tanaka
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Naoki Ichikawa-Tomikawa
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Namiko Shishito
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Nishiura
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Tomiko Miura
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Hozumi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Yoshida
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Tohru Ohtake
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Takashi Sugino
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-Gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan.
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