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Berus S, Witkowska E, Niciński K, Sadowy E, Puzia W, Ronkiewicz P, Kamińska A. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering as a discrimination method of Streptococcus spp. and alternative approach for identifying capsular types of S. pneumoniae isolates. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 233:118088. [PMID: 32146423 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a method known for its effectiveness in detecting and identifying microorganisms, that was employed to differentiate various bacterial strains both at genus and species level. In this work, we have examined five species belonging to Streptococcus genus, namely S. pneumoniae, S. suis, S. pseudopneumoniae, S. oralis, and S. mitis. Additionally, we conducted SERS experiments on ten S. pneumoniae strains, representing different capsular types. In all of cases we obtained unique SERS signals being spectroscopic fingerprints of bacterial strains tested. Moreover, the principal component analysis (PCA) was performed in order to prove that the spectra of all studied strains can be well separated into five (in case of streptococcal strains) or ten (in case of pneumococcal serotypes) groups. In both investigated situations, the separation at the level of 95% was achieved, proving that SERS-PCA-based method can be used for reliable and fast identification of different strains belonging to the Streptococcus genus, including encapsulated pneumococcal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Berus
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Witkowska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - K Niciński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Sadowy
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - W Puzia
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Ronkiewicz
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Kamińska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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Nagaraj G, Ganaie F, Govindan V, Ravikumar KL. Development of PCRSeqTyping-a novel molecular assay for typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2017; 9:8. [PMID: 28702310 PMCID: PMC5471960 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-017-0032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Precise serotyping of pneumococci is essential for vaccine development, to better understand the pathogenicity and trends of drug resistance. Currently used conventional and molecular methods of serotyping are expensive and time-consuming, with limited coverage of serotypes. An accurate and rapid serotyping method with complete coverage of serotypes is an urgent necessity. This study describes the development and application of a novel technology that addresses this need. Methods Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed, targeting 1061 bp cpsB region, and the amplicon was subjected to sequencing. The sequence data was analyzed using the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database. For homologous strains, a second round of PCR, sequencing, and data analysis was performed targeting 10 group-specific genes located in the capsular polysaccharide region. Ninety-one pneumococcal reference strains were analyzed with PCRSeqTyping and compared with Quellung reaction using Pneumotest Kit (SSI, Denmark). Results A 100% correlation of PCRSeqTyping results was observed with Pneumotest results. Fifty-nine reference strains were uniquely identified in the first step of PCRSeqTyping. The remaining 32 homologous strains out of 91 were also uniquely identified in the second step. Conclusion This study describes a PCRSeqTyping assay that is accurate and rapid, with high reproducibility. This assay is amenable for clinical testing and does not require culturing of the samples. It is a significant improvement over other methods because it covers all pneumococcal serotypes, and it has the potential for use in diagnostic laboratories and surveillance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Nagaraj
- Central Research Laboratory, KIMS Hospital and Research Centre, KR Road, VV Purum, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 004 India
| | - Feroze Ganaie
- Central Research Laboratory, KIMS Hospital and Research Centre, KR Road, VV Purum, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 004 India
| | - Vandana Govindan
- Central Research Laboratory, KIMS Hospital and Research Centre, KR Road, VV Purum, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 004 India
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Gharailoo Z, Mousavi SF, Halvani N, Feizabadi MM. Antimicrobial Resistant Pattern and Capsular Typing of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Isolated from Children in Sistan -Baluchestan. MAEDICA 2016; 11:203-207. [PMID: 28694854 PMCID: PMC5486161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankyloglossia is an anatomic developmental anomaly determining by thick and short, fi brotic ferenum. Tongue changes have severe eff ects on occlusion and oropharyngeal structures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the position of hyoid in children 7-11 years` old with ankyloglossia in lateral cephalometric radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this study 260 nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from non-vaccinated healthy children between 6 months to 6 years old at medical centers in Sistan-Baluchestan during August 2013 to January 2014. These samples were cultured on blood agar. Primary identifi cation of bacterial isolated was determined by biochemical analysis and molecular tests. Capsular typing was performed by Multiplex PCR using primers targeting cps locus that is highly conserved among diff erent capsular types. The master mixes for PCR were grouped them into six multiplex reactions. RESULTS Out of 260 nasopharyngeal swabs, 42 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were detected and identifi ed. The overall pneumococcal carriage rate was 16.1%. The most frequently isolated capsular types were: 6A/B, 19A, 19F and 23F. These capsular types accounted for 49.9% of all strains detected. CONCLUSION We found that the prevalence of pneumococcal carriage among non-vaccinated children under six years old is about 16%. Our study provides much data about carriage rate and pneumococcal capsular types in preschool children, which is necessary for predicting the diff erent valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccines in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Gharailoo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Fazlollah Mousavi
- Department of Bacteriology and Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Halvani
- Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Feizabadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Krenke K, Sadowy E, Podsiadły E, Hryniewicz W, Demkow U, Kulus M. Etiology of parapneumonic effusion and pleural empyema in children. The role of conventional and molecular microbiological tests. Respir Med 2016; 116:28-33. [PMID: 27296817 PMCID: PMC7126629 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background An increasing incidence of parapneumonic effusion and pleural empyema (PPE/PE) has been reported in recent studies. As only few data on etiology of PPE/PE in Central Europe have been reported, we undertook a study on the etiology of PPE/PE in children, using both standard culture and molecular techniques. Methods This prospective study was conducted between June 2011 and December 2013. Consecutive children with PPE/PE complicating community acquired pneumonia, who required diagnostic/therapeutic thoracentesis were included. Blood and pleural fluid samples for microbiological cultures were collected. Molecular methods were applied to identify Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and respiratory viruses in pleural fluid. Results The study group included 64 children, median age 4 (1–15). Seven of 64 (10.9%) blood cultures and 11 of 64 (17.2%) pleural fluid cultures revealed bacterial growth. The most common bacteria detected was S. pneumoniae (13 blood and pleural fluid samples from 11/64 (17.2%) children). DNA sequences of typical bacteria were found in 29/64 (45.3%) pleural fluid samples. S. pneumoniae was identified in 90% of these samples. The most common serotypes were: serotype 6B in 9/26 (36.6%), 19A in 6/26 (23%), serotype 3 in 3/26 (11.5%), 6A and 23F (both in 2/26 i.e. 7.7%) patients. Molecular methods identified atypical bacteria in 8/58 (13.8%) and respiratory viruses in 12/58 (20.7%) pleural fluid samples. Conclusions S. pneumoniae, in particular serotype 6B and 19A, is the most common etiologic agent of PPE/PE in Polish children. The use of PCR significantly improves pathogen identification in pleural fluid. Pleural empyema is challenging complication of childhood community acquired pneumonia. S. pneumoniae is the most common pathogen responsible for pleural empyema in children. Serotypes 6B and 19A were most commonly identified as causative pathogens. The use of PCR improves the efficacy of pathogen identification in pleural fluid. Molecular methods can help to detect atypical bacteria and viruses in pleural fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krenke
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Sadowy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta Podsiadły
- Public Pedriatric Teaching Hospital, Zwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Waleria Hryniewicz
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marek Kulus
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
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Jin P, Wu L, Oftadeh S, Kudinha T, Kong F, Zeng Q. Using a practical molecular capsular serotype prediction strategy to investigate Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance in Chinese local hospitalized children. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:53. [PMID: 27118458 PMCID: PMC4847217 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China is one of ten countries with the highest prevalence rate of pneumococcal infections. However, there is limited serotype surveillance data for Streptococcus pneumoniae, especially from the community or rural regions, partly due to limited serotyping capacity because Quellung serotyping is only available in few centers in China. The aim of this study was to develop a simple, practical and economic pneumococcal serotype prediction strategy suitable for future serotype surveillance in China. METHODS In this study, 193 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from hospitalized children, 96.9 % of whom were < 5 years old. The cpsB sequetyping, complemented by selective and modified USA CDC sequential multiplex-PCR, was performed on all the isolates, and serotypes 6A-6D specific PCRs were done on all serogroup 6 isolates. Based on systematic analysis of available GenBank cpsB sequences, we established a more comprehensive cpsB sequence database than originally published for cpsB sequetyping. Antibiotic susceptibility of all isolates was determined using the disk diffusion or E-test assays. RESULTS We built up a comprehensive S. pneumoniae serotype cpsB sequetyping database for all the 95 described serotypes first, and then developed a simple strategy for serotype prediction based on the improved cpsB sequetyping and selective multiplex-PCR. Using the developed serotype prediction strategy, 191 of 193 isolates were successfully "serotyped", and only two isolates were "non-serotypeable". Sixteen serotypes were identified among the 191 "serotypeable" isolates. The serotype distribution of the isolates from high to low was: 19 F (34.7 %), 23 F (17.1 %), 19A (11.9 %), 14 (7.3 %), 15B/15C (6.7 %), 6B (6.7 %), 6A (6.2 %), 9 V/9A (1.6 %); serotypes 6C, 3, 15 F/15A, 23A and 20 (each 1.1 %); serotypes 10B, 28 F/28A and 34 (each 0.5 %). The prevalence of parenteral penicillin resistance was 1.0 % in the non-meningitis isolates and 88.6 % in meningitis isolates. The total rate of multidrug resistance was 86.8 %. CONCLUSIONS The integrated cpsB sequetyping supplemented with selective mPCR and serotypes 6A-6D specific PCRs "cocktail" strategy is practical, simple and cost-effective for use in pneumococcal infection serotype surveillance in China. For hospitalized children with non-meningitis penicillin-susceptible pneumococcal infections, clinicians still can use narrow-spectrum and cheaper penicillin, using the parenteral route, rather than using broader-spectrum and more expensive antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- Pediatric Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, P. R. China.,Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Bao'an Maternity & Child Health Hospital affiliated with Jinan University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Bao'an Maternity & Child Health Hospital affiliated with Jinan University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Shahin Oftadeh
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR - Pathology West, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy Kudinha
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR - Pathology West, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Charles Sturt University, Leeds Parade, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Fanrong Kong
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR - Pathology West, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Qiyi Zeng
- Pediatric Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, P. R. China.
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is an important human pathogen. Its virulence is largely due to its polysaccharide capsule, which shields it from the host immune system, and because of this, the capsule has been extensively studied. Studies of the capsule led to the identification of DNA as the genetic material, identification of many different capsular serotypes, and identification of the serotype-specific nature of protection by adaptive immunity. Recent studies have led to the determination of capsular polysaccharide structures for many serotypes using advanced analytical technologies, complete elucidation of genetic basis for the capsular types, and the development of highly effective pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Conjugate vaccine use has altered the serotype distribution by either serotype replacement or switching, and this has increased the need to serotype pneumococci. Due to great advances in molecular technologies and our understanding of the pneumococcal genome, molecular approaches have become powerful tools to predict pneumococcal serotypes. In addition, more-precise and -efficient serotyping methods that directly detect polysaccharide structures are emerging. These improvements in our capabilities will greatly enhance future investigations of pneumococcal epidemiology and diseases and the biology of colonization and innate immunity to pneumococcal capsules.
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Abstract
Background Ninety-two Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes have been described so far, but the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduced in the Brazilian basic vaccination schedule in 2010 covers only the ten most prevalent in the country. Pneumococcal serotype-shifting after massive immunization is a major concern and monitoring this phenomenon requires efficient and accessible serotyping methods. Pneumococcal serotyping based on antisera produced in animals is laborious and restricted to a few reference laboratories. Alternatively, molecular serotyping methods assess polymorphisms in the cps gene cluster, which encodes key enzymes for capsular polysaccharides synthesis in pneumococci. In one such approach, cps-RFLP, the PCR amplified cps loci are digested with an endonuclease, generating serotype-specific fingerprints on agarose gel electrophoresis. Methods In this work, in silico and in vitro approaches were combined to demonstrate that XhoII is the most discriminating endonuclease for cps-RFLP, and to build a database of serotype-specific fingerprints that accommodates the genetic diversity within the cps locus of 92 known pneumococci serotypes. Results The expected specificity of cps-RFLP using XhoII was 76% for serotyping and 100% for serogrouping. The database of cps-RFLP fingerprints was integrated to Molecular Serotyping Tool (MST), a previously published web-based software for molecular serotyping. In addition, 43 isolates representing 29 serotypes prevalent in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 2007 to 2013, were examined in vitro; 11 serotypes (nine serogroups) matched the respective in silico patterns calculated for reference strains. The remaining experimental patterns, despite their resemblance to their expected in silico patterns, did not reach the threshold of similarity score to be considered a match and were then added to the database. Conclusion The cps-RFLP method with XhoII outperformed the antisera-based and other molecular serotyping methods in regard of the expected specificity. In order to accommodate the genetic variability of the pneumococci cps loci, the database of cps-RFLP patterns will be progressively expanded to include new variant in vitro patterns. The cps-RFLP method with endonuclease XhoII coupled with MST for computer-assisted interpretation of results may represent a relevant contribution to the real time detection of changes in regional pneumococci population diversity in response to mass immunization programs.
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Jauneikaite E, Tocheva AS, Jefferies JMC, Gladstone RA, Faust SN, Christodoulides M, Hibberd ML, Clarke SC. Current methods for capsular typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 113:41-9. [PMID: 25819558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major respiratory tract pathogen causing pneumococcal disease mainly in children aged less than five years and in the elderly. Ninety-eight different capsular types (serotypes) of pneumococci have been reported, but pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) include polysaccharide antigens against only 7, 10 or 13 serotypes. It is therefore important to track the emergence of serotypes due to the clonal expansion of non-vaccine serotypes. Increased numbers of carried and disease-causing pneumococci are now being analysed as part of the post-PCV implementation surveillance studies and hence rapid, accurate and cost-effective typing methods are important. Here we describe serotyping methods published prior to 10th November 2014 for pneumococcal capsule typing. Sixteen methods were identified; six were based on serological tests using immunological properties of the capsular epitopes, eight were semi-automated molecular tests, and one describes the identification of capsular type directly from whole genome data, which also allows for further intra and inter-genome analyses. There was no single method that could be recommended for all pneumococcal capsular typing applications. Although the Quellung reaction is still considered to be the gold-standard, laboratories should take into account the number of pneumococcal isolates and the type of samples to be used for testing, the time frame for the results and the resources available in order to select the most appropriate method. Most likely, a combination of phenotypic and genotypic methods would be optimal to monitor and evaluate the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and to provide information for future vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elita Jauneikaite
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Infectious Diseases, Genome Institute of Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Anna S Tocheva
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Johanna M C Jefferies
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Rebecca A Gladstone
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Saul N Faust
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Infectious Diseases, Genome Institute of Singapore, 138672, Singapore; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Stuart C Clarke
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Durando P, Rosselli R, Cremonesi I, Orsi A, Albanese E, Barberis I, Paganino C, Trucchi C, Martini M, Marensi L, Turello V, Study Group TLP, Bregante A, Cacciani R, Iudici R, La Marca D, Pedano L, Petrucci AF, Santolini M, Sbisà V, Zacconi M. Safety and tolerability of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the elderly. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 11:172-7. [PMID: 25483531 DOI: 10.4161/hv.34420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In September 2011 the European Medical Agency authorized the use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in adults aged ≥50 years. The same occurred in the US in December 2011 when the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of PCV13 in the same target age-group with indication for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal diseases and community acquired pneumonia sustained by the serotypes contained in the vaccine. The Liguria Region, in Italy, implemented in 2013 an active and free of charge immunization strategy with PCV13 among adults affected by specific risk conditions and the elderly aged ≥70 years. METHODS An observational study was performed in order to assess the safety and tolerability of PCV13 among elderly dwelling in the metropolitan area of Genoa, the capital city of Liguria Region. Eligible subjects, who received PCV13 following the public health immunization campaign at the Local Health Unit 3 of Genoa, provided a written informed consent to take part in the study. Eight-hundred-seventy-one subjects were enrolled between October 2013 and May 2014: all were monitored by qualified healthcare personnel for at least 30 min after vaccination at the outpatient clinics, in order to assess any possible sudden reaction. The occurrence of a series of local and systemic solicited reactions and of any unsolicited Adverse Events (AEs) was monitored using a self-administered clinical diary and by regular phone contacts up to 14 and 21 d following immunization, respectively. Moreover, a 6-months follow-up following vaccination was planned in order to monitor Severe Adverse Events (SAEs). RESULTS No sudden reaction occurred in vaccinees at the outpatient clinics. Pain (27.4%) was the most frequent reaction reported by subjects at the injection site, while new muscle pain (13.6%), fatigue (10.7%), and headache (9.9%) resulted the most common systemic reactions. Rates of the main reactions reported in this on-field study resulted generally lower than those registered in clinical trials performed in the elderly. The incidence of fever (2.2%) following vaccination was low at values superimposable to that reported in previous studies. CONCLUSION This observational study showed a good safety and tolerability of PCV13 among the elderly in routine clinical practice further confirming the evidence coming from clinical trials in the same age-group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Durando
- a Department of Health Sciences, Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit; University of Genoa, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. A.O.U. San Martino - IST of Genoa; Italy and Integrated Group for the Development of Vaccine Sciences (GISVa); Genoa, Italy
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Acute meningitis in rats is associated with decreased levels of miR132 and miR146a. Cent Eur J Immunol 2014; 39:316-22. [PMID: 26155141 PMCID: PMC4439992 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2014.45941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae is still unclear. Despite early treatment with antibiotics, its morbidity and mortality is still high. Material and methods Streptococcus pneumoniae induced rat meningitis models were taken and divided into 2 groups; control (C) and meningitis (M). Western blot was used to detect toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1B (IL1B), nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and real time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression of miR146a, miR132, respectively. Results We found that the expressions of TLR4, TNF-α, IL1B, NFκB were all up-regulated in the acute stage of bacterial meningitis when compared to the control group. While for the post transcription factors, miR146a and miR132, the opposite was observed. They were down-regulated in the meningitis group. Conclusions miR146a and miR132 may take part in the pathogenesis of SP bacterial meningitis as well as the TLR4- NFκB- TNF-α/IL1B signal transduction pathway.
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Direct detection and prediction of all pneumococcal serogroups by target enrichment-based next-generation sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:4244-52. [PMID: 25274995 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02397-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of standard methods for pneumococcal serotyping, there is room for improvement in the available methods, in terms of throughput, multiplexing capacity, and the number of serotypes identified. We describe a target enrichment-based next-generation sequencing method applied to nasopharyngeal samples for direct detection and serogroup prediction of all known serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 32 to the serotype level and the rest to the closely related serogroup level. The method was applied to detect and to predict the serogroups of pneumococci directly in clinical samples and from sweeps of primary culture DNA, with increased detection rates versus culture-based identification and agreement with the serotypes/serogroups determined by conventional serotyping methods. We propose this method, in conjunction with traditional serotyping methods, as an alternative to rapid detection and serotyping of pneumococci.
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Serotyping of pneumococci: evaluation of the genetic approach and performance with clinical samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 80:274-7. [PMID: 25245195 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Determination of pneumococcal serotypes depends on a successful culture and the Quellung's reaction. However, in 2006, the capsular sequences of 90 different pneumococcal capsular loci were published, thus making "genetic" serotyping via PCR possible. We wanted to determine the reliability of the published primers for the 13 serotypes included in pneumococcal conjugated vaccine 13 (PCV13) with pneumococcal isolates from Germany. We used a multiplex PCR approach and agarose gel detection of amplicons. Three hundred ninety well-characterized strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 46 clinical samples were used in the study. A 100% concordance was achieved between PCR and Quellung's reaction. In 7 clinical samples with a PCR positive for S. pneumoniae, we could determine a serotype included in PCV13.
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Liyanapathirana V, Ang I, Tsang D, Fung K, Ng TK, Zhou H, Ip M. Application of a target enrichment-based next-generation sequencing protocol for identification and sequence-based prediction of pneumococcal serotypes. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:60. [PMID: 24612771 PMCID: PMC3984734 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of whole-genome sequencing in microbiology at a diagnostic level, although feasible, is still limited by the expenses associated and by the complex bioinformatics pipelines in data analyses. We describe the use of target enrichment-based next-generation sequencing for pneumococcal identification and serotyping as applied to the polysaccharide 23 valent vaccine serotypes as an affordable alternative to whole genome sequencing. RESULTS Correct identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae and prediction of common vaccine serotypes: 12 to serotype level and the rest to serogroup levels were achieved for all serotypes with >500 reads mapped against serotypes sequences. A proportion-based criterion also enabled the identification of two serotypes present in the same sample, thus indicating the possibility of using this method in detecting co-colonizing serotypes. The results obtained were comparable to or an improvement on the currently existing molecular serotyping methods for S. pneumoniae in relation to the polysaccharide vaccine serotypes. CONCLUSION We propose that this method has the potential to become an affordable and adaptable alternative to whole-genome sequencing for pneumococcal identification and serotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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