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Jiménez-Osorio AS, Jaen-Vega S, Fernández-Martínez E, Ortíz-Rodríguez MA, Martínez-Salazar MF, Jiménez-Sánchez RC, Flores-Chávez OR, Ramírez-Moreno E, Arias-Rico J, Arteaga-García F, Estrada-Luna D. Antiretroviral Therapy-Induced Dysregulation of Gene Expression and Lipid Metabolism in HIV+ Patients: Beneficial Role of Antioxidant Phytochemicals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5592. [PMID: 35628408 PMCID: PMC9146859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has continued to be the subject of study since its discovery nearly 40 years ago. Significant advances in research and intake of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have slowed the progression and appearance of the disease symptoms and the incidence of concomitant diseases, which are the leading cause of death in HIV+ persons. However, the prolongation of ART is closely related to chronic degenerative diseases and pathologies caused by oxidative stress (OS) and alterations in lipid metabolism (increased cholesterol levels), both of which are conditions of ART. Therefore, recent research focuses on using natural therapies to diminish the effects of ART and HIV infection: regulating lipid metabolism and reducing OS status. The present review summarizes current information on OS and cholesterol metabolism in HIV+ persons and how the consumption of certain phytochemicals can modulate these. For this purpose, MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases were consulted to identify publications investigating HIV disease and natural therapies and their associated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Saraí Jiménez-Osorio
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (A.S.J.-O.); (S.J.-V.); (R.C.J.-S.); (O.R.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.)
| | - Sinaí Jaen-Vega
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (A.S.J.-O.); (S.J.-V.); (R.C.J.-S.); (O.R.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.)
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Farmacología, Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Calle Dr. Eliseo Ramírez Ulloa no. 400, Col. Doctores, Pachuca Hidalgo 42090, Mexico;
| | - María Araceli Ortíz-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Iztaccíhuatl 100 Col. Los Volcanes, Cuernavaca 62350, Mexico;
| | - María Fernanda Martínez-Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001 Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico;
| | - Reyna Cristina Jiménez-Sánchez
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (A.S.J.-O.); (S.J.-V.); (R.C.J.-S.); (O.R.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.)
| | - Olga Rocío Flores-Chávez
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (A.S.J.-O.); (S.J.-V.); (R.C.J.-S.); (O.R.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.)
| | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico;
| | - José Arias-Rico
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (A.S.J.-O.); (S.J.-V.); (R.C.J.-S.); (O.R.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.)
| | - Felipe Arteaga-García
- Coordinación de Enseñanza e Investigación, Hospital del Niño DIF Hidalgo, Carretera México-Pachuca km 82, Pachuca de Soto 42080, Mexico;
| | - Diego Estrada-Luna
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (A.S.J.-O.); (S.J.-V.); (R.C.J.-S.); (O.R.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.)
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2
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Muta K, Saito K, Kemmochi Y, Masuyama T, Kobayashi A, Saito Y, Sugai S. Phosphatidylcholine (18:0/20:4), a potential biomarker to predict ethionamide-induced hepatic steatosis in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1533-1547. [PMID: 35315511 PMCID: PMC9546090 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ethionamide (ETH), a second-line drug for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, is known to cause hepatic steatosis in rats and humans. To investigate predictive biomarkers for ETH-induced steatosis, we performed lipidomics analysis using plasma and liver samples collected from rats treated orally with ETH at 30 and 100 mg/kg for 14 days. The ETH-treated rats developed hepatic steatosis with Oil Red O staining-positive vacuolation in the centrilobular hepatocytes accompanied by increased hepatic contents of triglycerides (TG) and decreased plasma TG and total cholesterol levels. A multivariate analysis for lipid profiles revealed differences in each of the 35 lipid species in the plasma and liver between the control and the ETH-treated rats. Of those lipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC) (18:0/20:4) decreased dose-dependently in both the plasma and liver. Moreover, serum TG-rich very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, especially the large particle fraction of VLDL composed of PC containing arachidonic acid (20:4) involved in hepatic secretion of TG, were decreased dose-dependently. In conclusion, the decreased PC (18:0/20:4) in the liver, possibly leading to suppression of hepatic TG secretion, was considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of the ETH-induced hepatic steatosis. Therefore, plasma PC (18:0/20:4) levels are proposed as mechanism-related biomarkers for ETH-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyotaka Muta
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Saito
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kemmochi
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taku Masuyama
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Sugai
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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3
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Di Pasqua LG, Cagna M, Berardo C, Vairetti M, Ferrigno A. Detailed Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Drug-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: An Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:194. [PMID: 35052872 PMCID: PMC8774221 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are some of the biggest public health challenges due to their spread and increasing incidence around the world. NAFLD is characterized by intrahepatic lipid deposition, accompanied by dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, leading to more serious complications. Among the various causes, drug administration for the treatment of numerous kinds of diseases, such as antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive drugs, promotes the onset and progression of steatosis, causing drug-induced hepatic steatosis (DIHS). Here, we reviewed in detail the major classes of drugs that cause DIHS and the specific molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. Eight classes of drugs, among the most used for the treatment of common pathologies, were considered. The most diffused mechanism whereby drugs can induce NAFLD/NASH is interfering with mitochondrial activity, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation, but other pathways involved in lipid homeostasis are also affected. PubMed research was performed to obtain significant papers published up to November 2021. The key words included the class of drugs, or the specific compound, combined with steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, fatty liver and hepatic lipid deposition. Additional information was found in the citations listed in other papers, when they were not displayed in the original search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giuseppina Di Pasqua
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Cagna
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Kolaric TO, Nincevic V, Kuna L, Duspara K, Bojanic K, Vukadin S, Raguz-Lucic N, Wu GY, Smolic M. Drug-induced Fatty Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:731-737. [PMID: 34722188 PMCID: PMC8516847 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (commonly known as MAFLD) impacts global health in epidemic proportions, and the resulting morbidity, mortality and economic burden is enormous. While much attention has been given to metabolic syndrome and obesity as offending factors, a growing incidence of polypharmacy, especially in the elderly, has greatly increased the risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in general, and drug-induced fatty liver disease (DIFLD) in particular. This review focuses on the contribution of DIFLD to DILI in terms of epidemiology, pathophysiology, the most common drugs associated with DIFLD, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Omanovic Kolaric
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vjera Nincevic
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lucija Kuna
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Kristina Bojanic
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia
- Health Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Sonja Vukadin
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nikola Raguz-Lucic
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia
| | - George Y Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Martina Smolic
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence to: Martina Smolic, University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, J. Huttlera 4, Osijek 31000, Croatia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6867-826X. Tel: + 385-31-512-800, Fax: +385-31-512-833, E-mail:
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Kashyap S, Mukker A, Gupta D, Datta PK, Rappaport J, Jacobson JM, Ebert SN, Gupta MK. Antiretroviral Drugs Regulate Epigenetic Modification of Cardiac Cells Through Modulation of H3K9 and H3K27 Acetylation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:634774. [PMID: 33898535 PMCID: PMC8062764 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.634774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly reduced the rate of mortality in HIV infected population, but people living with HIV (PLWH) show higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the effect of antiretroviral (ARV) drug treatment on cardiac cells is not clear. In this study, we explored the effect of ARV drugs in cardiomyocyte epigenetic remodeling. Primary cardiomyocytes were treated with a combination of four ARV drugs (ritonavir, abacavir, atazanavir, and lamivudine), and epigenetic changes were examined. Our data suggest that ARV drugs treatment significantly reduces acetylation at H3K9 and H3K27 and promotes methylation at H3K9 and H3K27, which are histone marks for gene expression activation and gene repression, respectively. Besides, ARV drugs treatment causes pathological changes in the cell through increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular hypertrophy. Further, the expression of chromatin remodeling enzymes was monitored in cardiomyocytes treated with ARV drugs using PCR array. The PCR array data indicated that the expression of epigenetic enzymes was differentially regulated in the ARV drugs treated cardiomyocytes. Consistent with the PCR array result, SIRT1, SUV39H1, and EZH2 protein expression was significantly upregulated in ARV drugs treated cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of the heart tissue from HIV+ patients showed that the expression of SIRT1, SUV39H1, and EZH2 was up-regulated in patients with a history of ART. Additionally, we found that expression of SIRT1 can protect cardiomyocytes in presence of ARV drugs through reduction of cellular ROS and cellular hypertrophy. Our results reveal that ARV drugs modulate the epigenetic histone markers involved in gene expression, and play a critical role in histone deacetylation at H3K9 and H3K27 during cellular stress. This study may lead to development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CVD in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiridhar Kashyap
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Avni Mukker
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Deepti Gupta
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Prasun K Datta
- Division of Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Division of Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Steven N Ebert
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Manish K Gupta
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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Hastings KL, Green MD, Gao B, Ganey PE, Roth RA, Burleson GR. Beyond Metabolism: Role of the Immune System in Hepatic Toxicity. Int J Toxicol 2021; 39:151-164. [PMID: 32174281 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819898399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The liver is primarily thought of as a metabolic organ; however, the liver is also an important mediator of immunological functions. Key perspectives on this emerging topic were presented in a symposium at the 2018 annual meeting of the American College of Toxicology entitled "Beyond metabolism: Role of the immune system in hepatic toxicity." Viral hepatitis is an important disease of the liver for which insufficient preventive vaccines exist. Host immune responses inadequately clear these viruses and often potentiate immunological inflammation that damages the liver. In addition, the liver is a key innate immune organ against bacterial infection. Hepatocytes and immune cells cooperatively control systemic and local bacterial infections. Conversely, bacterial infection can activate multiple types of immune cells and pathways to cause hepatocyte damage and liver injury. Finally, the immune system and specifically cytokines and drugs can interact in idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. This rare disease can result in a disease spectrum that ranges from mild to acute liver failure. The immune system plays a role in this disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gary R Burleson
- BRT-Burleson Research Technologies, Inc, Morrisville, NC, USA
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Zhao W, Yuan Y, Feng B, Sun Y, Jiang H, Zhao W, Zheng Y, Zhao L, Chen T, Bai Y, Hang P, Chen Y, Du Z. Aloe-emodin relieves zidovudine-induced injury in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes by regulating the p90rsk/p-bad/bcl-2 signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103540. [PMID: 33161113 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Zidovudine (3'-azido-2',3'-deoxythymidine; AZT) is a first-line drug for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV). However, its application is limited by cardiotoxicity due to cardiomyocyte injury. This study investigated whether Aloe-emodin (AE), an anthraquinone compound, protects against AZT-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity. METHODS MTT, JC-1 assays and TUNEL were examined to verify the protective effect of AE against AZT-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Western blotting was performed to explore the anti-apoptotic effect of AE using anti-apoptotic proteins p90rsk, p-bad, and bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic proteins apaf-1, cleaved-caspase-3, and cytochrome c. RESULTS We observed a protective effect of AE against cell viability decrease and TUNEL positive cells increase induced by AZT, which was counteracted by BI-D1870. Western blot analysis found that AE significantly inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating p90rsk/p-bad/bcl-2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, BI-D1870 counteracted the anti-apoptotic effect of AE. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that AE attenuated AZT-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating p90rsk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China; College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China
| | - Burong Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China; College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China; College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huiwei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China; College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China; College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuyang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China; College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lihui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China; College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China; College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China
| | - Pengzhou Hang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China
| | - Yingfu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China; College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhimin Du
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China; College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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8
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AZT oxidative damage in the liver. Toxicology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819092-0.00029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Physiopathology and Pharmacological Treatment with Pro- and Antioxidant Properties in Chronic Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2082145. [PMID: 32774665 PMCID: PMC7396016 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2082145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) has the ability to damage different molecules and cellular structures, altering the correct function of organs and systems. OS accumulates in the body by endogenous and exogenous mechanisms. Increasing evidence points to the involvement of OS in the physiopathology of various chronic diseases that require prolonged periods of pharmacological treatment. Long-term treatments may contribute to changes in systemic OS. In this review, we discuss the involvement of OS in the pathological mechanisms of some chronic diseases, the pro- or antioxidant effects of their pharmacological treatments, and possible adjuvant antioxidant alternatives. Diseases such as high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, and hypoglycemic treatments help reduce the risk with an additional antioxidant benefit. Treatment with methotrexate in autoimmune systemic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, has a dual role in stimulating the production of OS and producing mitochondrial dysfunction. However, it can also help indirectly decrease the systemic OS induced by inflammation. Medicaments used to treat neurodegenerative diseases tend to decrease the mechanisms related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and balance OS. On the other hand, immunosuppressive treatments used in cancer or human immunodeficiency virus infection increase the production of ROS, causing significant oxidative damage in different organs and systems without widely documented exogenous antioxidant administration alternatives.
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Song BJ, Abdelmegeed MA, Cho YE, Akbar M, Rhim JS, Song MK, Hardwick JP. Contributing Roles of CYP2E1 and Other Cytochrome P450 Isoforms in Alcohol-Related Tissue Injury and Carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:73-87. [PMID: 31576541 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to briefly summarize the roles of alcohol (ethanol) and related compounds in promoting cancer and inflammatory injury in many tissues. Long-term chronic heavy alcohol exposure is known to increase the chances of inflammation, oxidative DNA damage, and cancer development in many organs. The rates of alcohol-mediated organ damage and cancer risks are significantly elevated in the presence of co-morbidity factors such as poor nutrition, unhealthy diets, smoking, infection with bacteria or viruses, and exposure to pro-carcinogens. Chronic ingestion of alcohol and its metabolite acetaldehyde may initiate and/or promote the development of cancer in the liver, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, prostate, and female breast. In this chapter, we summarize the important roles of ethanol/acetaldehyde in promoting inflammatory injury and carcinogenesis in several tissues. We also review the updated roles of the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) and other cytochrome P450 isozymes in the metabolism of various potentially toxic substrates, and consequent toxicities, including carcinogenesis in different tissues. We also briefly describe the potential implications of endogenous ethanol produced by gut bacteria, as frequently observed in the experimental models and patients of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, in promoting DNA mutation and cancer development in the liver and other tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mohamed A Abdelmegeed
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed Akbar
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Johng S Rhim
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Min-Kyung Song
- Investigational Drug Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James P Hardwick
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology in the Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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11
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Ezhilarasan D. Oxidative stress is bane in chronic liver diseases: Clinical and experimental perspective. Arab J Gastroenterol 2018; 19:56-64. [PMID: 29853428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various chronic liver diseases (CLD) and increasing evidence have confirmed the contributory role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of drugs and chemical-induced CLD. Chronic liver injury is manifested as necrosis, cholestasis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Chronic administration of anti-tubercular, anti-retroviral, immunosuppressive drugs is reported to induce free radical generation during their biotransformation in the liver. Further, these reactive intermediates are said to induce profibrogenic cytokines, several inflammatory markers, collagen synthesis during the progression of hepatic fibrosis. Oxidative stress and free radicals are reported to induce activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells in the injured liver leading to the progression of CLD. Hence, to counteract or to scavenge these reactive intermediates, several plant-derived antioxidant principles have been effectively employed against oxidative stress and came out with promising results in human and experimental models of CLD. This review summarizes the relationships between oxidative stress and different liver pathogenesis induced by drugs and xenobiotics, focusing upon different chronic liver injury induced by alcohol, antitubercular drugs and hyperactivity of antiretroviral drugs in HIV patients, viral hepatitis infection induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institue of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-600 077, India.
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12
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Ramanathan R, Sivanesan K. Investigations on the Influence of Zidovudine in the Pharmacokinetics of Isoniazid and Its Hepatotoxic Metabolites in Rats. J Pharm Pract 2017; 32:9-18. [PMID: 29017426 DOI: 10.1177/0897190017735424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-infected patients are co-infected with many bacterial infections in which tuberculosis is most common found worldwide. These patients are often administered with combined therapy of anti-retroviral and anti-tubercular drugs which leads to several complications including hepatotoxicity or adverse drug interactions. The drug-drug interactions between the anti-retroviral and anti-tubercular drugs are not clearly defined and hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions of Zidovudine (AZT) with Isoniazid (INH) and its hepatotoxic metabolites. Seventy two rats were randomly divided into two major groups with their sub-groups each comprising 6 animals. The Group I received INH alone at a dose of 25 mg/kg; b.w and Group II received AZT (50 mg/kg; b.w) along with INH orally. Pharmacokinetic studies of INH and its metabolites i.e., acetyl hydrazine (ACHY) and hydrazine (HYD) shows that INH and ACHY attains maximum plasma concentration ( Cmax) within 30 minutes and HYD attains Cmax at 1 hour after INH administration and all these analytes disappear from plasma within 4 hours. Pharmacokinetic studies also revealed that AZT treatment did not showed any drug-drug interactions and have no effect on the T1/2, plasma clearance, AUC, Cmax and Tmax of INH and its hepatotoxic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Ramanathan
- 1 Food and Hepatotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Sivanesan
- 1 Food and Hepatotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Evaluation of ameliorative ability of Silibinin against zidovudine and isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity and hyperlipidaemia in rats: Role of Silibinin in Phase I and II drug metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 273:142-153. [PMID: 28619387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV/AIDS patients have suppressed immune system, making them vulnerable to many opportunistic infections including tuberculosis (TB). The patients who are co-infected with TB undergo combined regimens with anti-retroviral drugs such as zidovudine (AZT) and anti-tubercular drug such as isoniazid (INH) for therapy leading to hepatotoxicty. Silibinin (SBN), extracted from Silybum marianum commonly called as "Milk thistle" is used against several drugs-induced hepatotoxicity. The present study evaluates the ameliorative effect of SBN against AZT alone, INH alone, and INH + AZT-induced toxic insults to liver of rats. Wistar albino rats (n = 6/groups) were given INH and AZT (25 and 50 mg mg/kg b.w.) respectively either alone or in combination for a sub-chronic period of 45 days orally. Another group of rats received SBN (100 mg/kg b.w.) along with INH and AZT. The group that received propylene glycol served as control. AZT alone, INH alone and INH + AZT treatments showed parenchymal cell injury and cholestasis by highly significant increase in the activities of marker enzymes (aspartate and alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, argino succinic acid lyase), bilirubin and protein. The presence of hyperlipidaemia was observed by analyzing lipid profiles in serum/liver/adipose tissue, gene expression (RT-PCR) of Phase-I and II metabolizing enzymes and western blot. Transmission electron microscopy study also revealed large vacuoles with membraneous debri, pleomorphic mitochondria, disruption of endoplasmic reticulum, presence of lipid droplets, breakage in cellular and nuclear membrane. SBN simultaneous treatment showed ameliorative effect against INH + AZT-induced hepatotoxicity and hyperlipidemia in rats.
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14
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Gannon PJ, Akay-Espinoza C, Yee AC, Briand LA, Erickson MA, Gelman BB, Gao Y, Haughey NJ, Zink MC, Clements JE, Kim NS, Van De Walle G, Jensen BK, Vassar R, Pierce RC, Gill AJ, Kolson DL, Diehl JA, Mankowski JL, Jordan-Sciutto KL. HIV Protease Inhibitors Alter Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing via β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme-1 Translational Up-Regulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:91-109. [PMID: 27993242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence implicates antiretroviral (ARV) drugs as potential contributors to the persistence and evolution of clinical and pathological presentation of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in the post-ARV era. Based on their ability to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in various cell types, we hypothesized that ARV-mediated ER stress in the central nervous system resulted in chronic dysregulation of the unfolded protein response and altered amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. We used in vitro and in vivo models to show that HIV protease inhibitor (PI) class ARVs induced neuronal damage and ER stress, leading to PKR-like ER kinase-dependent phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α and enhanced translation of β-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1). In addition, PIs induced β-amyloid production, indicative of increased BACE1-mediated APP processing, in rodent neuroglial cultures and human APP-expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells. Inhibition of BACE1 activity protected against neuronal damage. Finally, ARVs administered to mice and SIV-infected macaques resulted in neuronal damage and BACE1 up-regulation in the central nervous system. These findings implicate a subset of PIs as potential mediators of neurodegeneration in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Gannon
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cagla Akay-Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan C Yee
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa A Briand
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - M Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas S Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabriel Van De Walle
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brigid K Jensen
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - R Christopher Pierce
- Department of Psychiatry, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander J Gill
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis L Kolson
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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15
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A Single Zidovudine (AZT) Administration Delays Hepatic Cell Proliferation by Altering Oxidative State in the Regenerating Rat Liver. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8356175. [PMID: 28479956 PMCID: PMC5396445 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8356175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine or Zidovudine (AZT) was the first antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of HIV patients, which has good effectiveness but also hepatotoxic side effects that include cell cycle arrest and oxidative/nitrative mitochondrial damage. Whether such an oxidative damage may affect the proliferative-regenerative capacity of liver remains to be clearly specified at doses commonly used in the clinical practice. In this study, we described the oxidative-proliferative effect of AZT administered at a common clinical dose in rat liver submitted to 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). The results indicate that AZT significantly decreased DNA synthesis and the number of mitosis in liver subjected to PH in a synchronized way with the promotion of organelle-selective lipid peroxidation events (especially those observed in plasma membrane and cytosolic fractions) and with liver enzyme release to the bloodstream. Then at the dose used in clinical practice AZT decreased liver regeneration but stimulates oxidative events involved during the proliferation process in a way that each membrane system inside the cell preserves its integrity in order to maintain the cell proliferative process. Here, the induction of large amounts of free ammonia in the systemic circulation could become a factor capable of mediating the deleterious effects of AZT on PH-induced rat liver regeneration.
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16
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Yang R, Bai Q, Zhang J, Sheng Y, Ji L. The altered liver microRNA profile in hepatotoxicity induced by rhizome Dioscorea bulbifera in mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:823-832. [PMID: 27609015 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116666651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) has been reported to play important roles in regulating drug-induced liver injury. Ethyl acetate extract isolated from rhizoma Dioscoreae bulbifera (EF) has been reported to induce hepatotoxicity in our previous studies. This study aims to observe the altered liver miRNA profile and its related signalling pathway involved in EF-induced hepatotoxicity. Serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferase assay showed that EF (450 mg/kg)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Results of miRNA chip analysis showed that the expression of eight miRNAs was up-regulated and of other nine miRNAs was down-regulated in livers from EF-treated mice. Further, the altered expression of miR-200a-3p, miR-5132-5p and miR-5130 was validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. There were total seven predicted target genes of miR-200a-3p, miR-5132-5p and miR-5130. Only one kyoto encyclopedia genes and genomes pathway was annotated using those target genes, which is protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Furthermore, liver expression of DnaJ subfamily A member 1, a key gene involved in protein processing in ER based on the altered miRNAs, was increased in EF-treated mice. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that EF altered the expression of liver miRNA profile and its related signalling pathway, which may be involved in EF-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- 1 Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyun Bai
- 2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- 2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Sheng
- 1 Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Ji
- 2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Ghare SS, Donde H, Chen WY, Barker DF, Gobejishvilli L, McClain CJ, Barve SS, Joshi-Barve S. Acrolein enhances epigenetic modifications, FasL expression and hepatocyte toxicity induced by anti-HIV drug Zidovudine. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 35:66-76. [PMID: 27238871 PMCID: PMC4938746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Zidovudine (AZT) remains the mainstay of antiretroviral therapy against HIV in resource-poor countries; however, its use is frequently associated with hepatotoxicity. Not all HIV patients on AZT develop hepatotoxicity, and the determining factors are unclear. Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are known risk factors for HIV hepatotoxicity, and both are significant sources of acrolein, a highly reactive and toxic aldehyde. This study examines the potential hepatotoxic interactions between acrolein and AZT. Our data demonstrate that acrolein markedly enhanced AZT-induced transcriptionally permissive histone modifications (H3K9Ac and H3K9Me3) allowing the recruitment of transcription factor NF-kB and RNA polymerase II at the FasL gene promoter, resulting in FasL upregulation and apoptosis in hepatocytes. Notably, the acrolein scavenger, hydralazine prevented these promoter-associated epigenetic changes and inhibited FasL upregulation and apoptosis induced by the combination of AZT and acrolein, as well as AZT alone. Our data strongly suggest that acrolein enhancement of promoter histone modifications and FasL upregulation are major pathogenic mechanisms driving AZT-induced hepatotoxicity. Moreover, these data also indicate the therapeutic potential of hydralazine in mitigating AZT hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S Ghare
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Hridgandh Donde
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Wei-Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - David F Barker
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Leila Gobejishvilli
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shirish S Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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18
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Foufelle F, Fromenty B. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in drug-induced toxicity. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00211. [PMID: 26977301 PMCID: PMC4777263 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug‐induced toxicity is a key issue for public health because some side effects can be severe and life‐threatening. These adverse effects can also be a major concern for the pharmaceutical companies since significant toxicity can lead to the interruption of clinical trials, or the withdrawal of the incriminated drugs from the market. Recent studies suggested that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress could be an important event involved in drug liability, in addition to other key mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Indeed, drug‐induced ER stress could lead to several deleterious effects within cells and tissues including accumulation of lipids, cell death, cytolysis, and inflammation. After recalling important information regarding drug‐induced adverse reactions and ER stress in diverse pathophysiological situations, this review summarizes the main data pertaining to drug‐induced ER stress and its potential involvement in different adverse effects. Drugs presented in this review are for instance acetaminophen (APAP), arsenic trioxide and other anticancer drugs, diclofenac, and different antiretroviral compounds. We also included data on tunicamycin (an antibiotic not used in human medicine because of its toxicity) and thapsigargin (a toxic compound of the Mediterranean plant Thapsia garganica) since both molecules are commonly used as prototypical toxins to induce ER stress in cellular and animal models.
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19
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López-Dupla M, Maymó-Masip E, Martínez E, Domingo P, Leal M, Peraire J, Viladés C, Veloso S, Arnedo M, Ferrando-Martínez S, Beltrán-Debón R, Alba V, Gatell JM, Vendrell J, Vidal F, Chacón MR. HIV-1/HAART-Related Lipodystrophy Syndrome (HALS) Is Associated with Decreased Circulating sTWEAK Levels. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144789. [PMID: 26658801 PMCID: PMC4684375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Obesity and HIV-1/HAART-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) share clinical, pathological and mechanistic features. Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays an important role in obesity and related diseases. We sought to explore the relationship between HALS and circulating levels of soluble (s) TWEAK and its scavenger receptor sCD163. METHODS This was a cross-sectional multicenter study of 120 HIV-1-infected patients treated with a stable HAART regimen; 56 with overt HALS and 64 without HALS. Epidemiological and clinical variables were determined. Serum levels of sTWEAK and sCD163 levels were measured by ELISA. Results were analyzed with Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U and χ2 test. Pearson and Spearman correlation were used to estimate the strength of association between variables. RESULTS Circulating sTWEAK was significantly decreased in HALS patients compared with non-HALS patients (2.81±0.2 vs. 2.94±0.28 pg/mL, p = 0.018). No changes were observed in sCD163 levels in the studied cohorts. On multivariate analysis, a lower log sTWEAK concentration was independently associated with the presence of HALS (OR 0.027, 95% CI 0.001-0.521, p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS HALS is associated with decreased sTWEAK levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López-Dupla
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Elsa Maymó-Masip
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Pere Domingo
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, IBIS, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquim Peraire
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Consuelo Viladés
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sergi Veloso
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mireia Arnedo
- Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Verónica Alba
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Joan Vendrell
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Matilde R. Chacón
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Tarragona, Spain
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Naringin Reverses Hepatocyte Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Associated with HIV-1 Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors-Induced Metabolic Complications. Nutrients 2015; 7:10352-68. [PMID: 26690471 PMCID: PMC4690092 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) have not only improved therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of HIV infection but have also led to an increase in associated metabolic complications of NRTIs. Naringin’s effects in mitigating NRTI-induced complications were investigated in this study. Wistar rats, randomly allotted into seven groups (n = 7) were orally treated daily for 56 days with 100 mg/kg zidovudine (AZT) (groups I, II III), 50 mg/kg stavudine (d4T) (groups IV, V, VI) and 3 mL/kg of distilled water (group VII). Additionally, rats in groups II and V were similarly treated with 50 mg/kg naringin, while groups III and VI were treated with 45 mg/kg vitamin E. AZT or d4T treatment significantly reduced body weight and plasma high density lipoprotein concentrations but increased liver weights, plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol compared to controls, respectively. Furthermore, AZT or d4T treatment significantly increased oxidative stress, adiposity index and expression of Bax protein, but reduced Bcl-2 protein expression compared to controls, respectively. However, either naringin or vitamin E significantly mitigated AZT- or d4T-induced weight loss, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis compared to AZT- or d4T-only treated rats. Our results suggest that naringin reverses metabolic complications associated with NRTIs by ameliorating oxidative stress and apoptosis. This implies that naringin supplements could mitigate lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia associated with NRTI therapy.
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Increased Sensitivity to Binge Alcohol-Induced Gut Leakiness and Inflammatory Liver Disease in HIV Transgenic Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140498. [PMID: 26484872 PMCID: PMC4618849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of alcohol-mediated advanced liver injury in HIV-infected individuals are poorly understood. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of binge alcohol on the inflammatory liver disease in HIV transgenic rats as a model for simulating human conditions. Female wild-type (WT) or HIV transgenic rats were treated with three consecutive doses of binge ethanol (EtOH) (3.5 g/kg/dose oral gavages at 12-h intervals) or dextrose (Control). Blood and liver tissues were collected at 1 or 6-h following the last dose of ethanol or dextrose for the measurements of serum endotoxin and liver pathology, respectively. Compared to the WT, the HIV rats showed increased sensitivity to alcohol-mediated gut leakiness, hepatic steatosis and inflammation, as evidenced with the significantly elevated levels of serum endotoxin, hepatic triglycerides, histological fat accumulation and F4/80 staining. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that hepatic levels of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), leptin and the downstream target monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were significantly up-regulated in the HIV-EtOH rats, compared to all other groups. Subsequent experiments with primary cultured cells showed that both hepatocytes and hepatic Kupffer cells were the sources of the elevated MCP-1 in HIV-EtOH rats. Further, TLR4 and MCP-1 were found to be upregulated by leptin. Collectively, these results show that HIV rats, similar to HIV-infected people being treated with the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), are more susceptible to binge alcohol-induced gut leakiness and inflammatory liver disease than the corresponding WT, possibly due to additive or synergistic interaction between binge alcohol exposure and HIV infection. Based on these results, HIV transgenic rats can be used as a surrogate model to study the molecular mechanisms of many disease states caused by heavy alcohol intake in HIV-infected people on HAART.
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Song BJ, Akbar M, Abdelmegeed MA, Byun K, Lee B, Yoon SK, Hardwick JP. Mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue injury by alcohol, high fat, nonalcoholic substances and pathological conditions through post-translational protein modifications. Redox Biol 2015; 3:109-23. [PMID: 25465468 PMCID: PMC4297931 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critically important in providing cellular energy ATP as well as their involvement in anti-oxidant defense, fat oxidation, intermediary metabolism and cell death processes. It is well-established that mitochondrial functions are suppressed when living cells or organisms are exposed to potentially toxic agents including alcohol, high fat diets, smoking and certain drugs or in many pathophysiological states through increased levels of oxidative/nitrative stress. Under elevated nitroxidative stress, cellular macromolecules proteins, DNA, and lipids can undergo different oxidative modifications, leading to disruption of their normal, sometimes critical, physiological functions. Recent reports also indicated that many mitochondrial proteins are modified via various post-translation modifications (PTMs) and primarily inactivated. Because of the recently-emerging information, in this review, we specifically focus on the mechanisms and roles of five major PTMs (namely oxidation, nitration, phosphorylation, acetylation, and adduct formation with lipid-peroxides, reactive metabolites, or advanced glycation end products) in experimental models of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as well as acute hepatic injury caused by toxic compounds. We also highlight the role of the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) in some of these PTM changes. Finally, we discuss translational research opportunities with natural and/or synthetic anti-oxidants, which can prevent or delay the onset of mitochondrial dysfunction, fat accumulation and tissue injury. Hepatotoxic agents including alcohol and high fat elevate nitroxidative stress. Increased nitroxidative stress promotes post-translational protein modifications. Post-translational protein modifications of many proteins lead to their inactivation. Inactivation of mitochondrial proteins contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to necrotic or apoptotic tissue injury.
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23
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Nagiah S, Phulukdaree A, Chuturgoon A. Mitochondrial and Oxidative Stress Response in HepG2 Cells Following Acute and Prolonged Exposure to Antiretroviral Drugs. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1939-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Savania Nagiah
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences; College of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu Natal; Durban South Africa
| | - Alisa Phulukdaree
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Health Science; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences; College of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu Natal; Durban South Africa
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24
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Raghu R, Jesudas B, Bhavani G, Ezhilarasan D, Karthikeyan S. Silibinin mitigates zidovudine-induced hepatocellular degenerative changes, oxidative stress and hyperlipidaemia in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 34:1031-42. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327114567765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged zidovudine (AZT) treatment in HIV-infected and AIDS patients is shown to induce liver toxicity leading to complications. Therapeutic regimen that could encounter this adverse effect is unavailable and management of toxicity is often symptomatic or is limited to withdrawal of therapy. In the present investigation, we evaluated the alleviating properties of silibinin (SBN), a flavanolignan obtained from Silybum marianum against subacute AZT-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. AZT treatment (50 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) periorally (p.o.), daily for 45 days) caused highly significant increases in alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, argininosuccinic acid lyase and bilirubin in serum. Oxidative stress is shown by a highly significant increase in lipid peroxidase and total carbonyl content and decrease in catalase and protein thiols in the liver tissue. Hyperlipidaemia is indicated by highly significant increase in total lipids and free fatty acid in serum. Evaluation of liver by haematoxylin and eosin staining shows parenchymal cell enlargement, inflammatory changes and increase in sinusoidal spaces. Simultaneous treatment of SBN (100 mg/kg b.w. p.o., daily for 45 days) significantly protected the liver against hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress and hyperlipidaemia induced by AZT, and this alleviating property is attributed to hepatoprotective, membrane-stabilizing, antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of SBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Raghu
- Food and Hepatotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Jesudas
- Food and Hepatotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Bhavani
- Food and Hepatotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Ezhilarasan
- Food and Hepatotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Karthikeyan
- Food and Hepatotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Bone Marrow Protein Oxidation in Response to Ionizing Radiation in C57BL/6J Mice. Proteomes 2014; 2:291-302. [PMID: 28250382 PMCID: PMC5302751 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes2030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow is one of the most radio-sensitive tissues. Accidental ionizing radiation exposure can damage mature blood cells and hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells, and mortality can result from hematopoietic insufficiency and infection. Ionizing radiation induces alterations in gene and protein expression in hematopoietic tissue. Here we investigated radiation effects on protein carbonylation, a primary marker for protein oxidative damage. C57BL/6 mice were either sham irradiated or exposed to 7.5 Gy 60Co (0.6 Gy/min) total body irradiation. Bone marrow was obtained 24 h post-irradiation. Two dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and Oxyblot immunodetection were used to discover carbonylated proteins, and peptide mass fingerprinting was performed for identification. 2D gels allowed the detection of 13 carbonylated proteins in the bone marrow; seven of these were identified, with two pairs of the same protein. Baseline levels of carbonylation were found in 78 kDa glucose-related protein, heat shock protein cognate 71 KDa, actin, chitinase-like protein 3 (CHI3L1), and carbonic anhydrase 2 (CAII). Radiation increased carbonylation in four proteins, including CHI3L1 and CAII, and induced carbonylation of one additional protein (not identified). Our findings indicate that the profile of specific protein carbonylation in bone marrow is substantially altered by ionizing radiation. Accordingly, protein oxidation may be a mechanism for reduced cell viability.
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26
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Functional roles of protein nitration in acute and chronic liver diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:149627. [PMID: 24876909 PMCID: PMC4021747 DOI: 10.1155/2014/149627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide, when combined with superoxide, produces peroxynitrite, which is known to be an important mediator for a number of diseases including various liver diseases. Peroxynitrite can modify tyrosine residue(s) of many proteins resulting in protein nitration, which may alter structure and function of each target protein. Various proteomics and immunological methods including mass spectrometry combined with both high pressure liquid chromatography and 2D PAGE have been employed to identify and characterize nitrated proteins from pathological tissue samples to determine their roles. However, these methods contain a few technical problems such as low efficiencies with the detection of a limited number of nitrated proteins and labor intensiveness. Therefore, a systematic approach to efficiently identify nitrated proteins and characterize their functional roles is likely to shed new insights into understanding of the mechanisms of hepatic disease pathophysiology and subsequent development of new therapeutics. The aims of this review are to briefly describe the mechanisms of hepatic diseases. In addition, we specifically describe a systematic approach to efficiently identify nitrated proteins to study their causal roles or functional consequences in promoting acute and chronic liver diseases including alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. We finally discuss translational research applications by analyzing nitrated proteins in evaluating the efficacies of potentially beneficial agents to prevent or treat various diseases in the liver and other tissues.
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