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Maclean KN, Jiang H, Neill PD, Chanin RR, Hurt KJ, Orlicky DJ, Bottiglieri T, Roede JR, Stabler SP. Dysregulation of hepatic one-carbon metabolism in classical homocystinuria: Implications of redox-sensitive DHFR repression and tetrahydrofolate depletion for pathogenesis and treatment. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23795. [PMID: 38984928 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302585r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase-deficient homocystinuria (HCU) is a life-threatening disorder of sulfur metabolism. HCU can be treated by using betaine to lower tissue and plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy). Here, we show that mice with severely elevated Hcy and potentially deficient in the folate species tetrahydrofolate (THF) exhibit a very limited response to betaine indicating that THF plays a critical role in treatment efficacy. Analysis of a mouse model of HCU revealed a 10-fold increase in hepatic levels of 5-methyl -THF and a 30-fold accumulation of formiminoglutamic acid, consistent with a paucity of THF. Neither of these metabolite accumulations were reversed or ameliorated by betaine treatment. Hepatic expression of the THF-generating enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) was significantly repressed in HCU mice and expression was not increased by betaine treatment but appears to be sensitive to cellular redox status. Expression of the DHFR reaction partner thymidylate synthase was also repressed and metabolomic analysis detected widespread alteration of hepatic histidine and glutamine metabolism. Many individuals with HCU exhibit endothelial dysfunction. DHFR plays a key role in nitric oxide (NO) generation due to its role in regenerating oxidized tetrahydrobiopterin, and we observed a significant decrease in plasma NOx (NO2 + NO3) levels in HCU mice. Additional impairment of NO generation may also come from the HCU-mediated induction of the 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid generating cytochrome CYP4A. Collectively, our data shows that HCU induces dysfunctional one-carbon metabolism with the potential to both impair betaine treatment and contribute to multiple aspects of pathogenesis in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Philip D Neill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ryan R Chanin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - K Joseph Hurt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sally P Stabler
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Sponagel J, Devarakonda S, Rubin JB, Luo J, Ippolito JE. De novo serine biosynthesis from glucose predicts sex-specific response to antifolates in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. iScience 2022; 25:105339. [PMID: 36325067 PMCID: PMC9619300 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Intriguingly, males with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have a higher mortality rate than females. Here, we investigated the role of serine metabolism as a predictive marker for sensitivity to the antifolate pemetrexed in male and female NSCLC cell lines. Using [13C6] glucose tracing in NSCLC cell lines, we found that a subset of male cells generated significantly more serine from glucose than female cells. Higher serine biosynthesis was further correlated with increased sensitivity to pemetrexed in male cells only. Concordant sex differences in metabolic gene expression were evident in NSCLC and pan-cancer transcriptome datasets, suggesting a potential mechanism with wide-reaching applicability. These data were further validated by integrating antifolate drug cytotoxicity and metabolic pathway transcriptome data from pan-cancer cell lines. Together, these findings highlight the importance of considering sex differences in cancer metabolism to improve treatment for all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Sponagel
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Siddhartha Devarakonda
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua B. Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neuroscience Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center Biostatistics Shared Resource, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph E. Ippolito
- Department of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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3
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Maclean KN, Jiang H, Phinney WN, Mclagan BM, Roede JR, Stabler SP. Derangement of hepatic polyamine, folate, and methionine cycle metabolism in cystathionine beta-synthase-deficient homocystinuria in the presence and absence of treatment: Possible implications for pathogenesis. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 132:128-138. [PMID: 33483253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase deficient homocystinuria (HCU) is a life-threatening disorder of sulfur metabolism. Our knowledge of the metabolic changes induced in HCU are based almost exclusively on data derived from plasma. In the present study, we present a comprehensive analysis on the effects of HCU upon the hepatic metabolites and enzyme expression levels of the methionine-folate cycles in a mouse model of HCU. HCU induced a 10-fold increase in hepatic total homocysteine and in contrast to plasma, this metabolite was only lowered by approximately 20% by betaine treatment indicating that this toxic metabolite remains unacceptably elevated. Hepatic methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, N-acetlymethionine, N-formylmethionine, methionine sulfoxide, S-methylcysteine, serine, N-acetylserine, taurocyamine and N-acetyltaurine levels were also significantly increased by HCU while cysteine, N-acetylcysteine and hypotaurine were all significantly decreased. In terms of polyamine metabolism, HCU significantly decreased spermine and spermidine levels while increasing 5'-methylthioadenosine. Betaine treatment restored normal spermine and spermidine levels but further increased 5'-methylthioadenosine. HCU induced a 2-fold induction in expression of both S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Induction of this latter enzyme was accompanied by a 10-fold accumulation of its product, 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate, with the potential to significantly perturb one‑carbon metabolism. Expression of the cytoplasmic isoform of serine hydroxymethyltransferase was unaffected by HCU but the mitochondrial isoform was repressed indicating differential regulation of one‑carbon metabolism in different sub-cellular compartments. All HCU-induced changes in enzyme expression were completely reversed by either betaine or taurine treatment. Collectively, our data show significant alterations of polyamine, folate and methionine cycle metabolism in HCU hepatic tissues that in some cases, differ significantly from those observed in plasma, and have the potential to contribute to multiple aspects of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N Maclean
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Hua Jiang
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Whitney N Phinney
- Medicine and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bailey M Mclagan
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sally P Stabler
- Medicine and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Population variability of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) NAT1 gene for arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1: Functional effects and comparison with human. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10937. [PMID: 31358821 PMCID: PMC6662693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NAT1 gene for N-acetyltransferase 1 modulates xenobiotic metabolism of arylamine drugs and mutagens. Beyond pharmacogenetics, NAT1 is also relevant to breast cancer. The population history of human NAT1 suggests evolution through purifying selection, but it is unclear whether this pattern is evident in other primate lineages where population studies are scarce. We report NAT1 polymorphism in 25 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and describe the haplotypic and functional characteristics of 12 variants. Seven non-synonymous single nucleotide variations (SNVs) were identified and experimentally demonstrated to compromise enzyme function, mainly through destabilization of NAT1 protein and consequent activity loss. One non-synonymous SNV (c.560G > A, p.Arg187Gln) has also been characterized for human NAT1 with similar effects. Population haplotypic and functional variability of rhesus NAT1 was considerably higher than previously reported for its human orthologue, suggesting different environmental pressures in the two lineages. Known functional elements downstream of human NAT1 were also differentiated in rhesus macaque and other primates. Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes play roles beyond mere protection from exogenous chemicals. Therefore, any link to disease, particularly carcinogenesis, may be via modulation of xenobiotic mutagenicity or more subtle interference with cell physiology. Comparative analyses add the evolutionary dimension to such investigations, assessing functional conservation/diversification among primates.
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Wang L, Minchin RF, Essebier PJ, Butcher NJ. Loss of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase I regulates mitochondrial function by inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 110:84-90. [PMID: 30836144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) has been widely reported to affect cancer cell growth and survival and recent studies suggest it may alter cell metabolism. In this study, the effects of NAT1 deletion on mitochondrial function was examined in 2 human cell lines, breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 and colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. Using a Seahorse XFe96 Flux Analyzer, NAT1 deletion was shown to decrease oxidative phosphorylation with a significant loss in respiratory reserve capacity in both cell lines. There also was a decrease in glycolysis without a change in glucose uptake. The changes in mitochondrial function was due to a decrease in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, which could be reversed with the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor dichloroacetate. In the MDA-MB-231 and HT-29 cells, pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was attenuated either by an increase in phosphorylation or a decrease in total protein expression. These results may help explain some of the cellular events that have been reported recently in cell and animal models of NAT1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072 Australia
| | - Rodney F Minchin
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072 Australia.
| | - Patricia J Essebier
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072 Australia
| | - Neville J Butcher
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072 Australia
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Xu X, Mathieu C, Berthelet J, Duval R, Bui LC, Busi F, Dupret JM, Rodrigues-Lima F. Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase 1 Is Inhibited by the Dithiocarbamate Pesticide Thiram. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:358-365. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.108662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Burgos-Barragan G, Wit N, Meiser J, Dingler FA, Pietzke M, Mulderrig L, Pontel LB, Rosado IV, Brewer TF, Cordell RL, Monks PS, Chang CJ, Vazquez A, Patel KJ. Mammals divert endogenous genotoxic formaldehyde into one-carbon metabolism. Nature 2017; 548:549-554. [PMID: 28813411 PMCID: PMC5714256 DOI: 10.1038/nature23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The folate-driven one-carbon (1C) cycle is a fundamental metabolic hub in cells that enables the synthesis of nucleotides and amino acids and epigenetic modifications. This cycle might also release formaldehyde, a potent protein and DNA crosslinking agent that organisms produce in substantial quantities. Here we show that supplementation with tetrahydrofolate, the essential cofactor of this cycle, and other oxidation-prone folate derivatives kills human, mouse and chicken cells that cannot detoxify formaldehyde or that lack DNA crosslink repair. Notably, formaldehyde is generated from oxidative decomposition of the folate backbone. Furthermore, we find that formaldehyde detoxification in human cells generates formate, and thereby promotes nucleotide synthesis. This supply of 1C units is sufficient to sustain the growth of cells that are unable to use serine, which is the predominant source of 1C units. These findings identify an unexpected source of formaldehyde and, more generally, indicate that the detoxification of this ubiquitous endogenous genotoxin creates a benign 1C unit that can sustain essential metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niek Wit
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Felix A Dingler
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Lee Mulderrig
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lucas B Pontel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ivan V Rosado
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Thomas F Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca L Cordell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Paul S Monks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Alexei Vazquez
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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8
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Higher-Order Chromatin Regulation of Inflammatory Gene Expression. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7848591. [PMID: 28490839 PMCID: PMC5401750 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7848591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether it is caused by viruses and bacteria infection, or low-grade chronic inflammation of atherosclerosis and cellular senescence, the transcription factor (TF) NF-κB plays a central role in the inducible expression of inflammatory genes. Accumulated evidence has indicated that the chromatin environment is the main determinant of TF binding in gene expression regulation, including the stimulus-responsive NF-κB. Dynamic changes in intra- and interchromosomes are the key regulatory mechanisms promoting the binding of TFs. When an inflammatory process is triggered, NF-κB binds to enhancers or superenhancers, triggering the transcription of enhancer RNA (eRNA), driving the chromatin of the NF-κB-binding gene locus to construct transcriptional factories, and forming intra- or interchromosomal contacts. These processes reveal a mechanism in which intrachromosomal contacts appear to be cis-control enhancer-promoter communications, whereas interchromosomal regulatory elements construct trans-form relationships with genes on other chromosomes. This article will review emerging evidence on the genome organization hierarchy underlying the inflammatory response.
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Advances in drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics research in Australia. Pharmacol Res 2017; 116:7-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Witham KL, Minchin RF, Butcher NJ. Role for human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 in the methionine salvage pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 125:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Stepp MW, Mamaliga G, Doll MA, States JC, Hein DW. Folate-Dependent Hydrolysis of Acetyl-Coenzyme A by Recombinant Human and Rodent Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 3:45-50. [PMID: 26309907 PMCID: PMC4545580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) are drug and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the N-acetylation of arylamines and hydrazines and the O-acetylation of N-hydroxy-arylamines. Recently, studies report that human NAT1 and mouse Nat2 hydrolyze acetyl-coenzyme A (AcCoA) into acetate and coenzyme A in a folate-dependent fashion, a previously unknown function. In this study, our goal was to confirm these findings and determine the apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants (Vmax and Km) of the folate-dependent AcCoA hydrolysis for human NAT1/NAT2, and the rodent analogs rat Nat1/Nat2, mouse Nat1/Nat2, and hamster Nat1/Nat2. We also compared apparent Vmax values for AcCoA hydrolysis and N-acetylation of the substrate para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). Human NAT1 and its rodent analogs rat Nat2, mouse Nat2 and hamster Nat2 catalyzed AcCoA hydrolysis in a folate-dependent manner. Rates of AcCoA hydrolysis were between 0.25 - 1% of the rates for N-acetylation of PABA catalyzed by human NAT1 and its rodent orthologs. In contrast to human NAT1, human NAT2 and its rodent analogs rat Nat1, mouse Nat1, and hamster Nat1 did not hydrolyze AcCoA in a folate-dependent manner. These results are consistent with the possibility that human NAT1 and its rodent analogs regulate endogenous AcCoA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus W Stepp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville
| | - Galina Mamaliga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville
| | - J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville
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Sarris J, Price LH, Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, Ng CH, Papakostas GI, Jaeger A, Fava M, Mischoulon D. Is S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe) for Depression Only Effective in Males? A Re-Analysis of Data from a Randomized Clinical Trial. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2015; 48:141-4. [PMID: 26011569 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1549928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine whether gender differences may have affected treatment response to S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) in a recent failed randomized clinical trial (RCT) for adults with major depressive disorder. METHODS Data from a 2-site, 12-week, double-blind RCT (n=189) assessing the efficacy of SAMe vs. placebo and a comparator selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (escitalopram) were subjected to post-hoc analyses to evaluate effects of patient gender on treatment response. RESULTS When assessing the efficacy outcomes within each gender separately, SAMe was superior to placebo among males (n=51), but not among females (n=62). Males showed a significant reduction of depression severity from baseline to study endpoint on the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (4.3 point difference; p=0.034; d=0.95), while females did not show significant change. This finding emerged despite equivalence on baseline measures of depression severity between the gender groups. CONCLUSION RESULTS of this secondary data analysis suggest that gender might impact the antidepressant efficacy of SAMe, with greater therapeutic effect found in males. The underlying mechanism is still relatively unknown. Further work is needed to replicate this observation in independent samples.Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00101452.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sarris
- The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L H Price
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - L L Carpenter
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - A R Tyrka
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - C H Ng
- The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G I Papakostas
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Jaeger
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Fava
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Mischoulon
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Tiang JM, Butcher NJ, Minchin RF. Effects of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase I knockdown in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Med 2015; 4:565-74. [PMID: 25627111 PMCID: PMC4402071 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase I (NAT1) has been associated with various cancer subtypes and inhibition of this enzyme with small molecule inhibitors or siRNA affects cell growth and survival. Here, we have investigated the role of NAT1 in the invasiveness of breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. We knocked down NAT1 using a lentivirus-based shRNA approach and observed marked changes in cell morphology in the triple-negative breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436, and BT-549. Most notable was a reduction in the number and size of the filopodia protrusions on the surface of the cells. The loss of filopodia could be rescued by the reintroduction of NAT1 into the knockdown cells. NAT1 expression was localized to the lamellipodia and extended into the filopodia protrusions. In vitro invasion through Geltrex was significantly inhibited in both the MDA cell lines but not in the BT-549 cells. The expression of Snail increased when NAT1 was knocked down, while other genes associated with mesenchymal to epithelial transition (vimentin, cytokeratin-18, and Twist) did not show any changes. By contrast, both N-cadherin and β-catenin were significantly reduced. When MDA-MB-231 cells expressing shRNA were injected in vivo into BALB/c nu/nu nude mice, a significant reduction in the number of colonies that formed in the lungs was observed. Taken together, the results show that NAT1 can alter the invasion and metastatic properties of some triple-negative breast cancer cells but not all. The study suggests that NAT1 may be a novel therapeutic target in a subset of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky M Tiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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14
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Laurieri N, Dairou J, Egleton JE, Stanley LA, Russell AJ, Dupret JM, Sim E, Rodrigues-Lima F. From arylamine N-acetyltransferase to folate-dependent acetyl CoA hydrolase: impact of folic acid on the activity of (HUMAN)NAT1 and its homologue (MOUSE)NAT2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96370. [PMID: 24823794 PMCID: PMC4019507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl Coenzyme A-dependent N-, O- and N,O-acetylation of aromatic amines and hydrazines by arylamine N-acetyltransferases is well characterised. Here, we describe experiments demonstrating that human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 and its murine homologue (Type 2) can also catalyse the direct hydrolysis of acetyl Coenzyme A in the presence of folate. This folate-dependent activity is exclusive to these two isoforms; no acetyl Coenzyme A hydrolysis was found when murine arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 or recombinant bacterial arylamine N-acetyltransferases were incubated with folate. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy allowed chemical modifications occurring during the catalytic reaction to be analysed in real time, revealing that the disappearance of acetyl CH3 from acetyl Coenzyme A occurred concomitantly with the appearance of a CH3 peak corresponding to that of free acetate and suggesting that folate is not acetylated during the reaction. We propose that folate is a cofactor for this reaction and suggest it as an endogenous function of this widespread enzyme. Furthermore, in silico docking of folate within the active site of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 suggests that folate may bind at the enzyme’s active site, and facilitate acetyl Coenzyme A hydrolysis. The evidence presented in this paper adds to our growing understanding of the endogenous roles of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 and its mouse homologue and expands the catalytic repertoire of these enzymes, demonstrating that they are by no means just xenobiotic metabolising enzymes but probably also play an important role in cellular metabolism. These data, together with the characterisation of a naphthoquinone inhibitor of folate-dependent acetyl Coenzyme A hydrolysis by human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1/murine arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 2, open up a range of future avenues of exploration, both for elucidating the developmental role of these enzymes and for improving chemotherapeutic approaches to pathological conditions including estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Laurieri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Dairou
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, Paris, France
| | - James E. Egleton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A. Stanley
- Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, West Lothian, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marie Dupret
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, Paris, France
| | - Edith Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston on Thames, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (FR-L); (ES)
| | - Fernando Rodrigues-Lima
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (FR-L); (ES)
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