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Mezentsev A, Durymanov M, Makarov VA. A Comprehensive Review of Protein Biomarkers for Invasive Lung Cancer. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:4818-4854. [PMID: 39329988 PMCID: PMC11431409 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31090360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis are important hallmarks of lung cancer, and affect patients' survival. Early diagnostics of metastatic potential are important for treatment management. Recent findings suggest that the transition to an invasive phenotype causes changes in the expression of 700-800 genes. In this context, the biomarkers restricted to the specific type of cancer, like lung cancer, are often overlooked. Some well-known protein biomarkers correlate with the progression of the disease and the immunogenicity of the tumor. Most of these biomarkers are not exclusive to lung cancer because of their significant role in tumorigenesis. The dysregulation of others does not necessarily indicate cell invasiveness, as they play an active role in cell division. Clinical studies of lung cancer use protein biomarkers to assess the invasiveness of cancer cells for therapeutic purposes. However, there is still a need to discover new biomarkers for lung cancer. In the future, minimally invasive techniques, such as blood or saliva analyses, may be sufficient for this purpose. Many researchers suggest unconventional biomarkers, like circulating nucleic acids, exosomal proteins, and autoantibodies. This review paper aims to discuss the advantages and limitations of protein biomarkers of invasiveness in lung cancer, to assess their prognostic value, and propose novel biomarker candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mezentsev
- Medical Informatics Laboratory, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, 173003 Veliky Novgorod, Russia
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, 109029 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Durymanov
- Medical Informatics Laboratory, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, 173003 Veliky Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Makarov
- Medical Informatics Laboratory, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, 173003 Veliky Novgorod, Russia
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Azani A, Omran SP, Ghasrsaz H, Idani A, Eliaderani MK, Peirovi N, Dokhani N, Lotfalizadeh MH, Rezaei MM, Ghahfarokhi MS, KarkonShayan S, Hanjani PN, Kardaan Z, Navashenagh JG, Yousefi M, Abdolahi M, Salmaninejad A. MicroRNAs as biomarkers for early diagnosis, targeting and prognosis of prostate cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154618. [PMID: 37331185 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Globally, prostate cancer (PC) is leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men worldwide. Despite significant advances in the treatment and management of this disease, the cure rates for PC remains low, largely due to late detection. PC detection is mostly reliant on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE); however, due to the low positive predictive value of current diagnostics, there is an urgent need to identify new accurate biomarkers. Recent studies support the biological role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the initiation and progression of PC, as well as their potential as novel biomarkers for patients' diagnosis, prognosis, and disease relapse. In the advanced stages, cancer-cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) may constitute a significant part of circulating vesicles and cause detectable changes in the plasma vesicular miRNA profile. Recent computational model for the identification of miRNA biomarkers discussed. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that miRNAs can be utilized to target PC cells. In this article, the current understanding of the role of microRNAs and exosomes in the pathogenesis and their significance in PC prognosis, early diagnosis, chemoresistance, and treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Azani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sima Parvizi Omran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Ghasrsaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Asra Idani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Niloufar Peirovi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Dokhani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Sepideh KarkonShayan
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Parisa Najari Hanjani
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zahra Kardaan
- Department of Cellular Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Meysam Yousefi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mitra Abdolahi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-Disciplinary Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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The Potential of MicroRNAs as Non-Invasive Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: A Systematic Literature Review Based on a Machine Learning Approach. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215418. [PMID: 36358836 PMCID: PMC9657574 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men worldwide. Screening and diagnosis are based on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood testing and digital rectal examination. Nevertheless, these methods are not specific and have a high risk of mistaken results. This has led to overtreatment and unnecessary radical therapy; thus, better prognostic tools are urgently needed. In this view, microRNAs (miRs) appear as potential non-invasive biomarkers for PCa diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. As the scientific literature available in this field is huge and very often controversial, we identified and discussed three topics that characterize the investigated research area by combining the big data from the literature together with a novel machine learning approach. By analyzing the papers clustered into these topics we have offered a deeper understanding of the current research, which helps to contribute to the advancement of this research field. Abstract Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Although the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is used in clinical practice for screening and/or early detection of PCa, it is not specific, thus resulting in high false-positive rates. MicroRNAs (miRs) provide an opportunity as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and recurrence of PCa. Because the size of the literature on it is increasing and often controversial, this study aims to consolidate the state-of-art of relevant published research. Methods: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach was applied to analyze a set of 213 scientific publications through a text mining method that makes use of the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm. Results and Conclusions: The result of this activity, performed through the MySLR digital platform, allowed us to identify a set of three relevant topics characterizing the investigated research area. We analyzed and discussed all the papers clustered into them. We highlighted that several miRs are associated with PCa progression, and that their detection in patients’ urine seems to be the more reliable and promising non-invasive tool for PCa diagnosis. Finally, we proposed some future research directions to help future scientists advance the field further.
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Jin XX, Gao C, Wei WX, Jiao C, Li L, Ma BL, Dong C. The role of microRNA-4723-5p regulated by c-myc in triple-negative breast cancer. Bioengineered 2022; 13:9097-9105. [PMID: 35382692 PMCID: PMC9162010 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2056824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of miRNA regulated by c-myc and its mechanism in three negative breast cancer (TNBC). We constructed MDA-MB-231 cell line with low expression of c-myc by lentivirus short hairpin RNA (shRNA), analyzed the miRNA expression profile of MDA-MB-231 cell line with different expression levels of c-myc by high-throughput sequencing technology, obtained differential miRNA by bioinformatics analysis and statistical analysis, and verified hsa-mir-4723-5p by Quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction(QRT-PCR). The target gene of hsa-mir-4723-5p was analyzed by miRDB and miRWalk database. The results showed that there were significant differences in 126 miRNAs in c-myc knockdown cell lines compared with the control group, of which 84 were significantly up-regulated and 42 were significantly down regulated. According to the results of miRNA sequencing, the miRNA closely related to the expression of c-myc was hsa-mir-4723-5p. QRT PCR showed that the expression of hsa-mir-4723-5p was down regulated in TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231 with low expression of c-myc, which was positively correlated with the expression. The target genes of hsa-mir-4723-5p were predicted according to mirdb and mirwalk database. A total of 112 target genes were obtained, and 107 target genes were related to hsa-mir-4723-5p. Through mirdb and mirwalk databases, it was found that the target gene TRAF4 of hsa-mir-4723-5p may be related to cancer pathway and affect tumor metastasis. In conclusion, the hsa-miR-4723-5p regulated by c-myc may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Xin Jin
- Department of Breast, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinijiang, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Breast, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinijiang, China
| | - Wen-Xin Wei
- Department of Breast, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinijiang, China
| | - Chong Jiao
- Department of Breast, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinijiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gynecology and surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinijiang, China
| | - Bin-Lin Ma
- Department of Breast, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinijiang, China
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of Breast, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinijiang, China
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Zangoue M, Zangouei AS, Mojarrad M, Moghbeli M. MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of protein kinases in prostate and bladder cancers. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-021-00190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bladder cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) are frequent urothelial and genital malignancies with a high ratio of morbidity and mortality which are more common among males. Since BCa and PCa cases are mainly diagnosed in advanced stages with clinical complications, it is required to introduce the efficient early detection markers. Protein kinases are critical factors involved in various cellular processes such as cell growth, motility, differentiation, and metabolism. Deregulation of protein kinases can be frequently observed through the neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Therefore, kinases are required to be regulated via different genetic and epigenetic processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are among the critical factors involved in epigenetic regulation of protein kinases. Since miRNAs are noninvasive and more stable factors in serum and tissues compared with mRNAs, they can be used as efficient diagnostic markers for the early detection of PCa and BCa.
Main body
In present review, we have summarized all of the reported miRNAs that have been associated with regulation of protein kinases in bladder and prostate cancers.
Conclusions
For the first time, this review highlights the miRNAs as critical factors in regulation of protein kinases during prostate and bladder cancers which paves the way of introducing a noninvasive kinase-specific panel of miRNAs for the early detection of these malignancies. It was observed that the class VIII receptors of tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases were the most frequent targets for the miRNAs in bladder and prostate cancers, respectively.
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Salinas-Jaramillo O, Monroy-Arreola A, Herrera-Noreña S, Guzmán-Ortiz AL, Hernández-Hernández A, Méndez-Flores S, Domínguez-Cherit J, Duran-Figueroa NV, Naisbitt DJ, Cortes-Reynosa P, Perez Salazar E, Quezada H, Castrejón-Flores JL. Extracellular Vesicles from Human Plasma Show a Distinctive Proteome and miRNome Profile in Patients with Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1738-1748. [PMID: 34142820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous drug-induced reactions are immune-mediated responses that can lead to life-threatening diseases such as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis, collectively known as severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). Unfortunately, they cannot be predicted during drug development, and, at present, a prognostic biomarker is not available nor are validated in vitro assays for diagnosis. Thus, by using proteomic and microarray miRNA analysis, the cargo of extracellular vesicles obtained from SCARs patients was analyzed and correlated with the severity of the reaction. Confirmatory assays using Western blot and qRT-PCR were performed to validate findings, and bioinformatic tools were used to establish the correlation between protein and miRNAs expression between groups. The proteomic analysis showed an increase in the amount of pro-inflammatory proteins, von Willebrand factor, and C-reactive protein and a decrease in anti-inflammatory and protective proteins in the SCARs group compared with the control group. Additionally, histone protein H2A was enriched in DRESS patients. APO1 and SERPINA4 proteins, highly increased in the control group but absent in the SCARs group, are the target of several overexpressed miRNAs, suggesting that the regulation of these proteins might involve gene silencing and protein repressing mechanisms in the severe patients. According with previous reports showing its presence in plasma and T-cells, microRNA miR-18 was upregulated in extracellular vesicles obtained from the most severe patients. Determination of the unique cargo associated with different disease conditions will help to understand the pathophysiology of these complex reactions and might help to develop novel biomarkers for life-threatening iatrogenic cutaneous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Salinas-Jaramillo
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Monroy-Arreola
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - Sebastian Herrera-Noreña
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - Ana L Guzmán-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Abrahan Hernández-Hernández
- Unidad de Biología de Células Individuales (Biocelin), Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Silvia Méndez-Flores
- Departamento de Dermatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Judith Domínguez-Cherit
- Departamento de Dermatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Noe V Duran-Figueroa
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- MRC Center for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Héctor Quezada
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - J Luis Castrejón-Flores
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
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Selected microRNAs Increase Synaptic Resilience to the Damaging Binding of the Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid Beta Oligomers. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2232-2243. [PMID: 31997075 PMCID: PMC7170988 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is marked by synaptic loss (at early stages) and neuronal death (at late stages). Amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau oligomers can target and disrupt synapses thus driving cognitive decay. Non-demented individuals with Alzheimer’s neuropathology (NDAN) are capable of withstanding Aβ and tau toxicity, thus remaining cognitively intact despite presence of AD neuropathology. Understanding the involved mechanism(s) would lead to development of novel effective therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting synaptic resilience to amyloid toxicity. NDAN have a unique hippocampal post-synaptic proteome when compared with AD and control individuals. Potential upstream modulators of such unique proteomic profile are miRNA-485, miRNA-4723 and miRNA-149, which we found differentially expressed in AD and NDAN vs. control. We thus hypothesized that these miRNAs play an important role in promoting either synaptic resistance or sensitization to Aβ oligomer binding. Using an in vivo mouse model, we found that administration of these miRNAs affected key synaptic genes and significantly decreased Aβ binding to the synapses. Our findings suggest that miRNA regulation and homeostasis are crucial for Aβ interaction with synaptic terminals and support that a unique miRNA regulation could be driving synaptic resistance to Aβ toxicity in NDAN, thus contributing to their preserved cognitive abilities.
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Takakura S, Oka T, Sudo N. Changes in circulating microRNA after recumbent isometric yoga practice by patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: an explorative pilot study. Biopsychosoc Med 2019; 13:29. [PMID: 31827600 PMCID: PMC6886179 DOI: 10.1186/s13030-019-0171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yoga is a representative mind-body therapy. Our previous studies have demonstrated that isometric yoga (i.e. yoga programs that we developed so individuals can practice yoga poses with a self-adjustable isometric load) reduces the fatigue of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Several studies have suggested that the micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA) expression of ME/CFS patients is different from that of healthy subjects. However, it has not to date been determined if the practice of isometric yoga can affect miRNA expression. Therefore, we sought to investigate if isometric yoga is associated with changes in the expression levels of serum miRNA of patients with ME/CFS. Methods The study included nine patients with ME/CFS who failed to show satisfactory improvement after at least 6 months of treatment administered at our hospital. Patients practiced recumbent isometric yoga for 3 months; they met with a yoga instructor every 2 to 4 weeks and participated in daily in-home sessions. The effect of recumbent isometric yoga on fatigue was assessed by comparing pre- and post-intervention scores on the Japanese version of the 11-item Chalder fatigue scale (CFQ 11). Patient blood samples were drawn pre- and post-intervention, just prior to practicing recumbent isometric yoga with an instructor. The serum was used for miRNA array analysis with known human miRNAs. Results The average CFQ 11 score decreased significantly (from 25.3 ± 5.5 to 17.0 ± 5.8, p < 0.0001) after practicing recumbent isometric yoga for 3 months. The miRNA microarray analysis revealed that four miRNAs were significantly upregulated, and 42 were downregulated after the intervention period. Conclusions This explorative pilot study is the first to demonstrate changes in the serum levels of several miRNAs after regular practice of recumbent isometric yoga. These miRNAs might represent biomarkers for the fatigue-relieving effects of isometric yoga of patients with ME/CFS. Trial registration University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN CTR) 000023472. Registered Aug 4, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Takakura
- 1Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Takakazu Oka
- 1Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan.,2Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Iguchi 537-3, Nasushiobara-shi, Tochigi-ken 329-2763 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sudo
- 1Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan.,3Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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Klinge CM, Piell KM, Tooley CS, Rouchka EC. HNRNPA2/B1 is upregulated in endocrine-resistant LCC9 breast cancer cells and alters the miRNA transcriptome when overexpressed in MCF-7 cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9430. [PMID: 31263129 PMCID: PMC6603045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are dysregulated in breast cancer. Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (HNRNPA2/B1) is a reader of the N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) mark in primary-miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) and promotes DROSHA processing to precursor-miRNAs (pre-miRNAs). We examined the expression of writers, readers, and erasers of m6A and report that HNRNPA2/B1 expression is higher in tamoxifen-resistant LCC9 breast cancer cells as compared to parental, tamoxifen-sensitive MCF-7 cells. To examine how increased expression of HNRNPA2/B1 affects miRNA expression, HNRNPA2/B1 was transiently overexpressed (~5.4-fold) in MCF-7 cells for whole genome miRNA profiling (miRNA-seq). 148 and 88 miRNAs were up- and down-regulated, respectively, 48 h after transfection and 177 and 172 up- and down-regulated, respectively, 72 h after transfection. MetaCore Enrichment analysis identified progesterone receptor action and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling via miRNA in breast cancer as pathways downstream of the upregulated miRNAs and TGFβ signaling via SMADs and Notch signaling as pathways of the downregulated miRNAs. GO biological processes for mRNA targets of HNRNPA2/B1-regulated miRNAs included response to estradiol and cell-substrate adhesion. qPCR confirmed HNRNPA2B1 downregulation of miR-29a-3p, miR-29b-3p, and miR-222 and upregulation of miR-1266-5p, miR-1268a, miR-671-3p. Transient overexpression of HNRNPA2/B1 reduced MCF-7 sensitivity to 4-hydroxytamoxifen and fulvestrant, suggesting a role for HNRNPA2/B1 in endocrine-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Kellianne M Piell
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Christine Schaner Tooley
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Eric C Rouchka
- Bioinformatics and Biomedical Computing Laboratory, Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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Tripathi R, Liu Z, Plattner R. EnABLing Tumor Growth and Progression: Recent progress in unraveling the functions of ABL kinases in solid tumor cells. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 4:367-379. [PMID: 30746323 PMCID: PMC6368175 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-018-0149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to summarize our current knowledge regarding how ABL family kinases are activated in solid tumors and impact on solid tumor development/progression, with a focus on recent advances in the field. RECENT FINDINGS Although ABL kinases are known drivers of human leukemia, emerging data also implicates the kinases in a large number of solid tumor types where they promote diverse processes such as proliferation, survival, cytoskeletal reorganization, cellular polarity, EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal-transition), metabolic reprogramming, migration, invasion and metastasis via unique signaling pathways. ABL1 and ABL2 appear to have overlapping but also unique roles in driving these processes. In some tumor types, the kinases may act to integrate pro- and anti-proliferative and -invasive signals, and also may serve as a switch during EMT/MET (mesenchymal-epithelial) transitions. CONCLUSIONS Most data indicate that targeting ABL kinases may be effective for reducing tumor growth and preventing metastasis; however, ABL kinases also may have a tumor suppressive role in some tumor types and in some cellular contexts. Understanding the functions of ABL kinases in solid tumors is critical for developing successful clinical trials aimed at targeting ABL kinases for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshamani Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Zulong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Rina Plattner
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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De-Ugarte L, Serra-Vinardell J, Nonell L, Balcells S, Arnal M, Nogues X, Mellibovsky L, Grinberg D, Diez-Perez A, Garcia-Giralt N. Expression profiling of microRNAs in human bone tissue from postmenopausal women. Hum Cell 2017; 31:33-41. [PMID: 28933035 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-017-0181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue is composed of several cell types, which express their own microRNAs (miRNAs) that will play a role in cell function. The set of total miRNAs expressed in all cell types configures the specific signature of the bone tissue in one physiological condition. The aim of this study was to explore the miRNA expression profile of bone tissue from postmenopausal women. Tissue was obtained from trabecular bone and was analyzed in fresh conditions (n = 6). Primary osteoblasts were also obtained from trabecular bone (n = 4) and human osteoclasts were obtained from monocyte precursors after in vitro differentiation (n = 5). MicroRNA expression profiling was obtained for each sample by microarray and a global miRNA analysis was performed combining the data acquired in all the microarray experiments. From the 641 miRNAs detected in bone tissue samples, 346 (54%) were present in osteoblasts and/or osteoclasts. The other 46% were not identified in any of the bone cells analyzed. Intersection of osteoblast and osteoclast arrays identified 101 miRNAs shared by both cell types, which accounts for 30-40% of miRNAs detected in these cells. In osteoblasts, 266 miRNAs were detected, of which 243 (91%) were also present in the total bone array, representing 38% of all bone miRNAs. In osteoclasts, 340 miRNAs were detected, of which 196 (58%) were also present in the bone tissue array, representing 31% of all miRNAs detected in total bone. These analyses provide an overview of miRNAs expressed in bone tissue, broadening our knowledge in the microRNA field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De-Ugarte
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), ISCIII, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, IBUB, IRSJD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Nonell
- Microarray Analysis Service, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Balcells
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, IBUB, IRSJD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Arnal
- Microarray Analysis Service, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Nogues
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), ISCIII, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonardo Mellibovsky
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), ISCIII, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, IBUB, IRSJD, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adolfo Diez-Perez
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), ISCIII, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Garcia-Giralt
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), ISCIII, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Liu Y, Xu X, Xu X, Li S, Liang Z, Hu Z, Wu J, Zhu Y, Jin X, Wang X, Lin Y, Chen H, Mao Y, Luo J, Zheng X, Xie L. MicroRNA-193a-3p inhibits cell proliferation in prostate cancer by targeting cyclin D1. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5121-5128. [PMID: 29142597 PMCID: PMC5666665 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that affect various biological processes by altering the expression of a target gene. An miRNA microarray analysis has previously revealed a significant decrease in miR-193a-3p levels in prostate cancer tissues compared with that in their benign prostate hyperplasia counterparts. However, the role of miR-193a-3p has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to evaluate the expression levels of miR-193a-3p in two human prostate cancer cell lines. Forced overexpression of miR-193a-3p was established by transfecting mimics into DU-145 and PC3 cell lines. Cell proliferation and the cell cycle were assessed using a cell viability assay, flow cytometry and a colony formation assay. In addition, the target gene of miR-193a-3p was determined by a luciferase assay, RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. The regulation of the cell cycle by miR-193a-3p was also evaluated by western blotting. The results demonstrated that miR-193a-3p expression levels were lower in prostate cancer cell lines as compared with the RWPE normal prostate epithelium cell line. Subsequent gain-of-function studies revealed that stable miR-193a-3p transfection inhibited cell viability, proliferation and colony formation, and induced G1 phase arrest in prostate cancer cells. A luciferase assay and western blot analysis identified cyclin D1 (CCND1) as a direct target gene of miR-193a-3p. In addition, the forced expression of CCND1 was able to counter the inhibitory effects of miR-193a-3p transfection in the prostate cancer cells. In summary, the results suggest that miR-193a-3p may inhibit the viability, proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells by regulating the expression profile of CCND1, and that miR-193a-3p may be a novel therapeutic biomarker for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfu Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xianglai Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zhenghui Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yeqing Mao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jindan Luo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyi Zheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Liping Xie
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Cross-Kingdom Regulation of Putative miRNAs Derived from Happy Tree in Cancer Pathway: A Systems Biology Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061191. [PMID: 28587194 PMCID: PMC5486014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well-known key regulators of gene expression primarily at the post-transcriptional level. Plant-derived miRNAs may pass through the gastrointestinal tract, entering into the body fluid and regulate the expression of endogenous mRNAs. Camptotheca acuminata, a highly important medicinal plant known for its anti-cancer potential was selected to investigate cross-kingdom regulatory mechanism and involvement of miRNAs derived from this plant in cancer-associated pathways through in silico systems biology approach. In this study, total 33 highly stable putative novel miRNAs were predicted from the publically available 53,294 ESTs of C. acuminata, out of which 14 miRNAs were found to be regulating 152 target genes in human. Functional enrichment, gene-disease associations and network analysis of these target genes were carried out and the results revealed their association with prominent types of cancers like breast cancer, leukemia and lung cancer. Pathways like focal adhesion, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes and mTOR signaling pathways were found significantly associated with the target genes. The regulatory network analysis showed the association of some important hub proteins like GSK3B, NUMB, PEG3, ITGA2 and DLG2 with cancer-associated pathways. Based on the analysis results, it can be suggested that the ingestion of the C. acuminata miRNAs may have a functional impact on tumorigenesis in a cross-kingdom way and may affect the physiological condition at genetic level. Thus, the predicted miRNAs seem to hold potentially significant role in cancer pathway regulation and therefore, may be further validated using in vivo experiments for a better insight into their mechanism of epigenetic action of miRNA.
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14
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Cao T, Xiao T, Huang G, Xu Y, Zhu JJ, Wang K, Ye W, Guan H, He J, Zheng D. CDK3, target of miR-4469, suppresses breast cancer metastasis via inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84917-84927. [PMID: 29156693 PMCID: PMC5689583 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (CDK3), a member of CDK family, is involved in G0/G1 and G1/S cell cycle transitions. Although several researchers discovered that CDK3 related to cell growth in some kinds of cancer, the functions of CDK3 during tumor development remains unclear. Here, we first found that the expression of CDK3 was higher in primary tumors of non-metastatic breast cancer compared with those in metastatic breast cancer. Overexpression of CDK3 suppressed cell migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, and decreased the metastasis in nude mice. We further identified miR-4469 was a negative regulator of CDK3 by directly targeting its 3'-untranslated region (UTR). The increase of motility induced by miR-4469 could be abolished by CDK3 overexpression. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis revealed that Wnt pathway may be inhibited by CDK3 expression, which was subsequently confirmed by western blot. Moreover, Wnt3a treatment abolished the inhibitory role of CDK3 in cell motility, suggesting that Wnt signaling is the potential downstream of CDK3. In conclusion, these results support that CDK3 which is targeted by miR-4469 suppresses breast cancer metastasis by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tian Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guanqun Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yafei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Joe Jiang Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kaixin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wencai Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong Guan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinsong He
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Duo Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong Province, China
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Role of MicroRNAs in Prostate Cancer Pathogenesis. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2015; 13:261-270. [PMID: 25733057 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumor in men, and is the second highest cause of cancer mortality after lung tumors in the United States. Accumulating research indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly being implicated in PCa. miRNAs are conserved small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression posttranscriptionally. Recent profiling research suggests that miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in PCa, and these have been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, PCa stem cells, and androgen receptor pathway. All of these might provide the basis for new approaches for PCa. Here, we review current findings regarding miRNA research in PCa to provide a strong basis for future study aimed at promising contributions of miRNA in PCa.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Caspase-9 is the apoptotic initiator protease of the intrinsic or mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which is activated at multi-protein activation platforms. Its activation is believed to involve homo-dimerization of the monomeric zymogens. It binds to the apoptosome to retain substantial catalytic activity. Variety of apoptotic stimuli can regulate caspase-9. However, the mechanism of action of various regulators of caspase-9 has not been summarized and compared yet. In this article, we elucidate the regulators of caspase-9 including microRNAs, natural compounds that are related to caspase-9 and ongoing clinical trials with caspase-9 to better understand the caspase-9 in suppressing cancer. AREAS COVERED In this study, the basic mechanism of apoptosis pathways, regulators of caspase-9 and the development of drugs to regulate caspase-9 are reviewed. Also, ongoing clinical trials for caspase-9 are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Apoptosis has crucial role in cancer, brain disease, aging and heart disease to name a few. Since caspase-9 is an initiator caspase of apoptosis, it is an important therapeutic target of various diseases related to apoptosis. Therefore, a deep understanding on the roles as well as regulators of caspase-9 is required to find more effective ways to conquer apoptosis-related diseases especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonglee Kim
- Kyunghee University, College of Korean Medicine, Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center , 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul 131-701 , South Korea
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Yang X, Yang Y, Gan R, Zhao L, Li W, Zhou H, Wang X, Lu J, Meng QH. Down-regulation of mir-221 and mir-222 restrain prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration that is partly mediated by activation of SIRT1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98833. [PMID: 24892674 PMCID: PMC4043919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that miR-221 and miR-222 are deregulated in many cancers, including prostate cancer. Nevertheless, the biological role and the underlying mechanisms of miR-221 and miR-222 in the pathogenesis of androgen-independent prostate cancer are still not clear. The proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle distinction, and migration capacity of prostate cells were determined following transfection of miR-221 or miR-222 inhibitor. The biological impact and regulation of SIRT1 on prostate cancer cells were investigated. MiR-221 and miR-222 were highly expressed in PC-3 cells compared with in LNCap cells. After miR-221 or miR-222 expression was inhibited, the proliferation and migration rates of PC-3 cells decreased and the apoptosis rate increased. Moreover, SIRT1 protein was up-regulated in cells after they were transfected with miR-221 or miR-222 inhibitor. Cells transfected with siSIRT1 showed increased migration and a decreased apoptosis rate, but there was no significant effect on cell proliferation compared with the controls. There was a negative correlation between miR-221 or miR-222 and SIRT1, but no direct target relationship was identified. These data demonstrate that miR-221 and miR-222 are highly expressed in PC-3 cells. Their inhibition leads to reduced cell proliferation and migration and increased apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. These effects are potentially mediated by up-regulation of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingmei Yang
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong Gan
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingxu Zhao
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Li
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huaibin Zhou
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jinhua People's Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianxin Lu
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing H Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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