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Shen F, Gao J, Zhang J, Ai M, Gao H, Liu Z. Vortex sorting of rare particles/cells in microcavities: A review. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:021504. [PMID: 38571909 PMCID: PMC10987199 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics or lab-on-a-chip technology has shown great potential for the separation of target particles/cells from heterogeneous solutions. Among current separation methods, vortex sorting of particles/cells in microcavities is a highly effective method for trapping and isolating rare target cells, such as circulating tumor cells, from flowing samples. By utilizing fluid forces and inertial particle effects, this passive method offers advantages such as label-free operation, high throughput, and high concentration. This paper reviews the fundamental research on the mechanisms of focusing, trapping, and holding of particles in this method, designs of novel microcavities, as well as its applications. We also summarize the challenges and prospects of this technique with the hope to promote its applications in medical and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shen
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Ai
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongkai Gao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaomiao Liu
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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2
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Mohamadsharifi A, Hajghassem H, Kalantar M, Karimi A, Tabatabaei Asl M, Hosseini S, Badieirostami M. High-Efficiency Inertial Separation of Microparticles Using Elevated Columned Reservoirs and Vortex Technique for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:28628-28639. [PMID: 37576636 PMCID: PMC10413478 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has envisioned an excellent outlook for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Among numerous efforts proposed for CTCs isolation, vortex separation is a well-known method for capturing CTCs from blood due to its applicability, low sample volume requirement, and ability to retain cell viability. It is a label-free, passive, low-cost, and automated method, making it an ideal solution for lab-on-a-chip applications. The previous designs that employed vortex technology have shown reaching high throughput and 70% separation efficiency although it was after three processing cycles which are not desired. Inspired by our earlier design, in this work, we redesigned the chip geometry by elevating the columned reservoir height to capture more particles and consequently reduce particle-particle collision, eventually improving efficiency. So, a height-variable chip with fewer elevated columned reservoirs (ECRs) was employed to isolate 20 μm microparticles representing CTCs from 8 μm microparticles. Also, numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the third axis contribution to the separation mechanism. The new design with ECRs resulted in a 14% increase in average efficiency, reaching ∼80% ± 8.3% in microparticle separation and 61% purity. Moreover, the proposed chip geometry demonstrated more than three times higher capacity in retaining orbiting particles up to 1300 in peak performance without sacrificing efficiency compared to earlier single-layer designs. We came up with an upgraded injection system to facilitate this chip characterization. We also presented an effortless and straightforward approach for purging air bubbles trapped inside the reservoirs to preserve regular chip operation, especially where there is a mismatch between channel and reservoir heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohamadsharifi
- Faculty
of New Sciences and Technologies, University
of Tehran, Tehran 14759-87353, Iran
| | - Hassan Hajghassem
- Faculty
of New Sciences and Technologies, University
of Tehran, Tehran 14759-87353, Iran
| | - Mahsa Kalantar
- Faculty
of New Sciences and Technologies, University
of Tehran, Tehran 14759-87353, Iran
| | - Ali Karimi
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif
University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
| | | | - Seyedmajid Hosseini
- Division
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-2804, United States
| | - Majid Badieirostami
- School
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14399-57131, Iran
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3
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Luan Y, Li L, Xun X, Wang Y, Wei X, Zheng Y, Fan Z, Sun X. A Microfluidic System for Detecting Tumor Cells Based on Biomarker Hexaminolevulinate (HAL): Applications in Pleural Effusion. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:771. [PMID: 37421004 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural effusion is a common clinical problem, which often occurs in cases of malignant tumors, especially in lung cancer. In this paper, a pleural effusion detection system based on a microfluidic chip, combined with specific tumor biomarker, hexaminolevulinate (HAL), used to concentrate and identify tumor cells in pleural effusion was reported. The lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and mesothelial cell line Met-5A were cultured as the tumor cells and non-tumor cells, respectively. The optimum enrichment effect was achieved in the microfluidic chip when the flow rates of cell suspension and phosphate-buffered saline achieved 2 mL/h and 4 mL/h, respectively. At the optimal flow rate, the proportion of A549 increased from 28.04% to 70.01% due to the concentration effect of the chip, indicating that tumor cells could be enriched by a factor of 2.5 times. In addition, HAL staining results revealed that HAL can be used to identify tumor cells and non-tumor cells in chip and clinical samples. Additionally, the tumor cells obtained from the patients diagnosed with lung cancer were confirmed to be captured in the microfluidic chip, proving the validity of the microfluidic detection system. This study preliminarily demonstrates the microfluidic system is a promising method with which to assist clinical detection in pleural effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Luan
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xun
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Xinyue Wei
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Yuqun Zheng
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Zhijuan Fan
- Department of Laboratory, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Xuguo Sun
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
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Zhu Z, Li S, Wu D, Ren H, Ni C, Wang C, Xiang N, Ni Z. High-throughput and label-free enrichment of malignant tumor cells and clusters from pleural and peritoneal effusions using inertial microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2097-2106. [PMID: 35441644 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00082b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and rapid diagnosis of malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions is critical due to potential association with advanced disease stages or progression. Traditional cytodiagnosis suffers from low efficiency and has difficulties in finding malignant tumor cells (MTCs) from a mass of exfoliated cells. Hence, a polymer microfluidic chip with a slanted spiral channel was employed for high-throughput and label-free enrichment of MTCs and MTC clusters from clinical malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions. The slanted spiral channel with trapezoidal cross-sections was fabricated by assembling two patterned polymer films of different thicknesses within one flow channel layer. After systematically exploring the effects of the particle size, effusion concentration, and flow rate on separation performance of the device, we realized the enrichment of MTCs from abundant blood cells in 2-fold diluted effusions. The results indicated that approximately 85% of the spiked tumor cells (A549 and MCF-7 cell lines) were recovered with high purities of over 37% at a high throughput of 2000 μL min-1. In clinical applications, we successfully enriched 24-2691 MTCs per mL from the diluted malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions collected from four types of cancer patients (n = 22). More importantly, the MTC clusters were further purified from single MTCs using a higher flow rate of 3000 μL min-1. Finally, we performed the rapid drug sensitivity test by coupling the microfluidic enrichment with CCK-8 assay. Our approach may serve as valuable assistance to accelerate cancer diagnosis and guide the selection of treatment medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangyin, 214400, China
| | - Hui Ren
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Chen Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Cailian Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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Fallahi H, Yadav S, Phan HP, Ta H, Zhang J, Nguyen NT. Size-tuneable isolation of cancer cells using stretchable inertial microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2008-2018. [PMID: 34008666 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics is a simple, low cost, efficient size-based separation technique which is being widely investigated for rare-cell isolation and detection. Due to the fixed geometrical dimensions of the current rigid inertial microfluidic systems, most of them are only capable of isolating and separating cells with certain types and sizes. Herein, we report the design, fabrication, and validation of a stretchable inertial microfluidic device with a tuneable separation threshold that can be used for heterogenous mixtures of particles and cells. Stretchability allows for the fine-tuning of the critical sorting size, resulting in a high separation resolution that makes the separation of cells with small size differences possible. We validated the tunability of the separation threshold by stretching the length of a microchannel to separate the particle sizes of interest. We also evaluated the focusing efficiency, flow behaviour, and the positions of cancer cells and white blood cells (WBCs) in an elongated channel, separately. In addition, the performance of the device was verified by isolating cancer cells from WBCs which revealed a high recovery rate and purity. The stretchable chip showed promising results in the separation of cells with comparable sizes. Further validation of the chip using whole blood spiked with cancer cells delivered a 98.6% recovery rate with 90% purity. Elongating a stretchable microfluidic chip enables onsite modification of the dimensions of a microchannel leading to a precise tunability of the separation threshold as well as a high separation resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Fallahi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Sharda Yadav
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Hoang-Phuong Phan
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Hang Ta
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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Tsou PH, Chiang PH, Lin ZT, Yang HC, Song HL, Li BR. Rapid purification of lung cancer cells in pleural effusion through spiral microfluidic channels for diagnosis improvement. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4007-4015. [PMID: 32966477 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00663g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Fifteen percent of lung cancer patients will present with malignant pleural effusion initially, and up to 50% will have malignant pleural effusion throughout the course of the disease. In this study, we developed a spiral microfluidic device that can rapidly isolate cancer cells and improve their purity through fluid dynamics. This label-free, high-throughput device continuously isolates cancer cells and other unrelated molecules from pleural effusion. Most of the background cells that affect interpretation are flushed to outlets 1 to 3, and cancer cells are hydrodynamically concentrated to outlet 4, with 90% of lung cancer cells flowing to this outlet. After processing, the purity of cancer cells identified in pleural effusion by CD45 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibodies in flow cytometry will be increased by 6 to 24 times. The microfluidic device presented here has the advantages of rapid processing and low cost, which are conducive to rapid and accurate clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hsien Tsou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Islam M, Raj A, McFarland B, Brink HM, Ciciliano J, Fay M, Myers DR, Flowers C, Waller EK, Lam W, Alexeev A, Sulchek T. Stiffness based enrichment of leukemia cells using microfluidics. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:036101. [PMID: 32637856 PMCID: PMC7332299 DOI: 10.1063/1.5143436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the survival rate of cancer patients, new diagnosis strategies are necessary to detect lower levels of cancer cells before and after treatment regimens. The scarcity of diseased cells, particularly in residual disease after treatment, demands highly sensitive detection approaches or the ability to enrich the diseased cells in relation to normal cells. We report a label-free microfluidic approach to enrich leukemia cells from healthy cells using inherent differences in cell biophysical properties. The microfluidic device consists of a channel with an array of diagonal ridges that recurrently compress and translate flowing cells in proportion to cell stiffness. Using devices optimized for acute T cell leukemia model Jurkat, the stiffer white blood cells were translated orthogonally to the channel length, while softer leukemia cells followed hydrodynamic flow. The device enriched Jurkat leukemia cells from white blood cells with an enrichment factor of over 760. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the device were found to be >0.8. The values of sensitivity and specificity could be adjusted by selecting one or multiple outlets for analysis. We demonstrate that low levels of Jurkat leukemia cells (1 in 104 white blood cells) could be more quickly detected using flow cytometry by using the stiffness sorting pre-enrichment. In a second mode of operation, the device was implemented to sort resistive leukemia cells from both drug-sensitive leukemia cells and normal white blood cells. Therefore, microfluidic biomechanical sorting can be a useful tool to enrich leukemia cells that may improve downstream analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhymin Islam
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA
| | - Abhishek Raj
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA
| | - Brynn McFarland
- The School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
| | - Hannah Maxine Brink
- The School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
| | - Jordan Ciciliano
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
| | - Meredith Fay
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
| | - David Richard Myers
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
| | - Christopher Flowers
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton NE Rd.: Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Edmund K Waller
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton NE Rd.: Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Wilbur Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA
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A Review of Secondary Flow in Inertial Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11050461. [PMID: 32354106 PMCID: PMC7280964 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidic technology, which can manipulate the target particle entirely relying on the microchannel characteristic geometry and intrinsic hydrodynamic effect, has attracted great attention due to its fascinating advantages of high throughput, simplicity, high resolution and low cost. As a passive microfluidic technology, inertial microfluidics can precisely focus, separate, mix or trap target particles in a continuous and high-flow-speed manner without any extra external force field. Therefore, it is promising and has great potential for a wide range of industrial, biomedical and clinical applications. In the regime of inertial microfluidics, particle migration due to inertial effects forms multiple equilibrium positions in straight channels. However, this is not promising for particle detection and separation. Secondary flow, which is a relatively minor flow perpendicular to the primary flow, may reduce the number of equilibrium positions as well as modify the location of particles focusing within channel cross sections by applying an additional hydrodynamic drag. For secondary flow, the pattern and magnitude can be controlled by the well-designed channel structure, such as curvature or disturbance obstacle. The magnitude and form of generated secondary flow are greatly dependent on the disturbing microstructure. Therefore, many inventive and delicate applications of secondary flow in inertial microfluidics have been reported. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the usage of the secondary flow in inertial microfluidics.
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Tian S, Cheng SB, Guo YY, Xie M, Zhan N, Zeng Z, Huang WH, Dong WG. High Efficient Isolation of Tumor Cells by a Three Dimensional Scaffold Chip for Diagnosis of Malignant Effusions. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2177-2184. [PMID: 35025269 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ying-Yun Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Min Xie
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Na Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wei-Guo Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
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Cell-Free DNA in the Liquid Biopsy Context: Role and Differences Between ctDNA and CTC Marker in Cancer Management. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1909:47-73. [PMID: 30580422 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8973-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is a new diagnostic concept to investigate the molecular features of solid tumors by blood, saliva, urine, and any other body fluids which show a source of potential biomarkers. In cancer patients, it is a simple and less invasive mean, representing a sustainable alternative to interrogate all tumor cells longitudinally, quantifying and characterizing the biological materials (DNAs, RNAs, proteins) which originate from cancer tissues. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis from a simple blood draw received enormous attention for the related clinical research results. A rich scientific literature demonstrates that liquid biopsy is a valid instrument to assess the tumor biomarkers in real time and profile the cancer genotype in diagnostic and prognostic field, as well to quantify minimal residual disease, during patient follow-up. This could be a breakthrough for a companion diagnostic and personalized medicine. Liquid biopsy needs further implementation in the methodological aspects as well as cost-based assessment. The number of new molecular diagnostic assays increases day by day, but the standards for their adoption and clinical validation are still to be achieved.
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Zhao L, Zhao M, Yang Y, Gu Y, Zheng F, Wang X, Zheng Z, Sun X. Label-free microfluidic chip for the identification of mesothelial cell clusters in pleural effusion. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4532-4544. [PMID: 30944642 PMCID: PMC6444474 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of tumor cells and clusters in pleural effusion assists in the diagnosis of lung cancer. The proportion of tumor cells and clusters to the total number of cells in each patient varies substantially due to individual differences and the severity of the disease. The identification of one tumor cell or cluster from a large number of pleural effusions is the main challenge for hydrothorax tumor cell detection techniques. In the present study, by using A549 lung cancer and Met-5A mesothelial cell lines, a label-free microfluidic chip based on cell cluster size was designed. By setting the parameters of the chip, individual cells and clusters were able to enter different microfluidic channels. Subsequent to non-specific staining, the recovered components were stained using acridine orange (AO). A charge-coupled device camera was used to captured images of the cell, and the features of these cells were analyzed in their R and G channels using Matlab software to establish the characteristics and finally differentiate between the tumor and non-tumor cell or clusters. According to the results, when inlet A and B were under a velocity of 10 and 8.5 ml/h, respectively, the tumor cell clusters were successfully collected through microfluidic channels III–V, with a recovery rate of ~80%. Subsequent to staining with AO, the feature values in the R and G channels were identified, and initial differentiation was achieved. The present study combined the microfluidic chip, which is based on cluster size, with a computer identification method for pleural effusion. The successful differentiation of tumor cell clusters from non-tumor clusters provides the basis for the identification of tumor clusters in hydrothorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Science, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Computer Vision and System of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Laboratory Science, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Gu
- Department of Laboratory Science, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Science, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- Department of Bone Science, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Xuguo Sun
- Department of Laboratory Science, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
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Kidess-Sigal E, Liu HE, Triboulet MM, Che J, Ramani VC, Visser BC, Poultsides GA, Longacre TA, Marziali A, Vysotskaia V, Wiggin M, Heirich K, Hanft V, Keilholz U, Tinhofer I, Norton JA, Lee M, Sollier-Christen E, Jeffrey SS. Enumeration and targeted analysis of KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations in CTCs captured by a label-free platform: Comparison to ctDNA and tissue in metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85349-85364. [PMID: 27863403 PMCID: PMC5356741 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) requires multimodal therapeutic approaches and need for monitoring tumor plasticity. Liquid biopsy biomarkers, including CTCs and ctDNA, hold promise for evaluating treatment response in real-time and guiding therapeutic modifications. From 15 patients with advanced CRC undergoing liver metastasectomy with curative intent, we collected 41 blood samples at different time points before and after surgery for CTC isolation and quantification using label-free Vortex technology. For mutational profiling, KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA hotspot mutations were analyzed in CTCs and ctDNA from 23 samples, nine matched liver metastases and three primary tumor samples. Mutational patterns were compared. 80% of patient blood samples were positive for CTCs, using a healthy baseline value as threshold (0.4 CTCs/mL), and 81.4% of captured cells were EpCAM+ CTCs. At least one mutation was detected in 78% of our blood samples. Among 23 matched CTC and ctDNA samples, we found a concordance of 78.2% for KRAS, 73.9% for BRAF and 91.3% for PIK3CA mutations. In several cases, CTCs exhibited a mutation that was not detected in ctDNA, and vice versa. Complementary assessment of both CTCs and ctDNA appears advantageous to assess dynamic tumor profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kidess-Sigal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Melanie M Triboulet
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James Che
- Vortex BioSciences, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Vishnu C Ramani
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brendan C Visser
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - George A Poultsides
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Teri A Longacre
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kyra Heirich
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Violet Hanft
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Ingeborg Tinhofer
- Department of Radiooncology and Radiotherapy, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A Norton
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Haddadi H, Naghsh-Nilchi H, Di Carlo D. Separation of cancer cells using vortical microfluidic flows. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:014112. [PMID: 29464010 PMCID: PMC5798996 DOI: 10.1063/1.5009037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Label-free separation of viable cancer cells using vortical microfluidic flows has been introduced as a feasible cell collection method in oncological studies. Besides the clinical importance, the physics of particle interactions with the vortex that forms in a wall-confined geometry of a microchannel is a relatively new area of fluid dynamics. In our previous work [Haddadi and Di Carlo, J. Fluid. Mech. 811, 436-467 (2017)], we have introduced distinct aspects of inertial flow of dilute suspensions over cavities in a microchannel such as breakdown of the separatrix and formation of stable limit cycle orbits for finite size polystyrene particles. In this work, we extend our experiments to address the engineering-physics of cancer cell entrapment in microfluidic cavities. We begin by studying the effects of the channel width and device height on the morphology of the vortex, which has not been discussed in our previous work. The stable limit cycle orbits of finite size cancer cells are then presented. We demonstrate effects of the separatrix breakdown and the limit cycle formation on the operation of the cancer cell separation platform. By studying the flow of dilute cell suspensions over the cavities, we further develop the notion of the cavity capacity and the relative rate of cell accumulation as optimization criteria which connect the device geometry with the flow. Finally, we discuss the proper placement of multiple cavities inside a microchannel for improved cell entrapment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Haddadi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hamed Naghsh-Nilchi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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14
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Abstract
This critical review summarizes the developments in the integration of micro-optical elements with microfluidic platforms for facilitating detection and automation of bio-analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Science
- 518055 Shenzhen
- China
| | - Martin A. M. Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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15
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Neoh KH, Hassan AA, Chen A, Sun Y, Liu P, Xu KF, Wong AS, Han RP. Rethinking liquid biopsy: Microfluidic assays for mobile tumor cells in human body fluids. Biomaterials 2018; 150:112-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Che J, Yu V, Dhar M, Renier C, Matsumoto M, Heirich K, Garon EB, Goldman J, Rao J, Sledge GW, Pegram MD, Sheth S, Jeffrey SS, Kulkarni RP, Sollier E, Di Carlo D. Classification of large circulating tumor cells isolated with ultra-high throughput microfluidic Vortex technology. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12748-60. [PMID: 26863573 PMCID: PMC4914319 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are emerging as rare but clinically significant non-invasive cellular biomarkers for cancer patient prognosis, treatment selection, and treatment monitoring. Current CTC isolation approaches, such as immunoaffinity, filtration, or size-based techniques, are often limited by throughput, purity, large output volumes, or inability to obtain viable cells for downstream analysis. For all technologies, traditional immunofluorescent staining alone has been employed to distinguish and confirm the presence of isolated CTCs among contaminating blood cells, although cells isolated by size may express vastly different phenotypes. Consequently, CTC definitions have been non-trivial, researcher-dependent, and evolving. Here we describe a complete set of objective criteria, leveraging well-established cytomorphological features of malignancy, by which we identify large CTCs. We apply the criteria to CTCs enriched from stage IV lung and breast cancer patient blood samples using the High Throughput Vortex Chip (Vortex HT), an improved microfluidic technology for the label-free, size-based enrichment and concentration of rare cells. We achieve improved capture efficiency (up to 83%), high speed of processing (8 mL/min of 10x diluted blood, or 800 μL/min of whole blood), and high purity (avg. background of 28.8±23.6 white blood cells per mL of whole blood). We show markedly improved performance of CTC capture (84% positive test rate) in comparison to previous Vortex designs and the current FDA-approved gold standard CellSearch assay. The results demonstrate the ability to quickly collect viable and pure populations of abnormal large circulating cells unbiased by molecular characteristics, which helps uncover further heterogeneity in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Che
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Vortex Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Victor Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Manjima Dhar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Corinne Renier
- Vortex Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa Matsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kyra Heirich
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Edward B Garon
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Goldman
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Mark D Pegram
- Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shruti Sheth
- Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rajan P Kulkarni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Dermatology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elodie Sollier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Vortex Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,California NanoSystems Institue, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Khojah R, Stoutamore R, Di Carlo D. Size-tunable microvortex capture of rare cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2542-2549. [PMID: 28613306 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00355b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Inertial separation of particles and cells based on their size has advanced significantly over the last decade. However, size-based inertial separation methods require precise tuning of microfluidic device geometries to adjust the separation size of particles or cells. Here, we show a passive capture method that targets a wide size range of cells by controlling the flow conditions in a single device geometry. This multimodal capture device is designed to generate laminar vortices in lateral cavities that branch from long rectangular channels. Micro-vortices generated at lower Reynolds numbers capture and stabilize large particles in equilibrium orbits or limit cycles near the vortex core. Other smaller particles or cells orbit near the vortex boundaries and they are susceptible to exiting the cavity flow. In the same cavity, however, at higher Reynolds number, we observe small particles migrating inward. This evolution in limit cycle trajectories led to a corresponding evolution in the average size of captured particles, indicating that the outermost orbits are less stable. We identify three phases of capture as a function of Reynolds number that give rise to unique particle orbit trajectories. Flow-based switching overcomes a major engineering challenge to automate capture and release of polydisperse cell subpopulations. The approach can expand clinical applications of label free trapping in isolating and processing a larger subset of rare cells like circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood and other body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Khojah
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90055, USA.
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18
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Jackson JM, Witek MA, Kamande JW, Soper SA. Materials and microfluidics: enabling the efficient isolation and analysis of circulating tumour cells. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4245-4280. [PMID: 28632258 PMCID: PMC5576189 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00016b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a critical review of microfluidic technologies and material effects on the analyses of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) selected from the peripheral blood of cancer patients. CTCs are a minimally invasive source of clinical information that can be used to prognose patient outcome, monitor minimal residual disease, assess tumour resistance to therapeutic agents, and potentially screen individuals for the early diagnosis of cancer. The performance of CTC isolation technologies depends on microfluidic architectures, the underlying principles of isolation, and the choice of materials. We present a critical review of the fundamental principles used in these technologies and discuss their performance. We also give context to how CTC isolation technologies enable downstream analysis of selected CTCs in terms of detecting genetic mutations and gene expression that could be used to gain information that may affect patient outcome.
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19
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Renier C, Pao E, Che J, Liu HE, Lemaire CA, Matsumoto M, Triboulet M, Srivinas S, Jeffrey SS, Rettig M, Kulkarni RP, Di Carlo D, Sollier-Christen E. Label-free isolation of prostate circulating tumor cells using Vortex microfluidic technology. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017; 1:15. [PMID: 29872702 PMCID: PMC5859469 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been increased interest in utilizing non-invasive "liquid biopsies" to identify biomarkers for cancer prognosis and monitoring, and to isolate genetic material that can predict response to targeted therapies. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have emerged as such a biomarker providing both genetic and phenotypic information about tumor evolution, potentially from both primary and metastatic sites. Currently, available CTC isolation approaches, including immunoaffinity and size-based filtration, have focused on high capture efficiency but with lower purity and often long and manual sample preparation, which limits the use of captured CTCs for downstream analyses. Here, we describe the use of the microfluidic Vortex Chip for size-based isolation of CTCs from 22 patients with advanced prostate cancer and, from an enumeration study on 18 of these patients, find that we can capture CTCs with high purity (from 1.74 to 37.59%) and efficiency (from 1.88 to 93.75 CTCs/7.5 mL) in less than 1 h. Interestingly, more atypical large circulating cells were identified in five age-matched healthy donors (46-77 years old; 1.25-2.50 CTCs/7.5 mL) than in five healthy donors <30 years old (21-27 years old; 0.00 CTC/7.5 mL). Using a threshold calculated from the five age-matched healthy donors (3.37 CTCs/mL), we identified CTCs in 80% of the prostate cancer patients. We also found that a fraction of the cells collected (11.5%) did not express epithelial prostate markers (cytokeratin and/or prostate-specific antigen) and that some instead expressed markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, i.e., vimentin and N-cadherin. We also show that the purity and DNA yield of isolated cells is amenable to targeted amplification and next-generation sequencing, without whole genome amplification, identifying unique mutations in 10 of 15 samples and 0 of 4 healthy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Renier
- Vortex Biosciences Inc., 1490 O’Brien Drive, Suite E, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Edward Pao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, PO Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - James Che
- Vortex Biosciences Inc., 1490 O’Brien Drive, Suite E, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Haiyan E. Liu
- Vortex Biosciences Inc., 1490 O’Brien Drive, Suite E, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | | | - Melissa Matsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, PO Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Melanie Triboulet
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, MSLS Bldg, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Sandy Srivinas
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Stefanie S. Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, MSLS Bldg, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Matthew Rettig
- Departments of Medicine Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System-West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90073 USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Rajan P. Kulkarni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, PO Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Division of Dermatology, UCLA Medical Center, 52-121 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, PO Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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20
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Calvayrac O, Pradines A, Pons E, Mazières J, Guibert N. Molecular biomarkers for lung adenocarcinoma. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/4/1601734. [PMID: 28381431 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01734-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The identification of oncogenic driver alterations that underlie sensitivity to small inhibitors has led to growing interest in identifying additional targetable oncogenes in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Although the therapeutic impact of the discovery of these alterations has now been widely demonstrated, the epidemiological data associated with each of these biomarkers remain insufficiently studied. In this review, we discuss the techniques used to discover each of these candidate oncogenes, their prevalence in nonsmall cell lung cancer, and briefly outline the epidemiological features of the major oncogenes and ways in which their identification can determine therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Calvayrac
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT UMR-1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Pradines
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT UMR-1037, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer, Toulouse, France.,Institut Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Oncologique, Toulouse, France
| | - Elvire Pons
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT UMR-1037, Toulouse, France.,Institut Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Oncologique, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Mazières
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT UMR-1037, Toulouse, France .,Institut Universitaire du Cancer, Toulouse, France.,Hôpital Larrey, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Guibert
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT UMR-1037, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer, Toulouse, France.,Hôpital Larrey, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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21
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Hur SC, Che J, Di Carlo D. Microscale Laminar Vortices for High-Purity Extraction and Release of Circulating Tumor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1634:65-79. [PMID: 28819841 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7144-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are disseminated tumor cells that reflect the tumors of origin and can provide a liquid biopsy that would potentially enable noninvasive tumor profiling, treatment monitoring, and identification of targeted treatments. Accurate and rapid purification of CTCs holds great potential to improve cancer care but the task remains technically challenging. Microfluidic isolation of CTCs within microscale vortices enables high-throughput and size-based purification of rare CTCs from bodily fluids. Collected cells are highly pure, viable, and easily accessible, allowing seamless integration with various downstream applications. Here, we describe how to fabricate the High-Throughput Vortex Chip (Vortex-HT) and to process diluted whole blood for CTC collection. Lastly, immunostaining and imaging protocols for CTC classification and corresponding CTC image galleries are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Che
- Vortex Biosciences, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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22
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Inertial Microfluidics: Mechanisms and Applications. ADVANCED MECHATRONICS AND MEMS DEVICES II 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32180-6_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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23
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Yan S, Zhang J, Yuan D, Li W. Hybrid microfluidics combined with active and passive approaches for continuous cell separation. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:238-249. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong Australia
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong Australia
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24
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Zhang J, Yan S, Yuan D, Alici G, Nguyen NT, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Li W. Fundamentals and applications of inertial microfluidics: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:10-34. [PMID: 26584257 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01159k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, inertial microfluidics has attracted significant attention and a wide variety of channel designs that focus, concentrate and separate particles and fluids have been demonstrated. In contrast to conventional microfluidic technologies, where fluid inertia is negligible and flow remains almost within the Stokes flow region with very low Reynolds number (Re ≪ 1), inertial microfluidics works in the intermediate Reynolds number range (~1 < Re < ~100) between Stokes and turbulent regimes. In this intermediate range, both inertia and fluid viscosity are finite and bring about several intriguing effects that form the basis of inertial microfluidics including (i) inertial migration and (ii) secondary flow. Due to the superior features of high-throughput, simplicity, precise manipulation and low cost, inertial microfluidics is a very promising candidate for cellular sample processing, especially for samples with low abundant targets. In this review, we first discuss the fundamental kinematics of particles in microchannels to familiarise readers with the mechanisms and underlying physics in inertial microfluidic systems. We then present a comprehensive review of recent developments and key applications of inertial microfluidic systems according to their microchannel structures. Finally, we discuss the perspective of employing fluid inertia in microfluidics for particle manipulation. Due to the superior benefits of inertial microfluidics, this promising technology will still be an attractive topic in the near future, with more novel designs and further applications in biology, medicine and industry on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sheng Yan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gursel Alici
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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25
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Pappas D. Microfluidics and cancer analysis: cell separation, cell/tissue culture, cell mechanics, and integrated analysis systems. Analyst 2016; 141:525-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among the growing number of tools available for cancer studies, microfluidic systems have emerged as a promising analytical tool to elucidate cancer cell and tumor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas Tech University
- USA
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26
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Myung JH, Hong S. Microfluidic devices to enrich and isolate circulating tumor cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4500-11. [PMID: 26549749 PMCID: PMC4664604 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00947b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Given the potential clinical impact of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood as a clinical biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers, a myriad of detection methods for CTCs have been recently introduced. Among those, a series of microfluidic devices are particularly promising as they uniquely offer micro-scale analytical systems that are highlighted by low consumption of samples and reagents, high flexibility to accommodate other cutting-edge technologies, precise and well-defined flow behaviors, and automation capability, presenting significant advantages over conventional larger scale systems. In this review, we highlight the advantages of microfluidic devices and their potential for translation into CTC detection methods, categorized by miniaturization of bench-top analytical instruments, integration capability with nanotechnologies, and in situ or sequential analysis of captured CTCs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in CTC detection achieved through application of microfluidic devices and the challenges that these promising technologies must overcome to be clinically impactful.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Myung
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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27
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Chung AJ, Hur SC. High-Speed Microfluidic Manipulation of Cells. ADVANCED MICRO AND NANOSYSTEMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527690237.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Inertial particle separation by differential equilibrium positions in a symmetrical serpentine micro-channel. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4527. [PMID: 24681628 PMCID: PMC3970124 DOI: 10.1038/srep04527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an inertial microfluidic device with a simple serpentine micro-channel to continuously separate particles with high performance. Separation of micro/nano-particles has a variety of potential applications in biomedicine and industry. Among the existing separation technologies, a label-free technique without the use of antibody affinity, filter or centrifugation is highly desired to ensure minimal damage and alteration to the cells. Inertial microfluidics utilising hydrodynamic forces to separate particles is one of the most suitable label-free technologies with a high throughput. Our separation concept relies on size-based differential equilibrium positions of the particles perpendicular to the flow. Highly efficient separation is demonstrated with particles of different sizes. The results indicate that the proposed device has an integrative advantage to the existing microfluidic separation techniques, taking accounts of purity, efficiency, parallelizability, footprint, throughput and resolution. Our device is expected to be a good alternative to conventional separation methods for sample preparation and clinical diagnosis.
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